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• Exploring livelihood strategies of herder households in Mongolia: income-based approach

  ganchimeg gombodorj

  Views:

  540

  The classification of livelihood strategies is important for identifying different lifestyles and developing poverty reduction measures. The research was aimed to identify Mongolian herder households’ livelihood strategies and assess capital factors that impact their choice and livelihood outcomes in connection with wealth and poverty. A total of 350 herder households were surveyed using the stratified sampling methods from four different economic regions. The Income-Based Approach was applied to identify herder households’ livelihood strategies based on their primary income sources and Pearson correlation was used for assessing the influencing input. The study hypothesizes that herder households earn the majority of income sources from animal husbandry and an essential factor in the choice of livelihood strategy is the number of animals. The study found that livelihood strategies of nomadic herder households clustered into four main types: а) livestock income sources, solely b) earn from kinship and assistant herder salary in addition to livestock income; с) social benefits and pension income in addition to livestock income and d) income sources dependent on natural resources in addition to livestock income. Location, financial capital, and physical capital were the main factors for choosing a specific livelihood strategy. There was an insignificant difference between poor and wealthy herder households in terms of physical assets ownership. To reduce rural poverty, we need tailored sustainable development policies based on different herder households’ livelihood strategies.

  JEL code: Q01, Q12, I30, D19, D31

• The new strategic directions of rural development in Hungary

  143-150

  Hajnalka Szabóné Pap

  Enikő Bezzeg

  Views:

  375

  The notion of sustainability is the basis for our future possibilities. Local sustainability, in the centre of which can be found the livable settlement, is especially important in rural areas.Without developing rural areas, there is no developing society. The growth of the Earth’s population and the world economy has already surpassed the carrying capacity of this planet which may result in an “overshoot and collapse”. This can still be prevented today. The population of towns and cities is rapidly increasing. Urbanization is a very fast process, even in Hungary. In large cities with millions of inhabitants crime and lumpen lifestyle pose huge problems. However, the bases of a successful economy are morals and a puritan lifestyle, which so far have characterized rural villages. 70% of the poor and needy live in rural areas in the developing countries and agriculture provides livelihood for 40% of the world’s population. The International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD) was established in 2002 by FAO and theWorld Bank to learn more about the role of agricultural science and technology. After the positive decision some comprehensive summaries were made on all the related topics with the participation of 400 scientists. The assessment provided many lessons to learn and at the 2008 closing sessions in Johannesburg, the reports were accepted and it was proved that rural areas have a significant role in providing adequate means of earning a livelihood. The Ministry of Rural Development composed a domestic-level study with the title of the National Rural Strategy. The objectives stated in the study can be seen as the main directions of the Hungarian rural strategy. The land policy aims to support the 50–70 hectare family farms and have the agricultural lands under national authority. The population must be provided with ample and safe food. The priority of local economy, local sale, and local markets is important. The positive exploitation of our natural resources may result in the strengthening of rural areas. The deterioration of rural areas must be stopped. In order to halt these processes swiftly fundamental, patriotic economic and social policy changes, a strong people’s party, a short-run crisis treating and a medium-long-run strategic development and action plan are needed which is based on the respect of work and moral norms, national cooperation, solidarity, and the defense of our mutual interests rather than on speculation (ÁNGYÁN, 2010). The greatest problem of Hungary is low employment.Workplaces may be created in the least expensive and the fastest manner in irrigational agriculture. In order to achieve this, the role of the state must be reconsidered and EU rules on state intervention must be reviewed.

• DISTRESS SALES AS LIVELIHOOD STRATEGY: COMMERCIALIZATION AND THE PERSISTENCE OF POVERTY AMONG WIDOWED FARMERS IN CONFLICT-AFFECTED NIGERIA

  Abbas Shehu

  Barnabas Bulus

  Muhammad Ibrahim Kadafur

  Ragada'a Mohammed

  Aishatu Usman Bakari

  Muinat Omowumi Oseni

  Rashida Abdulmumini Bala

  Views:

  79

  Widowhood is a catastrophic event for women farmers at any stage of their lives, with serious implications for their well-being. We examines the effect of household commercialization on poverty of widowed cowpea farmers in North-east Nigeria. Multistage dsampling procedure was employed which arrived at 525 respondents. The Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistic (muliple regression). The result revealed that Household commercialization index (HCI) was 55.44% and 54.19% of the IDPs and host communities respectively. The average progress out of poverty index (PPI) score was lower for IDP farmers (33.55) compared to host community farmers (42.96) with homogeneity in both. Explanatory variables influencing PPI explained 35.30% of its variation, Legume farming experience and value harvest were found to be improving PPI, Household size and IDP status were reducing the PPI. The HCI was explaining 4.7% of Poverty of widowed cowpea farmers, and the HCI had inverse relationship with poverty. All in all, widowed cowpea farmers’ household commercialization increases poverty by 0.126, with heterogeneity among households with higher legume farming experience, lower household sizes, IDPs host communities and higher value of cowpea which experienced less poverty in the study area. Strengthening cooperative development, promoting value addition of cowpea products, expanding access to financial services and targeted support for widowed farmers is hence recommended.