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• The Controversy Surrounding the Intercountry Adoption

  79-96

  Fanni Muranyi

  Views:

  22

  The purpose of this article is to identify characteristics of the legal framework of intercountry
  adoption. This study is specifically concerned with the international and Hungarian legislation.
  In the first part, the international conventions and the Hungarian rules are presented. These
  show that a considerable progress has been made in the last century in law-making.
  A short statistical analysis illustrates the role of Hungary in intercountry adoption.
  The final section considers possible risks and abuses in the process: exploitation, family
  tracing, loss of cultural heritage, over-representation Roma children, debate over closed or
  open adoption and adoption agencies.
  On the basis of the results of this study, it can be concluded that the intercountry adoption
  gives rise to a great debate and serious cause for complaining about abuses which weaken the
  children’s rights.
  This dissertation hopes to offer a comprehensive view on the advantages and challenges of
  intercountry adoption.

• The Effects of the 2011 Electoral Reform on the Results of the Hungarian Legislative Elections I. : Theoretical aspects of the reform

  195-209

  Levente Nagy

  Views:

  43

  The second wave of democracy after World Wa II, followed by the third wave in the 1970’s and
  the 80’s – including the historic democratic transitions in Eastern Europe after the collapse
  of the Soviet Empire – led to the expansion of democratic electoral systems around the world.
  The design of electoral systems and of the undergoing electoral reforms has become a vital
  component of the democratization process. The study of the theory and politics of electoral
  reform led to the adoption of new theoretical and methodological approaches in order to cope
  with the challenging phenomena.
  The main goal of this paper is to interpret the concept of reform, and to unfold some of
  theoretical aspects of it in order to identify some of the main components of the concept. With the theoretical approach we can get a better understandic of the reform itself, and we can
  demonstrate that electoral reform is a complex process which should not be reduced to a simplistic
  model in which a few actors driven by a few motives can fully explain the whole phenomenon.
  The theoretical study of the reform can show that some politial events, the established party
  system (first and foremost the distribution of power between the various parties), the type of the
  actual electoral system (its advantages and disadvantages) as well as some contingents factors
  must be taken into consideration in order to have a better understanding of the nature of the
  political arena in which reform proposals are promoted and the reform itself takes place.

• Changes in reproductive policies in Hungary between 2010 and 2022

  32-57

  Alexandra Sipos

  Ivett Szalma

  Views:

  154

  This paper examines Hungarian reproductive policies, their changes and their restrictions in relation to pronatalist objectives between 2010 and 2022. The aim of the study is to present and interpret legislative changes in reproductive policies in the context of the pronatalist policies in Hungary. Reproductive policies include the regulation of assisted reproductive technologies, adoption, abortion, contraception, and sex education. In the development of these policies, we assume that a fundamentally pronatalist approach prevails, but we also identify various specific related constraints: heteronormativity, marriage-centredness, and the maintenance and reinforcement of traditional gender roles. We assume that Hungary’s reproductive policies have become increasingly selective since 2010 after the second Orbán government. These policies can be considered selective because they do not encourage all social groups to have children. These result in the exclusion of for example socially disadvantaged groups, single people and same-sex couples from reproduction due to legal constraints, a lack of financial support, access, and transfer of information. In conclusion, selective, heteronormative and marriage-based pronatalism is most identifiable in the adoption context, but abortion regulation, the legal environment for assisted reproductive technologies and sex education, in general, may reinforce pronatalist objectives.