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• Measuring intellectual capital through a company example

  1-13

  Lucia Váradi

  Mirjam Hamad

  Views:

  105

  Our research aims to examine the “invisible value” found at UPC Magyarország Kft. Since Vodafone Magyarország Nyrt. announced the acquisition of UPC Magyarország Kft. in 2020. Our research is aimed at using different methods to determine the invisible assets, intellectual capital, and added value, which cannot be determined directly from the financial statements of UPC Magyarország Kft. Since the financial statements prepared based on accounting principles follow the principle of prudence, many assets (mainly intangible assets) are not shown in the financial statements, so they only become visible after the moment of acquisition. Three different methods were used to measure intellectual capital, then the results were compared. The three methods use different points of view to measure intellectual capital and approach the concept of intellectual capital from other points of view. The CIV method shows us the lack of intellectual capital in relation to the industry or the surplus value; The EVA indicator explicitly shows us the intellectual capital size; and the VAIC method the efficiency of intellectual capital.

• Branding Hungary as a Health Tourism Destination: Asynchrony Problems

  68-72

  Attila Lengyel

  Views:

  121

  Branding a country as an attractive tourism destination is an extremely complex and long-term endeavour. There are several brand assessment systems using diverse methodology for creating brand indices for countries. In the Bloomberg brand indexing system Hungary is ranked 20th in Europe and by Future Brand 23rd in 2014. These placements are indicators of a relatively poor performance of Hungary as a nation brand and warrant an integrated image building effort
  independent from the changing political power structure. There are certain basic principles to adhere to in branding a tourism destination be it settlement, regional or country level. One of the keys to succesful branding is synchronising marketing efforts on different levels. Asynchronous communication and strategies lead to confusion in image perception, hence the weakening of the brand. The present paper aims to examine some of the asynchronies in the branding of Hungary as a health tourism destination.

• RENEWABLE ENERGY USE IN HUNGARY AND IN THE SURROUNDING EU MEMBER STATES

  23-29

  Judit Csizmásné Tóth Judit

  Judit Poór

  Zsolt Hollósy

  Views:

  119

  In our paper, we survey the changes of the last 10 years regarding the use of renewable energy in Hungary and the surrounding EU countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia). In 2015, the share of renewable energy in EU28 is 16.7% of final energy consumption, 28.8% of electricity, 18.6% of heating/cooling and 6.7% of transport. We present the renewable energy targets of Hungary and the surrounding member states and
  their fulfillment in 2015. We also look at the share of the gross domestic energy and renewable energy consumption.

• A comparative study of tourism Education on vocational level in Hungary and Finland

  1-7

  Anita Mondok

  Views:

  160

  The rapid growth of tourism in Hungary and the labour migration to abroad resulted in a serious labour shortage in the industry. One of the sources of skilled and motivated workforce is the system of tourism vocational education and training, which can just slowly react to market changes due to its inertness. In addition, the highly centralized system provides low-level of freedom to respond to regional differences, as the National Core Curriculum and its related regulatory documents are compulsory for the institutions and maintainers implementing them.

  This paper seeks for possible solutions to the prevailing challenges by a comparative examination of the tourism VET system in Finland and Hungary. As a result the author propounds possible alternatives to develop secondary tourism education.

• Three hundred years of the Hungarian external trade

  58-68

  György Balázs

  Views:

  87

  The essay would like to describe the development and the history of Hungarian foreign affairs relationship and foreign trade in the last three centuries. The study, which can be used like an educational study-aid, is the result of long tutorial and research career of the author.

• Analysis of the economic structure in Romania and in some member states ot the European Union

  44-54

  Szeréna Nagy

  Views:

  31

  In Romania agriculture plays a crucial role, contributes a large share to GDP production and has a high agricultural potential. The aim of the study is to analyse the farm structure of Romania and of some EU Member States (Hungary, Poland, France, Italy) on the basis of the data of the 2016 Farm Structure Census, the 2010 General Agricultural Census and the preliminary data of the 2020 Agricultural Census.  Draw conclusions by processing the aforementioned data, in particular by processing the preliminary data of the 2010 General Agricultural Census and the 2020 General Agricultural Census.

• HELP! What should i do? -the lack of financial knowledge in hungarian households

  116-121

  Annamária Horváthné Kökény

  Szabina Horváth

  Views:

  146

  Financial planning, the propensity to save and self-caring habits effect not only the households' financial management, but they effect the economical, political, social and cultural situation of the whole country. The intellectual skills of hungarians are undeveloped, which stems from the lack of financial literacy of individuals. More and more people realize the need for economic and financial knowledge since the 2008 economic crisis, and that the development of financial culture is essential. In our research we examined, how the financial awareness and the willingness to save of individuals and households can be influenced.

• Sustainable Development and Corporate Responsibility in Hungary

  247-253

  Zsuzsanna Deák

  Views:

  113

  The concept of corporate responsibilty has been around for many decades, yet its application and supplantation into practical usage has not been highly successful in Hungary. This study is an assessment of recent developments and the current performance of companies.

• The Youth Tourism Motivations Based on Interviews French and English Students

  240-245

  Márta Kóródi

  Views:

  117

  The study summarizes the results of two short term research study visits, and the outline of the situation of the Hungarian topic. The results of surveys conducted among students of higher educational institutes of the three cities in the three countries (Bordeaux – France, Durham – United Kingdom, Szolnok – Hungary) are presented is comparison with highlighted of similarities and differences. The identified variations of costumer’s habits are useful for development of supply.

• The Introduction of the SES-SESAR System and its Implementation Process in Hungary

  185-193

  Csaba Zoltán Fekete

  Máté Gajdos

  Views:

  73

  This paper introduces briefly the essence and the goals of the Single European Sky initiatives and the background and the purpose of the SESAR ATM research. The author reviews some innovative air navigation research already implemented in Hungary.

• Local geopolitics, and spatial development

  Tibor Tőkés

  Views:

  130

  Local geopolitics is in fact the application of geopolitical tools in the definition of local conflicts. This topic is a brand new branch of the French geopolitical research areas. In France since the 1980’s, the reforms related to the division of scope of competence between the state and territorial governments have had an increasing effect on the relationship of local communities and of those communities with the state. One of the key characteristics of this relationship is the effort to harmonize the needs of local communities and of spatial development. Researching the geopolitics of spatial development is an important issue of local geopolitics in France today. The matter of mid-level spatial development is widely challenging for French professionals therefore it is worth having a look at it – especially as this level of development has gone through major changes recently in Hungary

• Foreign trade possibilities of the Fruit – Vegetable sector in the future

  102-112

  István Sájer

  Views:

  88

  Hungary can be considered as a small, open economy, therefore the domestic market doesn’t provide enough possibility to sell the grown and produced agricultural products, exportation is vital. In the year of 2010 Hungary had trading activity on the field of agricultural products with 151 countries, which has grown to 164 countries by 2013. According to the Strategy of the Fruit- Vegetable Sector the production target is 3,5 million tons for the year of 2020. This target has already been reached in 1990, since then the average production is 2 – 2,5 million tons yearly. We can increase our foreign trade only if the properly classified, carefully packed products can be delivered in the requested quality on the contracted time. Perhaps this is the most sensitive territory where the Hungarian producers are falling back from the international trends. Due to the lack of cash and capital the technological and technical development of the is missing, the trade channels are getting more and more narrow, which will lead to loosing of the market. Nowadays the main problem of the Hungarian Vegetable-Fruit sector is the diminishing quantity of marketable goods, despite of the fact, that the sector could remain a net exporter. The presence of the black market is overwhelming in Hungary which makes the sector vulnerable and hard to regulate. Despite of several good examples and successful enterprises it is still true that the majority of the producers are lacking the needed technological, marketing, management and trade knowledge. They insist on using their obsolete methods, and not willing to learn and change. There is a problem in the forecast of the expected yield. The Vegetable-Fruit sector is the
  most export driven part of the Hungarian agricultural sector as it is selling more than the 50% of all production abroad. In order to be sustain this share it would be fruitable to have a more favorable tax policy and the revision, cancellation of the „Primary producer” system. In each case the main problem is that there is no common base and trust between the trader, producer and management. This is why it might happen that a member of the TÉSZ is willing to sell his product outside the system, because this way he thinks to have safe income. As the organization doesn’t have a safe base of products for sale they can not develop the market and if they have no safe market, due to the missing trust there will be no safe base of products for sale, and the circle is closed and the whole problem starts again.

• The Fat Tax in 2011 and in 2012

  40-47

  Szabolcs Szőllősi

  Sándor Szűcs Róbert

  Views:

  31

  Approximately 119 million of the US population, that is 64.5 percent of the adult US population are either overweight or obese. 17.5 million young, obese people live in the European Union. The proportion of overweight or obese people is higher than 60% in Hungary. It causes a dramatic increase in health expenditure. Possible solutions include the introduction of a fat tax. Hungary introduced the fat tax in 2011. The rate of fat tax has increased in 2012.

• International interactions in the light of linguistic affinity

  Edina Varnagy

  Adam Markus

  Views:

  151

  Although international trade economists often highlight the improtance of common currency, FDI flows or other factors in bilateral trade relations, quite few papers focus on the role of languages or linguistic similarities in this respect. The uniqeness and difficulty of this topic lie in its complexity. Analyses generally lean solely on official languages losing useful peaces of information hidden in the fact that a great number of people use other languages in their everyday life. In the absence of common mother tongue bilateral economic interactions can be intensified by foreign languages acquired by a great share of people in both countries. We emphasize that english seems to be the only universal mediator among trading countries in the world. A further aim of this paper using the results of Eurobarometer surveys is to point to the role of linguistic affinity in international economic interactions based on the case of Estonia, Finland and Hungary.

   

  Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes: F10; Z10

• Crime Preventi on, Victi m Support, Youth Defence in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County

  142-158

  Edina Molnár

  János Bozorádi

  Erika Márkus

  Views:

  42

  In 2003 the Hungarian Parliament emphasised the importance of preventi on by the elaborati on, the discussion and the adopti on of the Nati onal Crime Preventi on Strategy. The prioriti es of the strategy are as follows: the reducti on of child crime and juvenile delinquency, the increase in the safety of citi es, the preventi on of domesti c violence and victi m support and the preventi on of repeat victi mizati on. In order to achieve these goals, the County’s insti tuti ons have to be able to achieve an eff ecti ve collaborati on. Crime preventi on is primarily not a police task, but rather the responsibility of social insti tuti ons, child and youth welfare insti tuti ons, and last but not least the potenti al victi m’s own responsibility.

• FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF LISTED COMPANIES OF VISEGRAD COUNTRIES AND ROMANIA

  8-17

  Gabriella Koszorús

  Views:

  188

  In this study, listed companies of 5 countries (Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, Czech Republic, and Romania) were analyzed between 2014 and 2018. The data was downloaded from www.EMIS.com. Financial institutions and companies with too many missing data and those that were not full period listed on the stock exchange were removed from the dataset. The main aim of the research was to compare the performance of the listed companies on the stock exchanges of countries examined. First, there was analyzed performance indicators, then market indicators. Using variance analysis, there was investigated the differences between countries based on ROS, ROA, ROE ratios, which then was expanded to include some market ratios. Based on the results, it can be stated that due to the difference in the number of listed companies and the size of the companies, large variations can be observed both within and between countries. No best country can be determined because almost all of the indicators perform better in different countries during the period examined. It is important to note that earnings per unit capital are the highest in Hungary and the Czech Republic, so investors are likely to expect higher returns in these countries. During the analysis of variance, there could not be found in many ratios with significant differences between countries over the years investigated.

• The economic impact of intellectual property in Europe and Hungary

  83-89

  Gábor Szilágyi

  Kata Földi

  Views:

  102

  As the aim of the article, to show in the framework of theoretical research, to assess the situation of Hungarian intellectual property in the life of businesses. In our paper, we try to analyze and present this area approaching it from an economic side, which seems to be a mere legal phenomenon for an outside observer.

• Innovative Biodiesel Production

  118-123

  Valéria Nagy

  Sándor Beszédes

  Gábor Keszthelyi-Szabó

  Views:

  90

  The importance of the research of the biofuels is moti vated according to the Hungary’s Renewable Energy Acti on Plan, on the other hand the Europe 2020 also emphasizes the smart and sustainable growth. The direct objecti ve of the research program is to investi gate the applicati on of microwave pre-treatment for bio-energeti c, the indirect objecti ve is to ensure security of energy supply. Based on the experiences, the microwave energy is preferably used for intensifi cati on of certain chemical reacti ons. Pre-experimental experiences have shown that microwave irradiati on in the transesterifi cati on of vegetable oils (transesterifi cati on with methanol and NaOH catalyst) results in reducti on of ti me and energy demand of the process. Producti on of vegetable oil-based is made with microwave-assisted technology under diff erent method, operati onal and process parameters. As a result of the experiments established that the
  transesterifi cati on reacti on ti mes of the microwaved transesterifi cati on are reduced signifi cantly compared to the conventi onal transesterifi cati on reacti on ti me, however, further investi gati on of compositi on of treated mixture and dielectric characteristi cs of the components are necessary to optimize the procedure for energy aspects.

• Skills related to EU Projects

  113-119

  József Alapi

  Views:

  101

  Our country with its accesion to the European Union in 2004 became eligble to use EU funds for its national developments. More than 7,8 billion Ft had already arrived in Hungary during 2007- 2013. The allocation and the use of EU funds represent a unique and never returning oppurtunity but also a great responsability for Hungary. While infrastructural projects (e.g roads, urban rehabilitation, fulfillment of derogation obligations) has dominated the 2004-2006 and 2007-2013 periods, the Széchenyi 2020 National Development Programme focuses mainly on economical development, 60% of the 8 200 billion Ft allocated EU funds will serve the cause of reviving and boosting the economic growth. Besides this, environmental protection, employement, innovation and the knowledge economy will represent also main focuses for the use of EU funds in Hungary. Where ever we look we see the the multitude of results of EU funded infrastructural, human, and research projects. In the 2014-2020 period even young professionals graduating from Szolnok College will be able to become potencial applicants for EU funds. During the course „Projects, from application to materialization” iniciated within the Bethlen István Specialized College
  students were able to get acquainted with the basics of project writing, project terminology and project management.