Articles

• Trends and best-known results of research on Gypsy/Roma communities in Hungary

  5-32

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  443

  Gypsy communities have been known in Hungarian majority society for half a millennium. However, sources are poor and only provide information on a few aspects of their lives. Some scholars have attempted to define this sporadic, small group of people when their numbers have increased significantly. In the second half of the 20th century, archivists and ethnographers began to investigate their origins, their common history, the origin of their names, and the specific characteristics that shape their way of life, language, culture and beliefs. Their findings have led to their being defined as a minority, but they are now estimated to number between 10 and 12 million in Europe.  There are naïve researchers and advocates of Gypsy/Roma history who believe that the glories of the past and the persecutions of the past are to be found, but in scientific research, the view is becoming increasingly accepted that the communities of the past centuries in Europe and Hungary, known by their collective name of Gypsy/Roma, cannot be described as homogeneous, undifferentiated entities, either historically, ethnographically or sociologically. Throughout history, Roma/Gypsy people and communities have not been made Roma/Gypsy by the same criteria, and therefore they must be understood primarily in terms of their social situation, so that their integration can be made possible and the national and EU programmes of schooling, compulsory employment and the dismantling of Roma settlements can open up real paths to social advancement.

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  370

• Career preferences of Roma young people

  33-62

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  209

  The study presents and analyses the career preferences of young Roma people who have graduated or are currently graduating, and draws on quanti-tative and qualitative data from a comprehensive national survey to identify the patterns that characterise the Roma graduate population under study. The results of the questionnaire-based research will show the correlations bet-ween the qualifications, field of study, gender, age, place of residence, future plans, and the Roma linguistic/cultural group of the respondents in order to illustrate their career preferences. The qualitative research findings show that the experience of Roma identity plays a crucial role in young Roma peoples 39; s career preferences and future plans. Irrespective of their Ro-ma community affiliation, the main dimensions of the career preferences of the sample are exclusion, prejudice, self-perceived discrimination and the marginalised situation of the Roma communities.

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  214

• Income situation, income conditions and income inequalities among the inhabitants of those living in settlement conditions

  63-75

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  141

  In the studied impoverished neighborhood, the incomes are significantly lower than the incomes typical of the national and the Northern Great Plain region. The low income is due to unfavorable employment, low educational level and household size. The national average is 2.3 people per household, however, here there are 3.2 per household. A significant part of the population finds it very difficult to live only from their income. In terms of livelihood-related expenditures, expenses related to houseing is the biggest problem for inhabitants. Typically, they are not able to pay their bills and deferring payments usually for rent and utilities is common. At the same time, income inequality exceeding the national average is found int the neigborhood. This is primarily due to the very favorable situation of the top 10%of those living there. this top 10% are characterized not only by the net amount of their income, which is significantly higher than in the neighborhood and also to a lesser extent higher than the national average. Not only are their incomes higher but they have smaller households and are fully employed.

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  188

• Housing in a slum

  76-89

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  149

  The study analyses the quality of life of the inhabitants of the Roma housing estate through the housing conditions. The housing estate has undergone several changes in the last two years, but the segregation character of the estate has not changed. There is the mobility of residents moving in and out of the settlement, and one-third of the population has moved in from other settlements that have been demolished in the last two years. The exterior and refurbishment of the residential buildings on the site have renewed the housing stock and the residents are now living in comfortable rental accommodation. However, housing poverty persists. Residents live mainly in small and overcrowded flats where children usually share a room with adults. The rising cost of housing maintenance is a serious problem for payment in the settlement. Although the condition of the housing has improved with renovations in the settlement, the increase in overcrowding and housing costs has not brought an increase in the standard of living in terms of housing.

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  130

• Roma employment – disadvantaged situation - labour market insecurity

  90-111

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  401

  The problems faced by disadvantaged social groups are complex and require a multidimensional, interdisciplinary approach. In our study, we present the employment-related results of a 2021 survey of a predominantly Roma local community living in a settlement conditions across several dimensions of quality of life. In addition to the employment characteristics of the target group, we explore their employment attitudes, work value preferences and related gender and social roles. Our results show a positive change in the employment situation of the local society, although general labour market insecurity remains to be seen.

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  569

• Educational situation picture of Roma residents living in shantytown conditions in North Great Plain Region

  112-137

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  309

  In our study, we examine what kind of educational qualifications Roma residents living in shantytown conditions in a large city in Hungary have, what their motivation to learn is like and to what extent school dropout is typical among them. We can compare our research results with the national statistical data available only in a limited number, because the analysis of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office’s Microcensus 2016 data revealing ethnicity data is the last database on the subject under examination. The theoretical part of our paper covers the historical presentation of Roma participation in education, the background factors of school failure and dropout. We used univariate and multivariate analysis techniques to evaluate our research data. According to the analysis of the data, the proportion of Roma with vocational qualifications and certificate of baccalaureate among Roma living in the shantytown conditions examined is higher than in the 2016 national survey. Our data confirmed the sociological findings that the primary role of girls in Roma families is to contribute to family life, even at the detriment of learning, since fewer of the girls living in the shantytown continue their education than boys. According to our results, the respondents are aware that higher education is supposed to lead to find better jobs, but the responses reflect bad experiences and one third of the Roma in the shantytown believe that living in the shantytown is a disadvantage when trying to find a job.

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  315

• Health state and health education

  138-162

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  466

  In our study, we present the results of a survey, presented among the roma local group living in settlement conditions; concerning their health state, health education and health awareness behaviour. The study explored the quality of life of these disadvantaged groups in several dimensions. According to our results health state and health education need a multilevel intervention, focused on emphasising the preventive functions of the primary health care; in order to gain a long term, positive change among the related social groups.

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  710

• Incidence and characteristics of risk behaviours in a sample group who living in settlement conditions

  163-188

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  223

  Roma people living in settlement conditions generally consider their health to be worse in Hungary. They feel less able to influence and act to improve their health. Risk behaviors are present at a higher rate in Roma, than in a majority population. In our study, we present the results related to the risk behavior of a local Roma living in settlement conditions in 2021. The results were analyzed using the SPSS software. 11.6% of the respondents (n = 220) declared themselves to be in poorer health. The proportion of daily smokers reaches 70% (70.3%). According to the self-report, 2.1% of the men in the sample consume alcoholic beverages every day and an additional 2.1% drink 1-2 times a week. 24.2% of respondents know of a close acquaintance (at least one person) who is addicted to substance use. The issue of multiple fruit consumers is a significant gender difference (8%) to the detriment of male fruit consumption (female: 18.1% vs. male: 10.6%). 57.4% of men and 33.5% of women were overweight and a further 20% were obese (male: 19.1% vs. female: 33.5%). The interventions are urgent.

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  175

• A szervezeti értékek a tanyagondnoki szolgáltatásoknál

  189-211

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  99

  The history of Hungarian homesteads in the last two and a half centuries has shown that, despite their ingenuity, the inhabitants of the homesteads had to cope with a lot of obstacles in order to be sustainable. Nowadays, in the fight to make life easier for the struggling residents and to keep the younger generations in place, it is the homestead caretaker who takes up the fight against the unending problems in the framework of the caretaker service as a basic social service. The primary goal of our study was to obtain up-to-date data from caretakers on the operation of caretaker services in Hungary, and secondly, we sought to answer the question of how professionals judge the manifestation of the organizational values of services. Based on the answers received, it could be stated that similar improvements are idealized regardless of the form of maintainer of the respondents (n = 131), and that in order to optimize work performance, service managers should make better efforts to interpret novelties and different opinions.

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  90

• Szülői segítségnyújtás az iskolai tanulmányi feladatok teljesítésében - Szülői kommunikáció – II. Rész

  212-232

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  239

  Efficient communication between school and family is prerequisite and an essential part of developing effective parent-teacher partnerships. The study analyzes that the five parental communication patterns (active-positive; active-negative; passive-positive, passive-negative, communication-literate and flexible parents) created by Palts and Harro-Loit (2015) how and in what extenr is present in teacher-parent communication in the Kászon region. The passive-positive and passive-negative parent types are the most common in the study area.

  PDF (Hungarian)

  274

• Similarities and differences - Work attitudes and job satisfaction characteristics 2005-2018

  233-257

  Views:

  363

  In our study, we present the domestic aspects of work-related attitudes, focusing on the period after the turn of the millennium. In our analytical work, we aimed to examine the characteristics of job satisfaction, work-related attitudes, and work-related stress in a database of two national and one county seat. In our writing, in addition to the descriptive analysis of the three databases, we focus on exploring possible changes and differences in time and space. According to our results, the job satisfaction of the respondents of the two national surveys shows almost the same pattern, while the opinion of the local society shows a different and more unfavorable picture. This can be explained, among other things, by the fact that our local survey took place in one of the most disadvantaged counties of the country, Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county. In addition, it should be emphasized that the location of our research, as the county seat, still has more favorable conditions than other settlements in its agglomeration. The other two national databases that form the basis of the analysis were created within the framework of the International Social Survey Program. Based on Herzberg's two-factor model, we can conclude that certain factors belonging to the group of external motivations, such as favorable earnings, job security are equally important for all groups of respondents. This is consistent with the terminology of work as a core value for livelihood. According to the national sample conducted in 2005, the internal motivational factors, such as the interest and usefulness of the work, and the importance of the work that can be done independently were the most decisive. The opinions of the 2015 national and 2018 local respondents were nearly the same in this respect. Overall, it can be stated that both the differences and the similarities characterize the job satisfaction, work attitude and work-related stress situation of the respondents of the three survey years. The issue of divergence and convergence is shaped not only by regional characteristics, but also by social and economic processes and the social and individual responses to them.

  PDF (Hungarian)

  347