The examination of conceptual approaches that determine the vulnerability of children and different child protection orientations is not only of scientific significance, but also of policy relevance, as it is an issue that greatly affects the security and well-being of societies. This study uses systematic literature review to examine conceptual approaches to child vulnerability and different child protection contexts in terms of social embeddedness. In addition to theoretical models, which essentially seek to identify the causes of threatening situations, predictive models and studies based on the complexity of risk and protective factors are becoming increasingly prominent. The child protection orientations largely determine the institutional structures and public policy mechanisms developed to protect children. These mechanisms are also largely influenced by the values and the trust represented by society.