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• Training and employment: Information and knowledge flows between training institutions and employers

  31-48

  Judit Csoba

  Katalin Ábrahám

  Ilona Nagyné Varga

  Views:

  31

  For a region's economy to develop, it is essential to develop integrated forms of operation that manage the available resources efficiently. This is particularly true in a border micro-region with a predominantly small population, where for decades farming has been essentially based on agricultural subsistence and employment opportunities have been limited. Matching the employment and training structure, balancing supply and demand in the training and employment system can also be beneficial for the economic and social development of a disadvantaged micro-region. The development of border micro-regions was seriously handicapped before the change of regime. Small and medium-sized settlements on both sides of the border were depopulated and their inhabitants were ageing. Over the past few years, regional development has been based on local needs and existing resources, resulting in the creation of nearly 2 500 small and medium-sized enterprises in 21 municipalities in the Érmellék sub-region, where the research is located. However, the economic and employment functions of the organisations created can only be developed if the specialist needs of the businesses are met in the right quantity and quality structure.

• „We were born here, we grew up here, our relatives and our children are here… everything are in our village”. Weekly commuting in a village of Tiszahát

  38-53

  Views:

  25

  The study present the weekly commuting in a small village of 1600 resident in Tiszahát. The
  economic situation of the settlement, employment and income opportunities are lower than
  national average, which also has an extremely strong impact on the livability of the village.
  The local primary labor market can employ few workers, other employees can work in public
  employment or they can work as a seasonal worker in agriculture buti it does not provide an
  income that can be calculated all year. There are few opportunities in the region, so they can
  not work in the nearby settlements. Many locals have to go to remote settlement for work. We
  prepared interviews to examine: how weekly commuting became popular in the village and how
  it affected local families and the local community.

• The characteristics of employers' (and employees') behaviour in a rural border area today, based on interviews

  162-180

  Judit Erdős

  Tibor Valuch

  Views:

  30

  Clichéd as it may seem, it is undeniably true that the employment situation in Hungary is bad. The profound transformation of the economy and society in 1989-1990 brought about fundamental changes in the labour market. The main features of this were the disappearance of full employment and the emergence and persistence of unemployment. The economic activity of the Hungarian population declined significantly, due to, among other things, the disappearance or restructuring of enterprises and cooperatives, the fall in production and turnover, and the more intensive use of labour under new conditions, while the number of economically inactive increased.

  To avoid unemployment, people opted en masse for pensions or pension-like benefits, while young people stayed in school longer in the hope of better job prospects and, even with a much lower birth rate, the number of people still using home-based forms of childcare was essentially the same as before. After 1998, the number of inactive people fell slightly, but in 2009 the number of 15-64 year olds was still 2.6 million, about 7% (166,000) higher than in 1992. Employment fell significantly in the years following the change of regime, mainly as a result of the transformation of the economy. It reached its lowest point in 1996, when some 3.6 million people were in work, 1.3 million fewer than in the period of regime change.

• Basic income: Sugar-coating over a bitter pill?

  159-181

  Eszter Oláh

  Views:

  32

  Current and future evolutions in labour markets may be blurring lines between traditional
  employment and new types of atypical employment, making it harder to reliably assess whether
  someone is receiving any benefits at all. The basic income should be seen as a serious option in
  the future, given the changing labor market and the findings from existing cash transfer schemes.BI is not means-tested, so the amount received does not depend on individual or family income or
  assets and does not require any work performance, or the willingness to accept a job if offered.
  In this study I examine the created image by the media through the method of content
  analysis, in relation to basic income. Furthermore, it is analyzed to what extent this effect creates
  a negative image of basic income among the students of the University of Debrecen, strengthening
  the fear towards this social policy tool. Particular attention is paid to the value choices of young
  people focusing on their individualization, motivation of working and willingness to take risks.

• The situation of young people in the Derecske district in terms of employment and job opportunities

  131-143

  Balázs Krémer

  Fanni Szabó

  Views:

  20

  The situation of young people, their chances and opportunities on the labour market are of paramount importance for society, as they are the next generation. In this paper, we present the situation, labour market opportunities and mobility of young people in the Derecske district, based on data from a 2012 survey. Young people's access to work and mobility are nowadays much debated issues that deeply affect the whole society. We focus on the prospects of young people with a degree.

  Research on young people, youth research, is very significant in our country.

  From time to time, the situation of young people undergoes fundamental changes: they reach adulthood earlier than previous generations, but at the same time they are also delayed in their youth, i.e. they start the process of separating from their parents later. This phenomenon of postponement is called postadolescence. On the one hand, they are still children (in terms of their behaviour, values and lifestyle), and on the other hand, they are already adults (in terms of their political and economic situation) (Vaskovics, 2000; Gábor, 2012).

• Danger on the labour market - some thoughts on occupational segregation

  49-63

  Márton Leó Zaccaria

  Views:

  31

  Workers must be guaranteed equality, the possibility must be created for them not to be discriminated against on the basis of their work, the activities they carry out, and ultimately the results of their work. This is a serious obligation on the state, which it must ensure through its legislation and through the judgments of the courts, because social security cannot be achieved otherwise. The State's responsibility in this respect is not bound by time or place, since, as long as there has been a legal relationship in the development of labour law, this has always been a matter of concern for workers - and for labour lawyers.

  It is not easy to assess, because even today, when general equality and equality of rights have been an accepted principle for centuries in almost all parts of the world (but not, of course, in those parts where, for example, there are serious traditional differences between men and women in society, such as in the Arab world), this problem is still a daily occurrence.

• The effect of Covid-19 epidemic on the industry of a Sub-Saharan Country: a perspective on sports industry in Nigeria

  32-48

  Umar Gambo Adamu

  Ildikó Balatoni

  Views:

  67

  Kutatásunk során a Covid-19 járvány Nigéria gazdaságára és sportiparára kifejtett hatását elemeztük, a kapcsolódó szakirodalom áttekintésével. Megvizsgáltuk a sportgazdaság Covid-19 járvány alatti helyzetét Európában és az Egyesült Államokban, majd kiemeltük a nigériai speciális viszonyokat. Bár a sportgazdaság nigériai vonatkozásában kevés szakirodalom áll rendelkezésre, több mint 60 tudományos közlemény elemzésére került sor. Ezek alapján megállapításra került, hogy a Covid-19 járvány nemcsak a globális, de a nigériai gazdaságot is negatívan érintette. Ez különösen jelentős volt a sporthoz kapcsolódó direkt és indirekt
  foglalkoztatás területén, tekintettel a nigériai gazdaság egy-szektorú jellegére. Vizsgálataik alapján szerzők javaslatként fogalmazzák meg, hogy figyelembe véve a nigériai társadalom korfáját, jelentős befektetések lennének szükségesek a sportiparba, mely a szektor átalakításával is együtt kellene, hogy járjon.

   

• Mothers with young children in labour market

  29-51

  Zsolt Kőmüves

  Csaba Kozák

  Virág Walter

  Views:

  373

  The study examines the labour market integration and employment attitudes of women with young children among the factors influencing the extremely low Hungarian fertility rate. The literature review looks at the role of education, working while raising children, the role of careers, work-life balance and the glass ceiling phenomenon. In the empirical part, We will present, without any claims to exhaustiveness, a typical set of problems that fundamentally determine women’s presence in the labour market. We surveyed 1,033 respondents on attitudes towards work, time spent at home and difficulties in finding a job. The results of the questionnaire survey were evaluated using the SPSS 26.0 software package, including mainly descriptive statistical methods. We found that discrimination against mothers with young children still persists in job interviews. The contribution to the family’s financial expenses is the main factor influencing the return from maternity leave. When choosing a job, the key factor is the work schedule of the job applied for.

• Municipal Characteristics Increasing and Decreasing Immobility

  184-232.

  Views:

  29

  The study looks for answers to the question: what are the reasons behind staying in small mu- nicipalities, especially in highly disadvantaged villages, when moving into cities offers obvious advantages. We have analysed the motives, as well as attractive and repulsive factors based on 104 interviews, in case of 13 municipalities. The interviews convincingly certify that the decision about moving or staying in one place is a complex, multifactorial process. In this, employment opportunities have an undeniably important, however, not completely exclusive role. It is cor- related with the demographic characteristics, gender, age, family status, labour market para- meters, education level, financial characteristics, individual peculiarities, health status of the individual, as well as with its attitude towards changes, ethnic background, and its contentment concerning the given settlement.

• Social policy model change in Hungary in the light of post-2010 governance

  28-42

  Fruzsina Kovács

  Views:

  185

  Hungarian social policy underwent a major shift in emphasis following the change of government in 2010. The aim of this study is to examine the direction of these changes of emphasis compared to the models used by Esping-Andersen to typify welfare states. The analysis uses the classical criteria of the models and analyses changes in social policy principles, goals and instruments in five areas. In the areas of employment, family policy, tax policy, housing policy and crisis management, we would like to show that in Hungary we cannot currently speak of a purely conservative social policy model as declared by the government. The conclusion of our study is that the Hungarian system currently uses mixed elements, although the declared values are conservative and the authorities try to preserve conservative structures and actors, there is a significant shift in emphasis in social policy, and the mixed model shows strong liberal elements.

• Causes for the Lack of Mobility Among Low-Status, Impoverished Rural Youths

  134-152.

  Views:

  50

  This study explores the lack of mobility and the lack of motivation for mobility among poverty- stricken youths with low levels of education who live in small villages. I strive to find out why underprivileged young individuals stay in their local village instead of moving to areas with more abundant opportunities and employment. My manuscript also examines their family life and their relationship with their parents, and how those factors could impact their attachment to their village. The main question to analyze is whether young people stay in impoverished rural villages voluntarily or as a result of a lack of choice and a rational decision, or whether they are drifting. My analysis of the data indicates that the lack of mobility among destitute rural youths is not driven by free decisions. My results suggest that these young people belong to a drifting social group, not in charge of their own fate, unaware of the world beyond their immediate surroundings, uninformed, dependent, vulnerable, living in an environment based on mere reciprocity, and thus, in a sense, they are a marginalized social group.

• The situation of Hungarian minority households with children in Transcarpatia

  53-71.

  Noémi Loncsák

  Ibolya Czibere

  Views:

  40

  In our study, we present the situation of Hungarian minority households with children in Ukrai-nian villages based on the results of our qualitative and quantitative researches. In the explora-tory research, 23 interviews were made, and in the questionnaire, research data were obtained from a total of 139 households and 253 children. We present the poverty of households with children along the standard of living and the deprivation features of the households. The core of our analysis is the specific labor market situation, the earning opportunities,and forms of employment that provide for livelihoods for the households with children. Beside the backward-ness of the area studied in the research, the strategies and life situations that characterize the Transcarpathian Hungarians are also presented, which are beyond the known European forms of poverty.

• A possible vision for young public workers or The Hungarian JWT

  121-130.

  Tamás Sánta

  Views:

  19

  According to different statements more and more youngsters, under 25 years of age, appear in Public Work Programs at the present time in Hungary. Even it occurs more frequently that pa-rents, primarily because of financial reasons, take out their children from school, and send them to public workers.This paper draws attention to this phenomenon. Furthermore, it shows a possible paral-lel between those young people who are in JWT (Job Without Training) and those Hungarian youngsters who are working in Public Work Programs reflecting on the Hungarian particulari-ties of this parallel.
  The concept of JWT and its categories are presented, and also which of these categories may connect with the Hungarian public workers’ state of being. Statistical data show the rate of public workers and their gender breakdown. Reports also suggest that the rate of young public workers is growing and their situation may become futureless.The author thinks that the growth of young public workers’ rate and their settled situation in this employment sector is likely to make inevitable for them to become NEET in the future.

• Where do young villagers work? Types of social bonds and occupational characters of young generations living in small villages

  55-85.

  Views:

  33

  One of the defining elements of local identity is the opportunity to work and the chance ofear- ning money. These factors are especially important in small villages within low-populated rural areas, where due to changes in the production structure and land ownership job opportunities become less and less. In the absence of livelihood opportunities and adequate income for young people living in the countryside, the migration process is intensifying, the villages are aging and become more and more depopulated. A smaller part of young villagers however remain in the settlement, with new marginalized settlers from urban areas, who appear alongside them.

  Our case study, based on 104 interviews in 12 settlements, seeks to find whether young peop- le – aged 19–25 – look at village life as a constraint or an opportunity. The central question is whether they think that this marginal status, with an assumingly cheap village life, is the only choice for them, or they are convinced that they are staying in small villages due to their cons- cious choice in favour of a rural lifestyle.

  Focusing on employment strategies, the aim of this paper is to look at the dimensions of local attachment of the target group, and to show the various labour market characteristics of the target groupthat develops within the given framework.

• Fighting child poverty. Family day care centres in Debrecen

  244-255

  Ibolya Tóth

  Views:

  23

  One of today's biggest challenges, present in every country in the world in some form or another, is child poverty. Vulnerable groups include children of unemployed parents, families with three or more children and single parents (Ferge and Darvas 2012).
  In the EU-27, children and working-age people are at higher risk of poverty and social exclusion than older people. The extent of child poverty is also influenced by the labour market status of parents, the household in which they grow up, and government interventions (Antuofermo and Di Meglio 2012). Since child poverty and the labour market status of parents are inseparable, in my study I also examine employment and unemployment indicators in our country.

• Rural youth and their lack of mobility

  3-22.

  Views:

  82

  International research on the lack of mobility and its causes among people in rural areas primarily focuses on motivations for emigration and consequences of immigration. In the first half of our study we summarize the findings of the research described above. We explain the relationship between poverty and lack of mobility, review the link between agriculture and local mobility, predominantly through the functions of rural businesses. We explore the return migration of youths, especially those who move back to their village after a long period of  education and/or job search. We revisit structural theories that connect migration to different types of capital and shed light on the impact of changing perceptions on rural life. We use longitudinal quantitative studies and their statistics to analyze the characteristics of the lack of mobility among Hungarian rural youths and emigration patterns between 2010–2017. The second half of our manuscript delineates the results of studies done by the Mobility Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The pertinent articles and case studies examine the role of social bonds in the lack of mobility, types of employment among rural youths, and how those influence their attachment to their village. Mobility case studies among the youths are also analyzed, along with the social representation of their identity, categories of success, the effects of poverty, their family bonds, perspectives for the future, as well as the consequences of the social and regional characteristics of their villages.

• Some demographic characteristics of long-term commuting in Hungary

  3-19

  Views:

  52

  The study aims to show the most important demographic characteristics of long-term
  commuting workers and the emerging territorial disparities using the latest available statistics.
  The main motivation for commuting, including long commuting, is still to get the job they deem
  appropriate, but about a quarter of a million people take on much greater burdens than average
  and only travel home weekly or less frequently in Hungary. Most of them make this decision by
  force, as there are no job opportunities in their place of residence, but the income they provide is
  very important for their families. Long-term commuters mostly do seasonal work (construction,
  catering, etc.) and work in physical jobs. Unsurprisingly, men are more likely to take on the life
  form with increased physical and psychological strain, but not only the heads of the family in
  their forties, but also young people in their 20s who are not yet independent of their families
  are represented in large numbers. Long commuting is characterised by marked territorial
  inequalities, and those affected mainly start from villages, despite the fact that the high level of public employment in the most disadvantaged areas is affecting the direction of the stay of the
  workforce.

• Transition from higher education to the IT sector in Cluj-Napoca

  64-93

  Views:

  28

  The present paper focuses on those factors that affect transition from higher education to the
  IT sector in Cluj-Napoca, in cases of entrants with informatics, automatization and computer
  technology degree. The results show that transition to the IT market in Cluj-Napoca is primarily
  influenced by the dependency of the local IT market on western IT markets with more central
  positions, followed by the competition for workforce. The first factor: dependency is due to skill
  shortages on the labour market in Cluj-Napoca. Launching new trainings with the involvement
  of other departments at universities, such as design, business, sales, marketing or business
  informatics can reduce dependency according to the representatives of the local institutions of higher education. Transition from higher education to the IT sector for entrants in ClujNapoca is smooth, due to the strong competition for workforce (second factor). Entrants select
  their potential workplace based on the reputation of a workplace, position/projects, team
  and remuneration. Labour shortage is present both in the IT sector and in higher education.
  A long-term solution for reducing labour shortage in both sectors could be provided by creating
  attractive career paths in the academy which would require stronger cooperation between
  companies, state and higher education institutions, according to the representatives of the
  institutions of higher education.

• Labor migration in Szeklerland: Migration and development, decision-making

  17-31

  Julianna Bodó

  Views:

  31

  Migration for the purpose of employment is an important social phenomenon. The following
  study provides insight into the situation of labor migration in Szeklerland after the change of
  regime. It outlines the most important trends that define this social process from 1990 to the
  present and indicates the changes along which the different periods of labor migration can be
  separated. The study discusses the changing perceptions of the connection between migration
  and development. The last subchapter contains an analysis about the phenomenon of decisionmaking in the context of new lifestyle trends resulting from migration.

• An example of good practice for integrating youth into the labor market in Hungary

  1-18

  Luca Szöőr-Fülöp

  Katalin Bördős

  Views:

  16

  While there are positive trends in economic growth in the EU Member States, there are also challenges that are a long-term concern. These include, for example, unfavourable labour market dynamics, leading to an increase in social inequalities (Artner 2018). The European Economic and Social Committee stresses that young people can play an important role in addressing inequalities and socio-economic challenges, contributing to the future stability and prosperity of the EU (European Economic and Social Committee 2021). To this end, policies should support young people’s education, training and active participation in the labour market. The Lost Millennials project, coordinated by the HÉTFA Research Institute, and the project “Incorpora - for responsible employment”, implemented by the Maltese Care Nonprofit Ltd. and its partners, will be presented and their results analysed, while the study will also review national and international trends in the NEET group.

• Equal opportunities at work? Equal opportunities and legal protection in the labour market

  46-63

  Views:

  44

  The study examines the realization and the development of legal protection of equal opportunities
  in the labour market. The purpose of the research is to identify the most common problems
  related to the violation of equal opportunities during the period since the Equal Treatment
  Authority began its work.
  The study explores whether types of discrimination can be identified, which are the most
  prominent and which are the most disadvantaged characteristics of the labour market in
  Hungary today. The correlations discovered demonstrate that although regulation of the legal
  background has greatly facilitated the awareness of individuals in this field, there is a need to
  create further forums of discussion to achieve measurable results.