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Labor migration in Szeklerland: Migration and development, decision-making
17-31Views:51Migration for the purpose of employment is an important social phenomenon. The following
study provides insight into the situation of labor migration in Szeklerland after the change of
regime. It outlines the most important trends that define this social process from 1990 to the
present and indicates the changes along which the different periods of labor migration can be
separated. The study discusses the changing perceptions of the connection between migration
and development. The last subchapter contains an analysis about the phenomenon of decisionmaking in the context of new lifestyle trends resulting from migration. -
Key players of the education system: teachers in Transcarpathia in the years of the Ukrainian crisis
165-196Views:45In spring 2017 a survey was carried out among 338 practicing Transcarpathian Hungarian teachers about their material and professional satisfaction and migration plans. The study highlighted that one of the most crucial problems of the teachers is the low salary. Among those who are contemplating migration the main push factor is material dissatisfaction, followed by family and partnership reasons. However, we cannot speak about professional burn-out in their case. 72% of the respondents, without being satisfied with their situation, still does not think about migration, or is pretty sure about staying at the homeland. 84 persons (25%) belong to an endangered group, in which people embrace the idea of migration. Only 5 persons have done concrete steps in this direction. In these two groups we find mainly youger teachers. The most important destination country is Hungary. Among the respondents there is high number of Hungarian citizenship holders, however it is not an obvious catalyst of migration: people who are willing to go or willing to stay cannot be differentiated according to this aspect.
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Ethnic categories and the context of migration in Beregszász
120-137Views:58In the paper, we try to demonstrate what migration trends in Beregszász have been conducted
in focus group discussions on everyday ethnicity, and how ethnicity appears in these migration
processes. In the study, we mainly summarize the findings of the research, which we carried
out in the summer of 2016 and reflected in some descriptions of the changes that have taken
place since the summer of 2017. The study is primarily descriptive and only interprets issues
within ethnicity and ethnic categories, we do not aim to compare the conclusions with previous
migration research results. In the analysis, the social constructivism methodological approach
is applied. Our aim is to present the discourses: how the opinions are constructed and differing
opinions can form unity. -
The impact of recent migration flows on the number of Hungarians in Transcarpathia, Ukraine
5-29Views:111According to the last Ukrainian census in 2001, 152 thousand people declared Hungarian
ethnicity in Transcarpathia. Since that time, there is no reliable and up-to-date data on the
ethno-demographic development of the region’s population. It is especially hard to register the
migration flows particularly salient since the outbreak of the armed conflict in East Ukraine
in 2014. Based on four data sources (official Ukrainian and Hungarian statistics and two
representative surveys), the present study aims at revealing the volume of the permanent and
temporary migration of Hungarians in Transcarpathia and its impact on their number. We
found that the same migration flow is associated with various figures by each of the data sources
conducted with different methods and by different actors. According to the more reliable surveys,
9 to 14 thousand ethnic Hungarians emigrated from Transcarpathia since 2001; consequently,
the number of Hungarians is estimated at approximately 130 thousand people in the beginning
of 2017. -
Rural youth and their lack of mobility
3-22.Views:151International research on the lack of mobility and its causes among people in rural areas primarily focuses on motivations for emigration and consequences of immigration. In the first half of our study we summarize the findings of the research described above. We explain the relationship between poverty and lack of mobility, review the link between agriculture and local mobility, predominantly through the functions of rural businesses. We explore the return migration of youths, especially those who move back to their village after a long period of education and/or job search. We revisit structural theories that connect migration to different types of capital and shed light on the impact of changing perceptions on rural life. We use longitudinal quantitative studies and their statistics to analyze the characteristics of the lack of mobility among Hungarian rural youths and emigration patterns between 2010–2017. The second half of our manuscript delineates the results of studies done by the Mobility Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The pertinent articles and case studies examine the role of social bonds in the lack of mobility, types of employment among rural youths, and how those influence their attachment to their village. Mobility case studies among the youths are also analyzed, along with the social representation of their identity, categories of success, the effects of poverty, their family bonds, perspectives for the future, as well as the consequences of the social and regional characteristics of their villages.
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Here you can or should stay? Narratives of mobility
87-100.Views:59In this case study that focuses on mobilities’ narratives, we exam the experiences that works against mobility. Thus we are curious how to effect individual experiences (studies, employees), possibly in a larger city or abroad, small mobilities (vacation, office work in a city), how to effect on the duality of city and village as well as on commitment to their village. Involving the experiences of parents complement it and role a significant effect on the youth’s mobility and settlement. The case study is based on some pair of interviews: immobilized youth and parents talk about the causes of settlement, desires, commitment, experiences, and about young adults have chance to stay or to migrate. Understanding immobility is about exam the recent and past family experiences present in the family at the parent’s side, the migration culture of the local community and relatives, the separation of experiences, transmissible fears and hopes. These have to be completed by the young adults’ interview where we found the „immobility potential” towards successful, failures, fears, individual and family experiences.
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About the ideological dimensions of fear
74-111Views:80The main goal of of my research is to explore the right and left dimensions of the phenomenon of fear. I would like to argue that the categories of left and right continue to be defining aspects of political identities, and by mapping their emotional structure we can better understand the current relevance of these ideologies. The studies that have examined political fears have mostly linked fear to conservativism and right wing-populism, while the fears of the left have generated far less scientific interest. A study also wants to respond to this research gap. In this paper, I would like to present the potential connection points between fear and ideological identity. The structure of the study is as follows: first, I outline the relationship between ideology and moral emotions, and then I analyze fear as a moral emotion. After that I present how fear is connected to conservatism and right-wing populism, and then I try to illustrate the ideological differences with two types of politically relevant fear, i.e. climate anxiety and migration-related fear. Finally, I add context to these specific political fears that is I also interpret them in the Hungarian political system. The study ends with drawing conclusions and outlining future research directions.
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Where do young villagers work? Types of social bonds and occupational characters of young generations living in small villages
55-85.Views:72One of the defining elements of local identity is the opportunity to work and the chance ofear- ning money. These factors are especially important in small villages within low-populated rural areas, where due to changes in the production structure and land ownership job opportunities become less and less. In the absence of livelihood opportunities and adequate income for young people living in the countryside, the migration process is intensifying, the villages are aging and become more and more depopulated. A smaller part of young villagers however remain in the settlement, with new marginalized settlers from urban areas, who appear alongside them.
Our case study, based on 104 interviews in 12 settlements, seeks to find whether young peop- le – aged 19–25 – look at village life as a constraint or an opportunity. The central question is whether they think that this marginal status, with an assumingly cheap village life, is the only choice for them, or they are convinced that they are staying in small villages due to their cons- cious choice in favour of a rural lifestyle.
Focusing on employment strategies, the aim of this paper is to look at the dimensions of local attachment of the target group, and to show the various labour market characteristics of the target groupthat develops within the given framework.
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Challenges in rural Hungary in the post-pandemic period: Perception of problems in „emerging settlements” of Sellye district
5-31Views:184The social problems of marginalised rural areas have intensified and transformed in recent years, particularly in the context of pandemic and economic crisis. In the countries of the Central and Eastern European region integration of marginalized areas is a major challenge. Unlike in the West, segregation and ghettoisation are problems of small rural settlements far from prosperous centres. In Hungarian countryside, the life of small villages, which are located far from economic centres and lack institutions, continues to be characterised by negative migration trends. In this article, we present the situation of seven small villages in southern Baranya, which are covered by the programme to help the 300 most disadvantageous Hungarian settlements to integration, in the light of the perception of problems of the population living there. Our survey aimed to explore the difficulties related to the pandemic and everyday life at local level. The assessment of subjective perceptions provided an opportunity to structure the disadvantaged rural population from a specific perspective and to analyse the problems of the characteristics of each group.
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Hungarian Academics Working Abroad: Female and Male Career Paths
23-48Views:71Transnational mobility has not only become an integral part of the successful, internatonally driven career path of academics, but is emerging to a great extent as a major performance requirement. Similarly to academic careers in general, international mobility of researchers is also a gendered process to a great extent. This paper aims to assess the most important characteristics of Hungarian researchers working abroad with special attention put on the similarities and differences identified in the career path of female and male researchers. With an online self-administered questionnaire distributed through a snowball sampling methodology
among Hungarian PhD-holders working abroad for more than one year, we investigated the motivation for international mobility, the career path, work contracts, work-life balance, future career plans and the perception of the value of the PhD degree. Our key findings indicate that male researchers’s labour market position is more advantageous abroad than female researchers’ and overall they are more convinved of the positive value of their PhD degree, while female academics were statisfied, but at a more moderate level. -
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109-134Views:59In this second paper, we are attempting to demonstarte the changes in the political/citizenshiprelated and cultural-historical national identity of the Hungarian ethnic minority in Vojvodina.
With the end of Yugoslavia as a country this ethnic minority became Serbian citizens. The new
leaders of Serbia had an adverse view on this ethnic minority until 2014 when the Serbian
political leaderership changed their political identity and favoured the West instead of EasternEurope.The financial aid provided by the Hungarian Government to the Hungarians living in
Vojvodina, which targeted cultural and economic development in the area, aimed to better the
life and strenghten the national identity of this ethnic minority. Those who received financial
aid developed a better outlook on life. The possibility to acquire Hungarian citizenship easily strenghtened the Hungarian national identity of this minority and contributed to population
decline. While people migrating to Hungary are primarily motivated by access to better
education, others migrate to Western Europe for work.
