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• Adjustment of poland’s agriculture and food sector to challenges of agricultural policy of the European Union

  39-44

  A. Kowalski

  M. Wigier

  P. Chmieliński

  Views:

  168

  Paper is aimed in assessment of first period of Poland’s membership in EU and covering agriculture and rural areas with the support under the Common Agricultural Policy in the context of future challenges faced by the agricultural policy.Analysis shows that accession to EU became a strong impulse for growth of the Polish food economy, however the main challenge for the Common Agricultural Policy in future, from Poland’s perspective, will be strengthening the multifunctional agriculture, i.e. territorial cohesion and positive effects of agricultural activity on natural environment.

• The direct and indirect costs associated with food hypersensitivity in households: A study in the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain

  107-117

  Jantine Voordouw

  Gerrit Antonides

  Margaret Fox

  Inma Cerecedo

  Javier Zamora

  Belen de la Hoz Caballer

  Ewa Rokicka

  Judith R. Cornelisse-Vermaat

  Maciej Jewczak

  Pawel Starosta

  Marek Kowalski

  Monika Jędrzejczak-Czechowicz

  Sonia Vázquez-Cortes

  Sara Cano-Escudero

  Bertine M.J. Flokstra-De Blok

  Anthony E.J. Dubois

  Miranda Mugford

  Lynn J. Frewer

  Views:

  223

  Background: Recent studies show that food hypersensitivity, such as food allergy or food intolerance, has the potential to affect direct, indirect and intangible economic costs experienced by individuals and their families. This research assesses the direct and indirect economic costs of food hypersensitivity at the household level in the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain.
  Methods:  A self-administered postal survey was conducted (n=1558). Respondents with food hypersensitivity were clinically diagnosed cases recruited through clinical centres in Poland and Spain. In the Netherlands, food hypersensitivity cases were recruited through hospitals, patient organisations and advertisements. The controls formed the baseline sample and were obtained from households in which none of the members had food hypersensitivity. The monetary value of indirect costs, forgone time, was calculated using the opportunity cost method. The indirect and direct costs were expressed in purchasing power parity. Analysis of co-variance on the cost items was used to test the within-country differences between respondents with food hypersensitivity and respondents without food hypersensitivity, as well as across the three countries.
  Results: The average total direct and indirect costs across all countries for families with food hypersensitive family members are not higher than for households without food hypersensitive members. However, the intangible costs for food hypersensitive individuals appear to be higher than for individuals in the control group.
  Conclusions: These results do not support the hypothesis that all food allergies incur high costs to the individual. However, being hypersensitive to foods may have a negative impact on quality of life compared to people who are not food hypersensitive.