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The role of the hidden curriculum in the development of horizontal gender segregation, as a result of an interview research with teachers
72-97Views:234The impact and influencing power of educators and teaching aids used in education systems is an internationally researched area as they play a key role in the development and study of students’ personality. According to the literature, the teacher is one of the most significant „tools” of the hidden curriculum behind the official curriculum, but the presentation of the phenomenon in teaching aids strengthens gender stereotypes and reduces the possibility of gender equality. In this study, we examine the role of a hidden curriculum in the development of gender horizontal segregation, with particular reference to the influence of teachers and textbooks. In the empirical part of the study, we did conduct a semi -structured interview with 18 elementary school teachers through a non-probability expert sampling, which was analyzed by categorization and interpretation. Our results show that traditional gender roles have prevailed in the family of educators. During their studies, they observed a difference depending on their educators in terms of behavior and expectations – but they believe that they themselves do not differentiate between students. According to their views, the personality of the teachers is of particular importance regarding the personality development and academic progress of the students, however, the career orientation of the children is mainly determined by the parents family patterns that appear in the family.
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Relativized gendergizmos
107-119Views:127Gender-theory is an arguable direction of social gender phrasing; especially its concept, that deviancies from the biological orientation are optional. The notion of transgender ortrans-sexuality as a social construction evolved in the 1990’s from post-structuralist philosophies. Nowadays
multiple theories are mingled, and a relatively small minority seems to determine the majority’s
traditional orientation. Present article is to discuss radical wings of gender theories, especially
the ones that aim to alter the individual’s identity by relativizing the natural born biological
sex, or by opposing it with social gender. Instead of dealing with the biological trans-gender
(trans-sexuality, intersexuality, etc...), present work researches chosen gender, or the social gender roles and the corresponding ideologies; as well as a practical alternative, the intermentality
outline topic. -
Methodological approach to Intersectionality
108-126Views:318Intersectionality as an inequality conception or a particular perspective was already introduced to the readers of the Metszetek in 2014. In this study I undertake to review some methodological approaches to intersectionality. Moreover, I strive to make an effort to emphasize the adaptibility of intersectionality. Based on the new tendency which has been noticable recently in the inequality dimensions. I delineate, this tendency has completely transformed the focus away from an overemphasis on gender equality towards those suffering multiple, complex forms of discrimination. Many of the feminist scholars deal and dealt with the connection to inequality dimensions (principally race, class and gender). Necessary to pinpoint that indeed intersectionality does not command an unitary definition. A vast number of the international feminist scholars created their own intersectionalty definition, from which I am going to underline some. From among the methodological approaches I focus on Choo and Ferree’s intersectional statement; “Inclusion-centered interpretations, Process-centered models, Systemic intersectionality: Institutional interpenetration”. In this paper I announce two sociological studies that were undertaken using intersectionality method. Finally a summary is presented that undelines why it is worth scholars exploiting intersectionality as a methodology?
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Causes of the educational and labour market overrepresentation of women among NEET youth – Trends in Hungary’s Northern Great Plain region
32-51Views:113In the member states of the European Union, the gender distribution of the NEET generation (young people aged 15–24 or 15–29 who are not in education, employment, or training) does not follow a uniform pattern. While in Western countries men tend to be overrepresented in this group, in Eastern European member states, including Hungary, women are affected disproportionally. In this study, beyond a review of the relevant literature, we also present the results of our qualitative research from 2024 carried out in Hungary’s Northern Great Plain region (Hajdú-Bihar, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, and Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok counties). In this research, we examined the forms of gender inequality among NEET youth in terms of education and the labour market. Our key finding is that although men have, on average, lower levels of educational attainment and a higher rate of early school leaving than women, their long-term labour market prospects are more favourable. This is due to their greater geographic and occupational mobility, broader employment opportunities, and smaller burden of family responsibilities.
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Female quotas for women in academia, or natural but slow change that might take decades? Between Scylla and Charybdis
191-205Views:137This present study aims to provide a comprehensive representation of the Hungarian aspects of
academic membership for women, based on the contribution of valuable insight from researchers and academics while also listing the possible opportunities and tools that might be of help
for raising the proportion of female academics in our country. The study summarizes their voices
articulated on the pages of Magyar Tudomány [Hungarian Science]. -
„How to Leave Here? How to Return Here?” – The Professional Situation of Contemporary Female Architects in Hungary
5-31Views:161In recent years, the professional discourse within architecture regarding the situation of women has intensified. The reason for this increased attention is that since the early 2000s, women have become the majority among graduates, which contradicts the deeply rooted stereotypes in the public consciousness that architects are generally men. Until now, we only had estimates regarding the exact gender ratios. Therefore, in the first part of my study, I reconstructed how the ratio of women changed among the students of the Faculty of Architecture at Budapest University of Technology and Economics from 1941 to 2023, using archival documents and a digital database. Following this, in the second part of my research, I pursued answers to why we do not see women in the professional public sphere, among architectural award winners, and as members of scientific and artistic academies – what structural barriers hinder their professional advancement. This examination was conducted with the help of focus groups consisting of female architects.
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Women in science: The odyssey of the female scientists, from the Background to the „Procrustean bed”—The opaque mirror of the male correlate
129-157Views:144This study examines the social ideology regarding gender equalities, through outstanding women’s scholars, which is based on old traditions and customs. Among other things, I present the
main stages of the scientific career of Maria Michell, Marie Curie, Lise Meitner, Vera Rubin. I capture the subject within the theoretical framework of women’s studies, which is characterized by
many questions and debates, for example the biological or the cultural determinism (the nature
or education, religion, culture, socialization) have greater influence on gender roles. -
Hungarian Academics Working Abroad: Female and Male Career Paths
23-48Views:270Transnational mobility has not only become an integral part of the successful, internatonally driven career path of academics, but is emerging to a great extent as a major performance requirement. Similarly to academic careers in general, international mobility of researchers is also a gendered process to a great extent. This paper aims to assess the most important characteristics of Hungarian researchers working abroad with special attention put on the similarities and differences identified in the career path of female and male researchers. With an online self-administered questionnaire distributed through a snowball sampling methodology
among Hungarian PhD-holders working abroad for more than one year, we investigated the motivation for international mobility, the career path, work contracts, work-life balance, future career plans and the perception of the value of the PhD degree. Our key findings indicate that male researchers’s labour market position is more advantageous abroad than female researchers’ and overall they are more convinved of the positive value of their PhD degree, while female academics were statisfied, but at a more moderate level. -
Changes in reproductive policies in Hungary between 2010 and 2022
32-57Views:498This paper examines Hungarian reproductive policies, their changes and their restrictions in relation to pronatalist objectives between 2010 and 2022. The aim of the study is to present and interpret legislative changes in reproductive policies in the context of the pronatalist policies in Hungary. Reproductive policies include the regulation of assisted reproductive technologies, adoption, abortion, contraception, and sex education. In the development of these policies, we assume that a fundamentally pronatalist approach prevails, but we also identify various specific related constraints: heteronormativity, marriage-centredness, and the maintenance and reinforcement of traditional gender roles. We assume that Hungary’s reproductive policies have become increasingly selective since 2010 after the second Orbán government. These policies can be considered selective because they do not encourage all social groups to have children. These result in the exclusion of for example socially disadvantaged groups, single people and same-sex couples from reproduction due to legal constraints, a lack of financial support, access, and transfer of information. In conclusion, selective, heteronormative and marriage-based pronatalism is most identifiable in the adoption context, but abortion regulation, the legal environment for assisted reproductive technologies and sex education, in general, may reinforce pronatalist objectives.
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Municipal Characteristics Increasing and Decreasing Immobility
184-232.Views:173The study looks for answers to the question: what are the reasons behind staying in small mu- nicipalities, especially in highly disadvantaged villages, when moving into cities offers obvious advantages. We have analysed the motives, as well as attractive and repulsive factors based on 104 interviews, in case of 13 municipalities. The interviews convincingly certify that the decision about moving or staying in one place is a complex, multifactorial process. In this, employment opportunities have an undeniably important, however, not completely exclusive role. It is cor- related with the demographic characteristics, gender, age, family status, labour market para- meters, education level, financial characteristics, individual peculiarities, health status of the individual, as well as with its attitude towards changes, ethnic background, and its contentment concerning the given settlement.
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Analysis of Fertility Trends in Hungary and Sweden
52-89Views:44The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of fertility trends in Hungary and Sweden by examining demographic indicators (1980–2022) and the temporal evolution of structural factors. The first part of the study analyzes changes in fertility patterns based on demographic indicators. This is followed by an empirical investigation relying on trend analysis of time series data from 1995 to 2022, using international statistical databases. The trend analysis focuses on the temporal development of total fertility rates (TFR), as well as female employment rates, educational attainment, gender wage gaps, and the share of family benefits relative to GDP. The findings indicate that fertility trends often coincided with economic, social, and institutional changes. In Hungary, the TFR began to rise following its 2011 low point, while in Sweden fertility has remained relatively stable, supported by the expansion of in-kind family benefits and high female employment rates, which facilitate the reconciliation of childbearing and participation in the labour market. The analysis highlights that the impact of family policy measures is strongly conditioned by the broader structural environment.
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A possible vision for young public workers or The Hungarian JWT
121-130.Views:160According to different statements more and more youngsters, under 25 years of age, appear in Public Work Programs at the present time in Hungary. Even it occurs more frequently that pa-rents, primarily because of financial reasons, take out their children from school, and send them to public workers.This paper draws attention to this phenomenon. Furthermore, it shows a possible paral-lel between those young people who are in JWT (Job Without Training) and those Hungarian youngsters who are working in Public Work Programs reflecting on the Hungarian particulari-ties of this parallel.
The concept of JWT and its categories are presented, and also which of these categories may connect with the Hungarian public workers’ state of being. Statistical data show the rate of public workers and their gender breakdown. Reports also suggest that the rate of young public workers is growing and their situation may become futureless.The author thinks that the growth of young public workers’ rate and their settled situation in this employment sector is likely to make inevitable for them to become NEET in the future. -
The Patterns of free time in secondary schools
64-78Views:322The aim of this study is analyse the free time allocation in different types of secondary schools in Hungary. The use of free time is connected with social inequalities and the agglomeration of cultural capital so these patterns are rooted most of all in the social background. Besides, educational sociology involves an institutional effect in this field as well. Hungary has got a selective educational system and the different types of secondary schools refermainly to specific social groups so the differences in the use of free time can be significant. The database of HungarianYouth Research has been used during this analysis. This database is representative for regions, types of settlement, age and gender (N = 8000) and the subsample of secondary school students can be separated. Quantity of free time, places of free time, features of „screen time activites” and cultural activities have been analysed. Means, chi-sqare statistic, ANOVA-test, factor analysis and linear regression model were used. Our empirical finding scan show the different free time patterns of the subsamples (grammar school, secondary vocational school and vocational school).
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Factors Influencing Long-Term International Mobility of Academics – Participants, Motivations, Destination Countries
32-58Views:113A significant portion of studies on the internationalization of higher education is student-centred, focusing on the number of international students at universities, foreign language courses, international collaborations, and participation in Erasmus-type student and faculty exchange programmes. In contrast, the examination of faculty mobility, particularly long-term mobility, is a less explored area. Since long-term mobility is generally organized by the faculty member through individual applications, institutions often lack centralized databases on the participants, numbers, and destination countries, making research on the topic challenging. The aim of the current paper is to review and summarize the international literature on long-term international faculty mobility, as well as the results of comprehensive international studies spanning multiple countries. The cited studies highlight international trends in mobility: main directions, the proportion of participants, their age, fields of science, gender distribution, and destination countries. The paper also points out significant differences between countries.
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The Career Concepts of Male Workers with or without Child
91-105Views:148The question of reconciliation of work and family is getting highlighted in social studies. For a
long time, a lot of studies concentrated on young mothers; however, researchers have realized
that this problem proves difficult to men as well. As Bencsik-Juhász write: ” As the actual labor
market primarily employs and caters for men, with all the inherent ad-vantages (like higher wages for the same job) and disadvantages (like longer working hours), it is no wonder that
the stronger labor-market presence and activity of women also changes the traditional family
roles”(Bencsik – Juhász 2012: 616). The public opinion has been starting to expect double sets of
obligations from the fathers, the traditional family supporter role is still strong, while men are
also expected today to take part in child-rearing. The question is whether these processes effect
on men’s career.
This study presents career perspectives of male workers with or without child. The authors
made a quantitative survey in order to get to know this question. Based on research conducted in
2016, it is possible to say that men with or without child are different in this question. -
Family plans and career plans among higher education students in the field of social sciences based on a pilot study in Eastern Hungary
71-93Views:242Our paper explores the family and career plans of social sciences students at Hungary’s second largest university based on a questionnaire-based pilot study. Nowadays, careers include more than the traditional vertical promotion within an organisation, as seen from the emergence of the self-directed “protean” career type, which prompts organisations to adapt to individuals’ values, attitudes, and own career definitions. In addition, the Kaleidoscope Career Model sets out that individuals adapt their career goals to their life stages. Thus, students’ career and family plans matter to prospective employers. Our results show that a modern self-directed career type has emerged among students, for whom it is a priority to meet their own expectations. In several cases, starting a family is preceded by career goals. Furthermore, despite the “feminine” nature of social sciences, our pilot study shows that male students in the field still tend to conform to traditional gender roles regarding the importance of family and career. Our research implies that prospective employers need to adapt their HR strategies to young people’s family and career plans. Moreover, organisations should support students in gaining relevant work experience and in achieving their subsequent career plans.
