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• Burnout syndrome among health care workers in Hungary – a literature review

  62-77

  Ivana Kocsicska

  Views:

  71

  Burnout is recognised as an occupational hazard and prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stressors at work in various people-centred professions, with higher prevalence among health care workers. The main objective of this research was the integrative review of the literature on burnout syndrome in Hungarian health care workers. Twelve (12) studies found in PubMed database were included in the research and a number of important conclusions have been summarized about burnout syndrome among employees of the Hungarian health care system. Also, as important conclusion it has been highlighted, that recognising, preventing, and treating burnout and depression among health care workers should be one of the priorities of the health care in Hungary.

• Women in urban poverty in Hungary: Maids and working women in the labour market before 1945

  64-73

  Ibolya Czibere

  Views:

  22

  A 19. század végi ipari forradalom okozta gazdasági és társadalmi átalakulás számos változást hozott Magyarországon. Az infrastruktúra és a közlekedés fejlődése lehetővé tette a nők számára, hogy új munkalehetőségekhez jussanak, elhagyják a hagyományos közösségeket és új életformákat próbáljanak ki.

  Magyarországon a cselédtartás továbbra is társadalmi szokás maradt, és még a két világháború között is sokakat érintett.

• Family plans and career plans among higher education students in the field of social sciences based on a pilot study in Eastern Hungary

  71-93

  Márta Mohácsi

  Hajnalka Fényes

  Views:

  68

  Our paper explores the family and career plans of social sciences students at Hungary’s second largest university based on a questionnaire-based pilot study. Nowadays, careers include more than the traditional vertical promotion within an organisation, as seen from the emergence of the self-directed “protean” career type, which prompts organisations to adapt to individuals’ values, attitudes, and own career definitions. In addition, the Kaleidoscope Career Model sets out that individuals adapt their career goals to their life stages. Thus, students’ career and family plans matter to prospective employers. Our results show that a modern self-directed career type has emerged among students, for whom it is a priority to meet their own expectations. In several cases, starting a family is preceded by career goals. Furthermore, despite the “feminine” nature of social sciences, our pilot study shows that male students in the field still tend to conform to traditional gender roles regarding the importance of family and career. Our research implies that prospective employers need to adapt their HR strategies to young people’s family and career plans. Moreover, organisations should support students in gaining relevant work experience and in achieving their subsequent career plans.

• Interpersonal relationships in Hungary – an overview

  72-93.

  Albert Fruzsina

  Dávid Beáta

  Views:

  29

  Our paper aims to demonstrate that social structure has significant impact on the formation of
  interpersonal relations. We review and analyse the characteristics of ego-centric interpersonal
  networks of Hungarians based on data from nationally representative adult population surveys
  between the mid-1980’s up to 2015. We focus especially on core discussion networks, friendship
  ties and weak ties and analyse how the transition to market economy influenced interpersonal
  relationships. As expected, the large-scale social changes brought about by the transition
  changed interpersonal networks as well. During the first decade of the transition (in the 1990’s)
  one could not witness a significant change of personal networks, nonetheless the adaptation
  process was easier for people supported by strong, traditional family ties. Non-kin ties, especially
  friendships seem to gain significance at the expense of kin relationships. Overall, resources
  available through weak ties seem to be decreasing.

• Changes in reproductive policies in Hungary between 2010 and 2022

  32-57

  Alexandra Sipos

  Ivett Szalma

  Views:

  154

  This paper examines Hungarian reproductive policies, their changes and their restrictions in relation to pronatalist objectives between 2010 and 2022. The aim of the study is to present and interpret legislative changes in reproductive policies in the context of the pronatalist policies in Hungary. Reproductive policies include the regulation of assisted reproductive technologies, adoption, abortion, contraception, and sex education. In the development of these policies, we assume that a fundamentally pronatalist approach prevails, but we also identify various specific related constraints: heteronormativity, marriage-centredness, and the maintenance and reinforcement of traditional gender roles. We assume that Hungary’s reproductive policies have become increasingly selective since 2010 after the second Orbán government. These policies can be considered selective because they do not encourage all social groups to have children. These result in the exclusion of for example socially disadvantaged groups, single people and same-sex couples from reproduction due to legal constraints, a lack of financial support, access, and transfer of information. In conclusion, selective, heteronormative and marriage-based pronatalism is most identifiable in the adoption context, but abortion regulation, the legal environment for assisted reproductive technologies and sex education, in general, may reinforce pronatalist objectives.

• From Sunday lunch to the ballot box: Political socialisation and political homophily in Hungarian society

  8-36

  Dömötör Gere

  Ádám Stefkovics

  Views:

  151

  Political socialisation is the process of forming an individual’s political identity, in the course of which the individual’s attitude to politics and political worldview is formed. Political socialisation takes place in different spheres, of which the family and parents are of particular importance. Previous research in Hungary has confirmed that the family is an “incubator” of citizenship. However, there is little data available in Hungary that would allow for a more precise understanding of the transmission of political attitudes. This study investigates political homophily within the family (between parent and child) and the effects of parental political characteristics on the individual in Hungary. Our data are drawn from a nationally representative telephone survey of 2000 respondents sampled in 2023. The results show that in nearly two-thirds of Hungarian families, family members held the same political views during the respondent’s childhood, with the highest proportions of homophily indicators, fathers’ and respondents’ voting activity, and mothers’ and respondents’ conservative-liberal attitudes. The effect of parental characteristics was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). Parents’ political interests and ideological positions had a strong direct effect on the same child characteristics, but the individual’s political participation and party preference were only indirectly influenced by parents. The success of attitudinal transmission was strongly enhanced if the parents were themselves, homophiles, along with the trait in question. Our results point to the important role of the family as a primary agent in political socialisation and suggest new research directions.

• Incubating radicalism in Hungary – the case of Sopron and Ózd

  79-102.

  Domonkos Sik

  Views:

  29

  The paper analyses young people’s interpretation of the past, evaluation of the present and po-litical behaviour patterns based on semi-structured interviews (n=60) conducted in two contra-sting constellations of modernization, Sopron and Ózd. First the perception of the most pressing social and political problems, second the potential of political and civic actions are compared. Finally an attempt is made to outline a ‚hopeless’ and an ‚indifferent’ idealtype of political cultu-re. Together they create the opportunity for both the birth of antidemocratic tendencies and the space in which they can evolve. In this sense they provide the preconditions for ‚mainstreaming the extreme’ that is the incubation of radicalism in Hungary.

• Revisiting enterprise politics in the interwar Hungary: The case of The Rimamurány–Salgótarján Iron Works Co.: Worker‘s lifestyle and rate of living on the colony of the steel factory in Salgótarján before the World War II.

  151-166

  Views:

  31

  The Rimamurány–Salgótarján Iron Works Co. in Salgótarján started to run up from 1871. The
  people who lived in the workers’ colony of the Steelworks in Salgótarján differentiated themselves
  from the rest of the local residents not only spatially but also in their appearance, as a result of
  their higher standard of living. At the begining of the 20th century the major streets of the colony
  (Acélgyári Street) had macadam or stoned surface and were lit with public street lightning. The
  duty of the socalled Dwelling Master was to guarantee neat, clean, tidy streets within the colony.
  Steelworkers had more opportunity to visit the shops and barbershop than those men who lived
  within the downtown. This difference was partly due to their higher income and partly due to
  the fact that the services of the comany’s shop and the barber at the colony were much cheaper
  than those of other local barbers since it was ordered so by factory management. Workers’
  houses were up to the standards of the time, they did not pay rent or just a very low price and
  workers had a possibility to build their own garden houses on the land of the company. All this
  fundamentally changed in the second half of the 1940s owing to post-war lack of raw material
  and Socialist ’modernization’ and uniformization. The period of communist dictatorship after
  World War II, nationalization of the works and Socialist ’modernization’ created trauma at the
  colony.

• College and university students’ attitudes towards democracy in Hungary

  47-69

  Tamás Kovács

  Dánilel Oross

  Andrea Szabó

  Views:

  32

  The existence of education for democracy has positive impact on citizens’ political knowledge
  and the identification with the democratic values. In the process of civic education, the
  universities and high schools play an important role. Many scholars argue that the high schools
  have a civic mission to serve a public good or the university is the civic mission itself. To examine
  democratic citizenship among high school and university students we use a dataset composed of
  three surveys (2011/2012, 2013, 2015) of 4800 Hungarian students. We build on the literature
  about the empirical and theoretical framework of democratic citizenship to answer the question
  if 25 years after the collapse of communism we can witness the emergence of a new generation
  of democrats in Hungary? Have young people successfully come to terms with their countries' authoritarian past and developed a commitment to democracy as a system of rule? Are they
  ready to defend it in the face of challenges? Based on the empirical framework of citizenship we
  derive a number of significant lessons from the Hungarian case, with important implications
  about the ability to teach the norms and responsibilities of democratic citizenship in the world’s
  emerging democracies.

• Mechanisms of power, victimization and autonomy in the health care system

  60-80

  Erzsébet Takács

  Views:

  20

  The aim of this paper is to describe power relations, doctor-patient relationships among the
  many ongoing changes in health care from sociological point of view. This paper is based on
  interviews with 17 people who work in various fields of health care. To conduct the interviews as
  well as to write the paper, a number of concepts and theoretical approaches were resorted to:
  Dominique Memmi’s ’delegated biopower’, Eve Bureau and Judith Hermann-Mesfen’s notion of
  ’contemporary patient’, François Dubet’s concept of institutional programme as well as results of
  Hungarian health sociology. The main focuses of interest of the paper are role models in health
  care, the characteristics and consequences of new doctor-patient relations, their manifestations
  in Hungary as well as potentials of defencelessness and autonomy in Hungarian health care.

• Social policy model change in Hungary in the light of post-2010 governance

  28-42

  Fruzsina Kovács

  Views:

  185

  Hungarian social policy underwent a major shift in emphasis following the change of government in 2010. The aim of this study is to examine the direction of these changes of emphasis compared to the models used by Esping-Andersen to typify welfare states. The analysis uses the classical criteria of the models and analyses changes in social policy principles, goals and instruments in five areas. In the areas of employment, family policy, tax policy, housing policy and crisis management, we would like to show that in Hungary we cannot currently speak of a purely conservative social policy model as declared by the government. The conclusion of our study is that the Hungarian system currently uses mixed elements, although the declared values are conservative and the authorities try to preserve conservative structures and actors, there is a significant shift in emphasis in social policy, and the mixed model shows strong liberal elements.

• Sociological and Social Psychological Context of the Transition of Hungary, with Special Regards to Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County

  166-185

  Orsolya Pocsi

  Views:

  34

  The article gives a summary of the most relevant results of the sociological and sociopsychological special literature concerning the transition to market economy and political
  pluralism in Hungary. The transition affected the different regions and different social groups
  disproportionately. The article points out that the last three decades were not enough for the
  destruction of the legacy of state socialism resulting learned helplessness and paternalism.

• Incumbency advantage of mayors in cities with county rights in Hungary

  40-51

  Views:

  22

  There are twenty-three cities with county rights in Hungary. These cities are playing extremely important role because of their location, population and their administrative duties. For these reasons they can fall prey to national parties and political actors even during local elections. The aim of this study is to analyze these settlements in regard to the incumbency of mayors. Incumbency means the holding of an office, and the incumbent politician is the current holder of a political office. My goal is to show – by quantitative comparison – that the so-called incumbent advantage is prevalent in these cities. I also examine whether the candidates of the winning parties at the first order general elections are faring better than their competitors.

• Start-up studio, the business model innovation (The example of INNONIC Zrt.)

  66-83

  Éva Farkas

  Csaba Makó

  Miklós Illéssy

  Balázs Heidrich

  Views:

  56

  Public discourse mostly uses the term start-up as a simplified collective category to describe companies founded to sell technological innovations. At the same time, in addition to bringing a new or novel idea to market, most business functions (marketing, sales, product/service development, HR etc.) are performed in an innovative and proactive way. In spite of the uncertainty of the market and limited resources, one of the key characteristics of such organisations is the high potential of the rapid economic development. In order to be able to take the advantage of the business opportunity, a supportive socio-economic and institutional environment is essential to obtain intensive growth and sustainability. In our case study, we are aiming to illustrate the importance of so-called start-up studios in catalysing innovation by the example of a company operating in international markets in the Debrecen region. Illustrating our findings by an analogy, we examine how the studio as a “mother ship” uses organizationalmanagement methods, cultural patterns, and through what mechanisms it contributes to the success of start-ups.

• Foreign students of the medical faculties in Pécs and Debrecen: the choice of the university and acculturation process

  22-43

  Nóra Faubl

  Zsuzsanna M. Császár

  Ádám Tamás Wusching

  Zsuzsanna Füzesi

  Views:

  50

  With the headway of globalization and knowledge-based economy, international student mobility is promoted as the main indicator of the internationalization of higher education. In Hungary the number of foreign students – similarly to global trends – shows an increase, representing a significant economic interest. Besides this, the international students make a growing impact
  on the development and the economic and cultural life of the cities where the universities are based. In our empirical research, we analyzed international students at the Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy foreign language programs of the University of Debrecen and the University of Pécs with the help of personally requested anonymous, self-completed questionnaires (n=602). The
  self-developed questionnaire focused on three issues: the motivation of the students, their satisfaction with the university and the process of their integration. The research was conducted in the spring semester of the academic year 2015/2016 at both universities.
  Based on the results it can be stated that from the perspective of medium- and long-term policy development of the university and the city, it is indispensable to survey the motivations and satisfaction of the students arriving to Hungary due to international student mobility as well as to facilitate their integration. The general medicine major of the University of Pécs and
  that of the University of Debrecen are very popular among foreign students but there are significant differences in their choices behind which we can discover the different cultural background of the matriculated students and this factor determines their personal choices and their later plans. Concerning the difficulties at the beginning we can state based on the results that for the
  students of the German programme the different language medium and the local bureaucracy mean a bigger challenge, while for the heterogeneous community of the English programme contact building with the tutors and the integration into the socio-cultural medium mean more difficulties. Concerning the integration we can state that from the point of country of origin the integration means a little less challenge for the more homogenies student community of the German programme than for the heterogeneous community of the English programme behind which most probably the stabilization of the acculturation process can be trailed.

• The characteristics of social contact intensity, contact frequency and contact structure in Hungary in 2006 and 2015

  102-138

  Anikó Gregor

  Zsuzsa Kukucska

  Eszter Oláh

  Views:

  35

  The study aims at comparing the Hungarian results of the questions on the frequency of personal and distance contact with relatives and friends in the 2006 and 2015 ad hoc modules of EU-SILC. According to our results, in line with the findings of previous Hungarian research, compared to 2006, there were fewer contacts in Hungary in 2015. Relations with friends, especially those held in person, were less exposed to weakening compared to relations with relatives. Among the different social groups, the already disadvantaged were typically negatively affected by either the change in intensity or the structure of relationships. However, the situation of the elderly and the inhabitants of deprived households deteriorated in all three dimensions examined: their re­lations weakened more strongly, and those related to relatives and personal ones further narro­wed by 2015. This result indicates that the social disintegration of these groups has accelerated particularly between the two years, which poses a serious social policy challenge.

• Some demographic characteristics of long-term commuting in Hungary

  3-19

  Views:

  52

  The study aims to show the most important demographic characteristics of long-term
  commuting workers and the emerging territorial disparities using the latest available statistics.
  The main motivation for commuting, including long commuting, is still to get the job they deem
  appropriate, but about a quarter of a million people take on much greater burdens than average
  and only travel home weekly or less frequently in Hungary. Most of them make this decision by
  force, as there are no job opportunities in their place of residence, but the income they provide is
  very important for their families. Long-term commuters mostly do seasonal work (construction,
  catering, etc.) and work in physical jobs. Unsurprisingly, men are more likely to take on the life
  form with increased physical and psychological strain, but not only the heads of the family in
  their forties, but also young people in their 20s who are not yet independent of their families
  are represented in large numbers. Long commuting is characterised by marked territorial
  inequalities, and those affected mainly start from villages, despite the fact that the high level of public employment in the most disadvantaged areas is affecting the direction of the stay of the
  workforce.

• The Patterns of free time in secondary schools

  64-78

  Veronika Bocsi

  Klára Kovács

  Views:

  120

  The aim of this study is analyse the free time allocation in different types of secondary schools in Hungary. The use of free time is connected with social inequalities and the agglomeration of cultural capital so these patterns are rooted most of all in the social background. Besides, educational sociology involves an institutional effect in this field as well. Hungary has got a selective educational system and the different types of secondary schools refermainly to specific social groups so the differences in the use of free time can be significant. The database of HungarianYouth Research has been used during this analysis. This database is representative for regions, types of settlement, age and gender (N = 8000) and the subsample of secondary school students can be separated. Quantity of free time, places of free time, features of „screen time activites” and cultural activities have been analysed. Means, chi-sqare statistic, ANOVA-test, factor analysis and linear regression model were used. Our empirical finding scan show the different free time patterns of the subsamples (grammar school, secondary vocational school and vocational school).

• The transformation of nationalism in Hungary and Russia between 1995 and 2013: Results of a comparative study

  43-63

  György Csepeli

  Antal Örkény

  Views:

  51

  In this paper we are focusing on the metamorphosis of nationalism in Russia, in Hungary and in the other countries in the European Union between 1995 and 2013. For the research we had used the ISSP research. We had researched the dimensions like spontaneous national identity, ethnocentrism, national categorization, national pride, nationalism and xenophobia. First we introduce the several aspects, then we reveal the features of the nationalism. This paper focus ont he role of the nationalism in the running of the capitalism.

• The characteristics of employers' (and employees') behaviour in a rural border area today, based on interviews

  162-180

  Judit Erdős

  Tibor Valuch

  Views:

  30

  Clichéd as it may seem, it is undeniably true that the employment situation in Hungary is bad. The profound transformation of the economy and society in 1989-1990 brought about fundamental changes in the labour market. The main features of this were the disappearance of full employment and the emergence and persistence of unemployment. The economic activity of the Hungarian population declined significantly, due to, among other things, the disappearance or restructuring of enterprises and cooperatives, the fall in production and turnover, and the more intensive use of labour under new conditions, while the number of economically inactive increased.

  To avoid unemployment, people opted en masse for pensions or pension-like benefits, while young people stayed in school longer in the hope of better job prospects and, even with a much lower birth rate, the number of people still using home-based forms of childcare was essentially the same as before. After 1998, the number of inactive people fell slightly, but in 2009 the number of 15-64 year olds was still 2.6 million, about 7% (166,000) higher than in 1992. Employment fell significantly in the years following the change of regime, mainly as a result of the transformation of the economy. It reached its lowest point in 1996, when some 3.6 million people were in work, 1.3 million fewer than in the period of regime change.

• Workfare with a human face? Innovative utilizations of public work in rural municipalities in Hungary

  3-24

  Ildikó Asztalos Morell

  Views:

  13

  -

• Do we have the effect of poverty ethnicisation in the Biharkeresztes micro-region?

  81-92

  Győző Bánfalvi

  Views:

  27

  At a research in the Biharkeresztes micro-region (conducted via semi-structured interviews) we
  asked family households living in poverty. Roma households were mostly among the respondents.
  We also found that that estimated number of Roma population in the settlements correlated to
  the number of people working in public service. The examination of age structure diagrams at
  the settlements showed that the ones the mayors estimated to have a higher Roma population,
  are the younger settlements. The fact that there can be a causal relationship between these
  phenomena is supported by numerous previous researches (Kemény, 2004; Molnár, 2007). These
  researches pointed out the effect of poverty ethnicisation in Hungary (Ladányi – Szelényi, 2004).
  Furthermore, a research conducted in 2007 at the neighbouring Szabocs-Szatmár-Bereg County
  also confirmed the ethnicisation theory (Fónai et al.). The aim of this study is to examine the
  possibility of poverty ethnicisation at the five settlements of the Biharkeresztes micro-region,
  with the help of the implemented qualitative inquiry, previous researches, and databases from
  CSO and TeIR .

• Online activities of Alzheimer Cafes in the 6 months preceding and following the coronavirus outbreak

  42-64

  Csaba Kucsera

  Anna Holpert

  Views:

  58

  Alzheimer Cafés may play an important psychosocial supporting role in the life of people living with dementia and of their family caregivers by providing a community of understanding, in­clusion, solidarity and mutual support. They can promote policy-, professional- and social dis­courses, the recognition of dementia as a social reality, and overall awareness of this complex challenge. They can also foster transdisciplinary collaboration among professionals as well as between professionals and lay people affected by dementia based on mutual understanding, cat­alysing the formation and operation of acting communities and networks of interest.

  The active and purposeful presence and activities of Alzheimer Cafés on Internet platforms, in the increasingly prominent channels and fields of social discourse and community life in the 21st century, can be an important tool in the realization of these benefits.

  This two-part paper analyses the publicly accessible online footprint and behaviour of Alz­heimer Cafés from this perspective as measured by a list of 10 possible functions. It scrutinizes the realisation of possible benefits and advantages offered by Internet platforms between Sep­tember 2019 and August 2020, with a special focus on technology-based adaptive responses to the coronavirus-outbreak midway through that period.

  The first part of the paper (Kucsera – Holpert 2021) briefly overviewed the Alzheimer Café concept and its history in Hungary, presented the methodology of the study and the first half of the research results. This second part of the paper presents the rest of the results, and makes recommendations for making more effective use of the potential of online platforms to realise the goals.

• Child protection in light of the Theory of Change

  154-165

  Andrea Rácz

  Views:

  43

  It is essential that the child’s individual needs determine the required services and how these can give adequate responses to children’s problems. In Hungary, the child protection system is driven by less established professional principles, service planning and provision are of an ad hoc nature, child protection services lack any conscious design. The present study is based upon main qualitative results obtained from the research subject of “Is the State a Good Parent?”. Our goal is to reveal how the child’s needs are met in the system of the Hungarian child protection services (institutional and foster care), in what way the system can serve best the interests of the child, what systemic flaws can be identified according to child protection experts opinion.

• Equal opportunities at work? Equal opportunities and legal protection in the labour market

  46-63

  Views:

  44

  The study examines the realization and the development of legal protection of equal opportunities
  in the labour market. The purpose of the research is to identify the most common problems
  related to the violation of equal opportunities during the period since the Equal Treatment
  Authority began its work.
  The study explores whether types of discrimination can be identified, which are the most
  prominent and which are the most disadvantaged characteristics of the labour market in
  Hungary today. The correlations discovered demonstrate that although regulation of the legal
  background has greatly facilitated the awareness of individuals in this field, there is a need to
  create further forums of discussion to achieve measurable results.