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• Black economy in the Soviet Union

  132-140.

  Marianna Pénzes

  Views:

  20

  The study is based on G. Mars and Y. Altman, "The cultural bases of soviet Georgia's se-cond economy" (Soviet Studies 1983. Vol. XXXV [4]: 546-560), and G. Mars and Y. Altman, "The cultural bases of Soviet Central Asia's second economy (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan)", 1986 (Central Asian Survey 5 [3-4]: 195-204). The second economy, as the socialist version of the informal economy proposed by Grossman1 , can be defined as the set of economic activities that are aimed at personal gain and are in opposition to the current legal regulations. In this sense, Altman also considers all economic transactions that are in opposition to the current legislation to be informal.2 In the Soviet Union, at least in the period up to Gorbachev's reform, the second economy was a significant area of the economy, forming a continuum where, for example, there was no private ownership of agricultural land, but where goods grown at home (in the backyard) could be sold in markets, and where the kolhoz and the sovhoz (the Hungarian equivalents of the tsz and the state farm) had very different farming conditions.

• Touristic entrepreneuring: „Szeklerland, the East of West and West of East”

  206-226

  Emese Emőke Tóth-Batizán

  Views:

  23

  The present article analyses the touristic market in Covasna/Kovászna county, Transylvania, Romania. The basis of the paper are 30 semistructured deep interviews and one
  focus group interview which had 6 participants who are all representatives of organisations active in the field of tourism. As the result of our research we can clearly state
  that there are four different regulation levels: the level of governmental regulations,
  professional organisations, cooperation and level of informal economy. Through the
  presentation of these four levels we will also touch upon the issues related to professionalization, trust and quality.