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Changeable requirements & Answers With a dynamic system in order to continual improvement of the environmental performance of a rubber industrial big company
81-90Views:315The topic of this article is the analysis of the changeable environmental requirements for the Environmental Management Systems (EMS) of the companies. The strengthened environmental criteria of the 21st century creates new challenges for the participants of the business sphere. In order to satisfy the criteria of the stakeholders, it is necessary to build out a - by the top management - preferred and proactive EMS that can contain also a life cycle thinking method. This logic is supported by the new ISO14001:2015 standard, too. In the first part of the article the stakeholder conception and the new standard model is presented based on literature analysis. The second part of the article presents an environmental management tool developed by a multinational, tyre company. The model combines the stakeholder conception, the requirements and the life cycle assessment (LCA) in order to respond to the new environmental management challenges. The last part of the article closes with the new development possibilities of the presented environmental management tool worked out by the author.
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Analyzing Determinants of Construction Project Resilience and Success in Ethiopia: a Structural Equation Modelling Approach (PLS-SEM)
68-108Views:383The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that contribute to the success and resilience of construction projects in Ethiopia’s construction industry. A major gap exists in the current literature regarding the empirical validation of the relationships between resilience and success in the Ethiopian construction industry. Data collection was conducted via an online survey between March 8th and May 13th, 2024. PLS-SEM analysis was performed on the survey responses. Results indicate that resilience significantly impacts a project's success. The following are resilience-enabling factors that increase a project's resilience and enhance overall project performance. These are: resilient leadership (taking risks; learning from subordinates; being flexible during decision making); organisational structures (having few direct reports; narrow span of control; job rotation); and project team culture (assign right people for right jobs; recognition or rewarding the team members; team passions for contribution for project success; team trusts); external environment factors (mitigating high inflation effect; managing unstable economy; using appropriate legal enforcement); and risk management practices (communicating frequently; understanding/knowing how to implement risk management practices; integrating risk management practices into routine activities; having enough budget/finance). Success indicators for construction projects include quality, cost, time, safety and customer satisfaction. Therefore, developing resilience-enhancing strategies could greatly increase the effectiveness of construction project performance. The contribution of this study includes empirical evidence from the Ethiopian context, as well as practical recommendations for policymakers and project managers to create customised resilience strategies. The limitations of this study include reliance on self-reported data and convenience sampling in collecting survey responses. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of resilience in overcoming the challenges of the construction industry in Ethiopia.
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Analysis of Henbuk Startup Value Using a Scorecard Assessment Method
1-12Views:463This study aims to determine the valuation value of Henbuk's startup by conducting qualitative and quantitative analyses. Henbuk is a startup engaged in e-commerce. The Henbuk startup is currently in the initial funding stage, and the founders are opening opportunities for investors, which can later support operational and development activities. In obtaining funding from investors, the Henbuk startup requires an initial assessment of the company's value. The score assessment consists of several indicators, e.g., quality of the founder and team, opportunity size, product and technology, competition, marketing, sales and partnerships, and the need for additional investment. The results of the value assessment are obtained by using the Scorecard Assessment Method. The results of this study may help to determine the real value of other start-ups for the investors in the future.
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Investigation of the Eigenfrequency of the Bending Vibration of the Beam Clamped at Both Ends Around the Principle Directions of Inertia Based on a Single-Degree Freedom Model and a Finite Element Method Analysis
69-79Views:435In this study, we have dealt with the calculation methods of the eigenfrequencies associated with the bending vibrations of rectangular-shaped beams clamped at both ends. Said eigenfrequencies were determined analytically in the single-degree of freedom model of the beam and the case of the three-dimensional solid and three-dimensional rod models by finite element modal vibration analysis. We presented the calculation method of the characteristics of the analytical model and then calculated the eigenfrequency for a concrete example. We have described the concept of modal characteristics, and in the following, we have determined its natural frequency based on the solid-beam and rod models of the former beam. We calculated and compared the solutions belonging to the models recorded in different ways in 11 additional cases of the presented methods.
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Knowledge of Control Methods and their Application in the Practice of Small and Medium Enterprises in the Northern Great Plain Region
441-452Views:662Like large companies, the small, and medium-sized businesses need also all the information to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of their business by making sound management decisions. Compared to large companies, SMEs have significant development potential, which can be created in part by the companies themselves, possibly through the introduction of new-modern management - business administration methods or economic policy measures (= targeted and efficient support system), which, by stimulating R & D & I processes, serves to increase competitiveness and contribute more and proportionally to domestic GDP and exports. The analysis presented in the study covers the controlling knowledge of the leading SMEs of the Northern Great Plain Region, the conscious or unconscious application of controlling tools, the assessment of succession, customer and supplier valuation and certain areas of managerial accounting. Overall, it can be concluded from the small sample size that the use of controlling tools is proportional to the size of the business, but nevertheless, many mid-size business executives do not require the collection and analysis of insider information that could explicitly help decision making for example through advanced costing procedures.
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Factors Influencing Female Entrepreneurship
32-55Views:505The following research was conducted with the objective of identifying the factors that influence women to become entrepreneurs. It explores the effectiveness of support mechanisms, including mentorship programs, networking opportunities, access to financial resources, and policy interventions in enhancing the success of female entrepreneurs. Special attention is given to the decision-making threshold concept and the role of self-confidence. A multi-method approach was employed, entailed a comprehensive literature review, a qualitative analysis based on interviews, and a quantitative analysis conducted through surveys. The data obtained from these methods were triangulated to ensure robust insights. The research resulted in a model that illustrates the interrelationship between the scientific, practical and educational approaches. The findings highlight the potential of developing a motivation model for female decision-making in entrepreneurship, identifying key motivators, focusing on economic, social and personal factors with self-confidence as a central concept of study.
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Introduction to Design and Analysis of Torsional Vibration Dampers in Vehicle Industry
310-324Views:597The crankshaft of today’s internal combustion engines with high performance output are exposed to harmful torsional oscillations originated from the unbalanced gas and inertial forces. To avoid the fatigue damage of engine components, caused by the undesired vibrations, torsional vibration dampers can be applied. Viscodampers are one type of the torsional vibration dampers, which operational fluid is silicone oil. For cost-effective R&D activities and production, finite element and finite volume numerical discretization methods based calculation techniques must be involved into the engineering work supported by the modern computer technology. The aim of this paper is to provide an insight into the multidisciplinary design and development process of visco-dampers in vehicle industry applications. Four different examples as structural, fatigue, CFD analyses and structural optimization have been introduced in the present work. It turned out from the static structural and fatigue analyses, that the investigated damper has safety factor over the limit for both static structural and fatigue analyses, so it is suitable for the given load conditions. In the structural optimization process 34.36% mass reduction has been achieved. According to the coupled fluid dynamic and heat transfer simulations a rather stagnating air zone evolved between the engine and the damper during the operation, which can cause efficiency reduction of cooling fins mounted onto the housing. In light of the numerical results, the suitable damper position has been determined for the highest heat transfer.
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Segmenting the Impact of Organizational Structure and Leadership on Project Resilient and Project Success in the Ethiopian Construction Industry: a FIMIX-PLS & PLS-POS Approach
73-103Views:507This research looks at the vital roles of leadership and organisation design in the attainment of project resilience and success in the construction sector. Informed by contemporary theories on organisational resilience and leadership, a framework was developed and rigorously tested against data using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and with more advanced techniques of segmentation (FIMIX-PLS and PLS-POS) to identify and take into consideration unobserved heterogeneity. Using data collected from project professionals, resilient leadership and adaptive organisation design were shown to be critical to project resilience, but the effect of leadership and organisation design on project resilience differed from segment to segment as well as across demographics. The ex-post analysis suggested that the awareness of resilience, practical experience and higher education exacerbated the relationships between aspects of resilient leadership and project resilience, as well as between adaptive organisation design and project resilience. The analysis also showed that relationships between leadership, organisational structure, and resilience can be mediated by demographic factors, such as awareness, experience, and education. The findings highlighted the importance of fostering inclusive, participative type leadership styles and continuous forms of experiential learning to enhance resilience outcomes. The value of specific indicators such as team participation in decision making or the leader's self-confidence was also identified as being critical aspects of resilient organisational structures and effective leadership. The implications of this study were important for each group of stakeholders: organisations should encourage resilience-based leadership, experiment with multi-dimensional flexible team structures and create a culture of continued, experiential learning and communications as knowledge and industries evolve. The theoretical contributions that validated the effects of segments of latent variables and offered insight into the added value of using segmentation were positive contributions to theory. Limitations, such as sample size and sector, stimulate avenues for future work and in particular reinforce the case for longitudinal, cross-sector research to build sectors’ internal and external constructs of project resilience. Future research needs to apply multi-facilitated empirical, qualitative and advanced analytics means to enable further quantification, and complexity in project survival, success and resilience.
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Finite Element Analysis of Cellular Structures Using Ansys
197-204Views:478Additive manufacturing (AM) is a process in which the product is composed of overlapping layers of a material that is added using devices such as 3D printers. Its process has been evolving for decades and nowadays it can be used for several applications and with different materials. One modern usage is for medical and dental purposes. Since it became possible to print metal, it has been a good solution for bone implants, once it must be done with biomaterials and can now replicate the bone structure, for that unit cells should compose the implant. Both conditions are now possible to be achieved by AM, and the current study will analyze, using finite element method, the possibilities to create specimens for tests which the final product would result in a 3D printed bone implant.
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Építőipari kockázatok rétegei = Analysis of construction risks of layer
92-101Views:260Risk and uncertainty are subjects of philosophic and theoretic discussions long time ago. Both concepts have the intention that nature and effects of future happenings have to be analyzed and forecasted. Difference is though that analysis is possible by different means. Uncertainty is frightening and hard to be analyzed. On the other hand, risk is better served by data, easier to find a methodology that makes it a more acceptable and manageable object. Theoretic part of the article states that risk and uncertainty entitle a risk spectrum. The next statement is that this spectrum has layers piled on one on the other, from which risk and uncertainty are the ones on the sides.
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An Analysis of the Leisure Preference System of Students with Disabilities in the Light of a Study
98-115Views:1005With the increase in the number of disabled people and people with disabilities, research on the target group of people with disabilities has gained momentum in recent decades. Research is very diverse, looking at the labor market situation of people with disabilities, their leisure-time habits, or the factors that support and inhibit their sport.
In our questionnaire research, the leisure and sporting habits of children with disabilities aged 8-18 are described and analyzed (N = 639). Data were processed with spss software, where basic statistics and contextual analysis were performed. The results confirm that passive activities (TV, listening to music) dominate the leisure activities of children with disabilities. Sports consumption (active and passive) was more prevalent among male respondents and less prominent among girls. In the motivation of sports, besides improving the state of health, entertainment and company appeared.
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Development possibilities of Environmental Engineering Education – SWOT analysis
75-80Views:376Nowadays we are struggling with many environmental issues that require up-to-date environmental specialists. Amongst the causes of environmental problems, long-standing industrial companies are dominant, for which, on the one hand, the assessment and elimination of existing environmental damage and prevention can be the goal. Universities would be able to provide the necessary knowledge and skills with appropriate educational and research programs. In the research we carried out a comprehensive study of environmental engineering education programs of Hungarian higher education institutions. We analysed the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the various educational programs. In addition, on the basis of the analysis we made suggestions on the possible directions of the development of the environmental engineering training.
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CSR Strategy Creation
344-354Views:997The starting point for the need for social responsibility is to combat the deterioration and destruction of social and environmental values. The social and economic factors induce both society and the economy, including companies, to prioritize their social role. Corporate responsibility needs to be incorporated into the company's strategy so that it can be more planned in the long term, since CSR can thus maximize its impact, ultimately leading to maximizing profits. To be able to develop a strategy, we must first look at the broader environment to which we can apply PEST analysis, by analyzing the social, legal, polo-social and social environment. To take a closer look at the company's narrower environment, we can use the SWOT analysis to identify the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and dangers. Based on these, the Hoshin Kanri method can be used to transform the company's own CSR strategy both short and long-term in order to become part of the corporate culture.
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The Future of AI-Integrated Project Management: A Structured Literature Review Based Risk Identification
42-67Views:877The evolution of AI is changing the landscape of project management. The integration of AI into project management brings many advantages, yet it is also accompanied by prominent weaknesses and serious challenges. In addition, rapidly evolving technologies continue to transform the field’s dynamics. These evolving dynamics result in ambiguity about the current state of the field, and consequently, create an uncertainty regarding a roadmap for future advancements. The purpose of this paper is to address this challenge by developing a well-grounded conceptual insight that identifies the risks associated with AI adoption in project management, guiding both academia and industry towards a structured approach to its future advancements. This paper conducts a detailed structured literature review, adhering the PRISMA protocol, to evaluate the impact of AI on key facets of project management, its potential benefits and implementation challenges. Then it analyzes the literature and synthesizes the key findings. Finally, it conducts comprehensive analysis to identify both positive and negative risks i.e. opportunities and threats. This in-depth analysis and its findings enable us to understand the nature of the risks, and how those can be harnessed or mitigated to advance the field. Furthermore, it provides both academia and industry the foundation to plan improved risk mitigation strategies and to develop a structured adoption framework. This study is expected to make a significant contribution to the advancement of the field.
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Analysis of Differences Between Levelling Networks in the County of Hajdú-Bihar
84-92Views:309The height determination of control and detail points is essential during the process of planning and manufacturing in the practice of civil engineering. Planning maps are drawn for the former, while the intended plan is set out on the ground during manufacturing, and after the manufacturing the completed installation is mapped. Using the same reference system in all three steps, both horizontally and vertically, is recommended even though in some cases it is unavoidable to change from one reference level to another. Regardless of the fact that both refer to the mean sea level of the Baltic Sea, this can create difficulties, since the difference between the EOMA and Bendefy networks used in Hungary shows varying values depending on the geographical location. The aim of the analysis is to determine a constant difference regarding the analysed settlements based on the common points of the networks.
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Urban Transportation Problems and Issues in Homs-Syria: Analytical Study of the Current Condition and Proposing Future Solutions
30-42Views:618Cities in the north middle east are known for their past and old valuable heritage, with a complex master plan of each one. Homs city is Syria is one of them, it has a history dates back to 2000B.C. with a unique formation of the city. However, the urban area of Homs has a very distinctive characteristics, but unfortunately it suffers from the transportation system operated. The congested and unorganized planning process have led the city to a complete mess and disorders, for all categories of its inhabitants. This study analysis the components of the transportation system, and identifies the greatest issues and problems the inhabitants suffer from, by locating the driving forces and the causes of these issues, and generally asses the quality of the system itself. Therefore, a holistic approach is proposed to improve the transportation system, and suggests some key plans to shift the city to a higher level of development. By locating the strength points, and detect the benefits of these strength points and exploit them. By evaluating the road network and create a new system that mitigates the negative environmental impacts (emissions, noise…) and reduce the crowded gathering of inhabitants, which caused a severe stress in their daily life. Overall, an attempt of implementing a new transportation system to contribute in the development process, and opens the possibility to develop other systems of the city in a sustainable framework.
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Connection analysis of an x-zero-type helical gear pair
47-60Views:229We designed a helical gear pair, after we prepared the CAD models of the elements. Using of these models connection analysis will be done in case of the application of different torques. The established stress, strain and deformation values will be analysed on the connection tooth surfaces and the fillet radiuses in case of teeth connection.
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Was UEFA’S Goal of an Environmentally Friendly Euro 2020/21 a Success?
152-164Views:971The football Euro 2020/21 has been said to be more environmentally friendly, as it was spread all over Europe, thus no new stadiums needed to be built. On the other hand, more traveling became necessary. How does these effects behave with each other? Was the attempt to reduce emissions successful?
This paper seeks to compare the goals for UEFA 2020/21 for environmental friendliness and its success. A mixed research strategy was adopted in this paper where qualitative analysis was done on existing literature review and also quantitative approach where assumptions were drawn from literature review to estimate the environmental impact. This paper found that UEFA's initial estimate of 425,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions in traveling for the Euro Cup 2020 was a bit higher than the actual amount of carbon emissions from our calculation of 143,531 tons. What stands out is that its findings agree with UEFA's estimate that Euro Cup 2020 emissions were lower than that of 2016 which emitted 517,000 tons of carbon dioxide for traveling. This gives a greater reason to conclude that UEFA met its goal of reducing carbon emissions. The overall carbon dioxide emissions in traveling and constructing stages were 1,275,988 tons in Euro Cup 2020 and 2,803,000 tons in Euro Cup 2016. This further affirms the overall carbon dioxide emission reduction by half in Euro Cup 2020 as compared to Euro 2016. From our findings, we can conclude that the Euro Cup 2020 indeed succeeded in reducing overall carbon dioxide emissions by half. Despite the success, this paper views that the carbon emissions are still high for a single event and hence there is room for reduction of carbon emissions to lower levels as possible. we can conclude that the Euro Cup 2020 indeed succeeded in reducing overall carbon dioxide emissions by half. Despite the success, this paper views that the carbon emissions are still high for a single event and hence there is room for reduction of carbon emissions to lower levels as possible. we can conclude that the Euro Cup 2020 indeed succeeded in reducing overall carbon dioxide emissions by half. Despite the success, this paper views that the carbon emissions are still high for a single event and hence there is room for reduction of carbon emissions to lower levels as possible. -
Advancing Sustainable Waste Management through National Recycling Rate under SDG 12.5.1
61-72Views:641Solid waste management remains a pressing environmental challenge in both developed and developing nations. Recycling has been promoted globally as a key pathway to sustainability, yet recycling rates often provide only a partial picture of performance. In many contexts, challenges such as poorly regulated recycling policies, informal sector dominance, and practices that prioritize profit over environmental sustainability limit progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 12.5.1, which tracks the national recycling rate. This study investigates the extent to which recycling rates reflect sustainable waste management and identifies the underlying factors that influence their effectiveness. The major objective of this study is to evaluate recycling rates as an indicator of sustainable waste management. This is further specified by: (i) examining recycling practices in selected countries (Germany, South Korea, USA, Brazil, and India), (ii) identifying key drivers and barriers that influence recycling performance, and (iii) assessing the implications of recycling rates for sustainable waste management systems. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining secondary data analysis, comparative country assessment, and policy review. Results show that recycling rates are useful but insufficient as a stand-alone measure of sustainability, since they are influenced by broader elements such as policy enforcement, economic incentives, public participation, and market structures. The findings highlight that Nigeria’s recycling rate remains significantly low compared to leading economies, underscoring the need for integrated waste management reforms. This research contributes to environmental management discourse by demonstrating that while recycling rates provide a benchmark for SDG 12.5.1 monitoring, they must be interpreted alongside contextual drivers to ensure meaningful progress towards sustainable waste management.
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Economic Effect of the Coronavirus on the Companies Involved in Car and Automotive Parts Trading, and Manufacture of Tires of Hungary, Including Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County, in Respect of 2020
1-12Views:502In Hungary the wake of the first wave of the Covid-19 epidemic (March 2020), caused a decline in demand for goods and services in most sectors. There were sectors (accommodation services, art, recreation, etc.), which were economically severely burdened by the imposition of restrictive measures, and there were some (financial services, communication), which experienced the change positively. In our research, our goal was to assess the changes caused by the Covid-19 epidemic in the property, financial and profitability situation of the companies involved in car and automotive parts trading, and tire manufacturing, in Hungary, and within the country, in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county. We established three hypotheses: (1) As a result of the spread of coronavirus epidemic, in Hungary and in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county as well, the profitability of companies of NAICS codes 441 (car and automotive parts trading) and 4231 (wholesale of road vehicles and parts), decreased. (2) The outbreak of the epidemic had a negative impact on the liquidity of companies established in Hungary, including Szabolcs- Szatmár-Bereg county. (3) As a result of the Covid-19 epidemic, the resource structure of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county companies, analysed in the framework of research work, transformed. To prove or disprove these, secondary research was used. Finally, we put forward conclusions and proposals for the management of the companies active in this industry.
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Correlation Clustering: Analysis of Major Agricultural Commodity Markets
288-302Views:516The aim of this article is to compare the clusters formed by the correlation distances between the agricultural and the energy commodity price returns in different periods of time. The energy and agricultural markets have become more interlinked in the past ten years, which can be attributed partly to the increased usage of biofuels. According to the results of this research, after the global financial and economic crisis of 2008/09, the relationship has become tighter between the agricultural commodity prices and the price of the crude oil. Based on the hierarchical clustering, the relationship between crude oil and sugar, and especially between crude oil and vegetable oils has become stronger. These results support the hypothesis of a more interconnected agricultural and energy market after 2013. Furthermore, the emerged relationship of crude oil with the vegetable oils may indicate the connecting role of biofuels, since biofuels require agricultural input materials, partly vegetable oils. However, the role of biofuels in the present analysis requires further researches.
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Pure Bending of Homogenous Isotropic Elastic Curved Beam
67-75Views:773In this paper a detailed analysis is given for the pure bending problem of curved beams. The material of the curved beam is homogenous isotropic linearly elastic. The mantle of the curved beam is stress free and there is no body force on the curved beam. The plane of the curvature of the beam is the plane of symmetry for the whole beam. Paper gives the expressions of circumferential and radial normal stresses. A strength of material approach is used to derive the governing equations. A numerical example illustrates the application of the presented solutions.
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Topology Optimization of Acetabular Cup by Finite Element Simulation
22-34Views:707Hip replacements typically consist of a four-part piece. Our research will focus primarily on the acetabular component. Several different types of materials can be used when creating a hip replacement implant ranging from plastic to titanium. Different materials are used to accommodate for allergic reactions or circumventing potential health risks. Aside from the material, the size of the components plays a factor in terms of durability; a larger diameter head might avoid dislodgement though it could increase wear and tear on the stems through constant friction. A patient’s force applied to the hip replacement is usually measured through a number of physical assessments. Finite element analysis (FEA), a computer-based method of data observation, allows for us to accurately simulate hip forces and their impact on the hip replacements. Through this, it becomes easier to predict and calculate the performance of specific designs. Generative systems can also be used to support performance analysis and optimization through assessing a multitude of cases, many of which apply in real-world scenarios. By applying both systems, we designed and modeled an acetabular cup that when measured decreased the mass from 129 grams initially down to 52 grams, a 60% decrease in total mass. Furthermore, the design we created lessened the trauma on the piece through distributing force across the entirety of the piece rather than specific segments only. This shows an increased durability and life expectancy when compared to usual acetabular cups.
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Efficiency Analysis of Production Management System
401-415Views:391Due to the continuously evolving technology, even more escalating market competition has emerged between the companies. This competition is not only about the logistics related processes, it also appears to be significant for the production since the manufacturing companies form the center of global sale streams and without them the items found in logistical processes cannot be created. The role of production’s optimization and efficiency in the supply chain continuously grows since this is the part where a company’s most cost is produced. Our research objective was the examination of a company that applies various manufacturing, assembly technologies, and the used tools and softwares for this purpose were the SAP Business One ERP system and it’s add-on, called PPS One, the latter originated in Switzerland. We used these softwares to provide solutions to companies, especially to those that are dealing with manufacturing and production, for the optimization of their workflows, operations, supervising and controlling of their material. We also monitored from production technology’s elements the capacity planning, production orders, schedules, production tracking and cost accounting. We have made proposals during the analysis that might improve the company's strategy, competitiveness and increase it’s efficiency in business, and at the same time they can facilitate the company's pricing and inventory management activities.
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Comparative Study of Surface Treatment Procedures for Dental Implants
12-32Views:381Nowadays, the most common type of implant in dentistry is a partial tooth replacement, such as a crown, or a complete tooth replacement. Today, many manufacturers offer implants made of a wide variety of materials and designs. These restorations must meet strict standards, one of the most stringent being surface roughness. Since proper bone-to-implant contact only occurs with adequate surface roughness, several methods are used to achieve the correct value. After reviewing the results of experiments carried out by several research groups, it is concluded that the surface roughness, the shape of the implant fixation screw, the shape of the thread and the thread elevation used to achieve the desired roughness together determine the success of the implantation. The average surface roughness required for osseointegration is considered to be optimal for values between 1 and 100 µm. In most cases, the surface roughness of commercially available dental prostheses is Ra 1-2 µm, but this can be modified by various grinding, acid etching and polishing processes to suit the application. Acid etching is a common technique for roughness reduction, which is the most effective in reducing surface roughness of dental restorative materials (mostly titanium alloys), thus bringing the roughness within the desired range. The result of acid etching is influenced by the concentration of acid, the temperature of the acid bath and the time spent in the acid. The acid used for the surface treatment is important and is most commonly sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid or hydrogen fluoride (HF) and combinations of these. The study shows that the most optimal results are obtained with HF. Replacements are nowadays largely made by additive manufacturing, which allows for customised replacements and, due to dimensional accuracy, reduces the time and cost of post-processing, i.e. the surface treatment can be used to achieve the desired surface roughness and size at the same time. As a result, newer materials are being used for clinical prostheses and surface treatment should be applicable to all materials. The most optimal solution is a combination of grit blasting and acid etching. With this technology, the surface roughness for all materials reaches the optimum value of 1-100 µm, sometimes 1-2 µm, but can be further reduced below 1 µm by polishing. The study investigates the role of surface roughness, the surface roughness should only be reduced up to a certain value, approximately 0.5 µm, as smooth surfaces have limited or no potential for osseointegration.
