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• Black economy in the Soviet Union

  132-140.

  Marianna Pénzes

  Views:

  10

  The study is based on G. Mars and Y. Altman, "The cultural bases of soviet Georgia's se-cond economy" (Soviet Studies 1983. Vol. XXXV [4]: 546-560), and G. Mars and Y. Altman, "The cultural bases of Soviet Central Asia's second economy (Uzbekistan and Tajikistan)", 1986 (Central Asian Survey 5 [3-4]: 195-204). The second economy, as the socialist version of the informal economy proposed by Grossman1 , can be defined as the set of economic activities that are aimed at personal gain and are in opposition to the current legal regulations. In this sense, Altman also considers all economic transactions that are in opposition to the current legislation to be informal.2 In the Soviet Union, at least in the period up to Gorbachev's reform, the second economy was a significant area of the economy, forming a continuum where, for example, there was no private ownership of agricultural land, but where goods grown at home (in the backyard) could be sold in markets, and where the kolhoz and the sovhoz (the Hungarian equivalents of the tsz and the state farm) had very different farming conditions.

• Maintenance of minority languages and economic viability of minorities in the mirror of the Transcarpathian linguistic landscape

  119-141

  István Csernicskó

  Views:

  10

  The study examines the linguistic landscape of the territories of Transcarpathia (Ukraine) which
  are mostly inhabited by Hungarians in the context of language and economy. It will be presented
  how economically prestigious world languages, English and Russian are displayed in this region.
  We show that economic realities suppress the nationalism of the minority int he linguistic landscape.
  We note that the language policy in support of the language maintenance of the national
  minority can not be successful if it is not related to the development of the economy. If we want to
  improve the economic situation of the Hungarians of Transcarpathia in a multilingual environment,
  the teaching of languages is one of the areas where it is necessary to invest.