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Geometry expressions: an interactive constraint based symbolic geometry system
303-310Views:107Dynamic geometry systems such as Geometers' SketchPad or Cabri are productive environments for the exploration of geometric relationships. They are, however, strictly numeric, and this limits their applicability where the interplay between geometry and algebra are being studied. We present Geometry Expressions – a dynamic symbolic geometry environment. While retaining the ease of use of a typical dynamic geometry environment, Geometry Expressions diverges by using constraints rather than constructions as the primary geometry specification mechanism and by working symbolically rather than numerically. Constraints, such as distances and angles, are specified symbolically. Symbolic measurements for quantities such as distances, angles, areas, locus equations, are automatically computed by the system. We outline how these features combine to create a rich dynamic environment for exploring the interplay between geometry and algebra, between induction and proof. -
Applications of methods of descriptive geometry in solving ordinary geometric problems
103-115Views:73The importance of descriptive geometry is well-known in two fields. Spatial objects can be mapped bijectively onto a plane and then we can make constructions concerning the spatial objects. The other significance of descriptive geometry is that mathematical visual perception of objects in three-dimensional space can be improved by the aid of it. The topic of this paper is an unusual application of descriptive geometry. We may come across many geometric problems in mathematical competitions, in entrance examinations and in exercise books whose solution is expected in a classical way, however, the solution can be found more easily and many times more general than it is by the standard manner. We demonstrate some of these problems to encourage to use this geometric method. Understanding the solution requires very little knowledge of descriptive geometry, however, finding a solution needs to have some idea of descriptive geometry. -
Hungarian mathematicians in the twentieth century: Ottó Varga (1909–1969)
109-120Views:121In this article we want to present life and work of Ottó Varga on occasion of the centenary of his birth. He was an outstanding geometer, the head of the Mathematical Seminar / Department (1942-1959) and the first dean of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Debrecen (Hungary).
His area of research was differential geometry. The Debrecen school of differential geometry emerged due his activity. He wrote 57 papers. -
The effect of augmented reality assisted geometry instruction on students' achiveement and attitudes
177-193Views:239In this study, geometry instruction's academic success for the students and their attitudes towards mathematics which is supported by education materials of Augmented Reality (AR) and its effect on the acceptance of AR and its usage by teachers and students have been researched. Under this research, ARGE3D software has been developed by using augmented reality technology as for the issue of geometric objects that is contained in the mathematics curriculum of 6th class of primary education. It has been provided with this software that three-dimensional static drawings can be displayed in a dynamic and interactive way. The research was conducted in two different schools by an experiment and control group. In the process of data collection, Geometry Achievement Test (GAT), Geometric Reasoning Test (GRT), Attitudes Scale for Mathematics (ASM), students' math lecture notes, semi-structured interviews with teachers and students and observation and video recordings were used. Results showed that geometry instruction with ARGE3D increased students' academic success. In addition, it was found that geometry instruction with ARGE3D became more effective on students' attitudes that had negative attitudes towards mathematics and it also provided support to reduce fear and anxiety. -
Outstanding mathematicians in the 20th century: András Rapcsák (1914-1993)
99-110Views:134In this paper we commemorate the life and work of András Rapcsák on the occasion of the centenary of his birth. He was an outstanding professor and a scholar teacher. He was head of the Department of Geometry (1958-1973) and the director of the Institute of Mathematics at the University of Debrecen (Hungary). He played an important role in the life of the University of Debrecen. He was the rector of this university between 1966 and 1973.
At the beginning of his career he taught at secondary schools in several towns. He wrote mathematical schoolbooks with coauthors. He also taught at Teacher's College in Debrecen and in Eger.
He became to interested in differential geometry under the influence of Ottó Varga. The fields of his research were line-element spaces and related areas. He was elected an Ordinary Member of the Hungarian Academy of Science in 1965. He wrote 21 papers, 8 school and textbooks and 3 articles in didactics of mathematics. -
Packings in hyperbolic geometry
209-229Views:75I am becoming older. That's why I am returning to my youth sins. "On revient toujours á ses premiers amoures". This sin was the noneuclidean hyperbolic geometry – especially the Poincaré model. I was teaching this kind of geometry over many years as well in highschool (Gymnasium) as for beginners at the university too.
A lot of results concerning packings in hyperbolic geometry are proved by the Hungarian school around László Fejes Tóth. In this paper we construct very special packings and investigate the corresponding densities. For better understanding we are working in the Poincaré model. At first we give a packing of the hyperbolic plane with horodisks and calculate the density. In an analogous way then the hyperbolic space is packed by horoballs. In the last case the calculation of the density is a little bit difficult. Finally it turns out that in both cases the maximal density is reached. -
Hyperbolische 5-Rechtecke
111-123Views:79The main topic of this paper is the investigation of 5-pentagons whose interior angles are all right angles within the hyperbolic geometry (so-called 5-rectangles). Some knowledge of elementary hyperbolic geometry is required.
At first the existence of such a polygon is shown by construction within the Kleinmodel. Then two formulas due to D. M. Y. Sommerville [3] are proved. This means to juggle with trigonometric formulas of hyperbolic geometry.
In the last years a big number of papers concerning hyperbolic geometry was published. This proves that the interest in this nice discipline is growing again. -
Dynamic geometry systems in teaching geometry
67-80Views:91Computer drawing programs opened up new opportunities in the teaching of geometry: they make it possible to create a multitude of drawings quickly, accurately and with flexibly changing the input data, and thus make the discovery of geometry an easier process. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the application possibilities of dynamic geometric systems in primary and secondary schools, as well as in distance education. A general characteristic feature of these systems is that they store the steps of the construction, and can also execute those steps after a change is made to the input data. For the demonstration of the applications, we chose the Cinderella program. We had an opportunity to test some parts of the present paper in an eighth grade primary school. -
Miscellaneous topics in finite geometry: in memory of Professor Dr. Ferenc Kárteszi (1907-1989)
255-275Views:120The article starts with a short introduction to finite (K,L)-geometry. Then a lot of counting propositions is given and proved. Finally the famous theorem of Miquel is investigated in classical and in finite geometry. At the end of the article there is a call to all readers: Don't forget (finite) geometry and don't forget the outstanding geometer Prof. Dr. F. Kárteszi! -
Dynamic methods in teaching geometry at different levels
1-13Views:107In this paper we summarize and illustrate our experiences on DGS-aided teaching geometry of the courses "Computer in mathematics" and "Mathematical software" held for students at Juhász Gyula Teacher Training College of University of Szeged. Furthermore, we show examples from our grammar school experiences too. The figures in this paper were made by using Cinderella ([19]) and Euklides ([21]). -
Béla Kerékjártó: (a biographical sketch)
231-263Views:72Kerékjártó published more than 70 scientific papers mainly in the field of topology. He achieved his most important results in the classical transformation topology and in the theoretical research of the continuous groups. He was the author of three books: Vorlesungen über Topologie; Euclidean geometry; Study on the projective geometry. -
Visualisation in geometry education as a tool for teaching with better understanding
337-346Views:305In primary and secondary geometry education, some problems exist with pupils’ space thinking and understanding of geometric notions. Visualisation plays an important role in geometry education, and the development of pupils’ visualisation skills can support their spatial imagination. The authors present their own thoughts on the potential of including visualisation in geometry education, based on the analysis of the Hungarian National Core Curriculum and Slovak National Curriculum. Tasks for visualisation are also found in international studies, for example the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Augmented reality (AR) and other information and communication technology (ICT) tools bring new possibilities to develop geometric thinking and space imagination, and they also support mathematics education with better understanding.
Subject Classification: 97U10, 97G10
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Compositions of dilations and isometries in calculator-based dynamic geometry
257-266Views:89In an exploratory study pre-service elementary school teachers constructed dilations and isometries for figures drawn and transformed using dynamic geometry on calculators. Observational and self assessments of the constructed images showed that the future teachers developed high levels of confidence in their abilities to construct compositions of the geometric transformations. Scores on follow-up assessment items indicated that the prospective teachers' levels of expertise corresponded to their levels of confidence. Conclusions indicated that dynamic geometry on the calculator was an appropriate technology, but one that required careful planning, to develop these future teachers' expertise with the compositions. -
Different approaches of interplay between experimentation and theoretical consideration in dynamic geometry exploration: An example from exploring Simson line
63-81Views:103Dynamic geometry environment (DGE) is a powerful tool for exploration and discovering geometric properties because it allows users to (virtually) manipulate geometric objects. There are two possible components in the process of exploration in DGE, viz. experimentation and theoretical consideration. In most cases, there is interplay between these two components. Different people may use DGE differently. Depending on the specific mathematical tasks and the background of individual users, some approaches of interplay are more experimental whereas some other approaches of interplay are more theoretical. In this paper, different approaches of exploring a geometric task using Sketchpad (a DGE) by three individual participants will be discussed. They represent three different approaches of interplay between experimentation and theoretical consid- eration. An understanding of these approaches may contribute to an understanding on the mechanism of exploration in DGE. -
Central axonometry in engineer training and engineering practice
17-28Views:102This paper is concerned with showing a unified approach for teaching central and parallel projections of the space to the plane giving special emphasis to engineer training. The basis for unification is provided by the analogies between central axonometry and parallel axonometry. Since the concept of central axonometry is not widely known in engineering practice it is necessary to introduce it during the education phase. When teaching axonometries dynamic geometry software can also be used in an interactive way. We shall provide a method to demonstrate the basic constructions of various axonometries and use these computer applications to highlight their similarities. Our paper sheds light on the advantages of a unified approach in such areas of engineering practice as making hand drawn plans and using CAD-systems. -
Teaching geometry using computer visualizations
259-277Views:85In this work we study the development of students' creativity using computer-aided-teaching during IT classroom. Teaching geometry in Bolyai Grammar School specialized natural science classes is not an easy task. Here is introduced a new didactic means of teaching geometry which nevertheless requires the same effort to understand the material, but uses a different more active method to familiarize students with the topics. Traditional methods, and the use of compasses and rulers are not omitted either, as they develop the students' motor skills. -
On an analogy between spreadsheets and dynamic geometry environments
281-288Views:99There is a strong analogy between the fundamental way of operation of spreadsheet programs (SP) and dynamics geometry environments (DGE). We explain this analogy, demonstrate it in examples and consider didactical consequences. -
Comparative geometry on plane and sphere: didactical impressions
81-101Views:48Description of experiences in teaching comparative geometry for prospective teachers of primary schools. We focus on examples that refer to changes in our students' thinking, in their mathematical knowledge and their learning and teaching attitudes. At the beginning, we expected from our students familiarity with the basics of the geographic coordinate system, such as North and South Poles, Equator, latitudes and longitudes. Spherical trigonometry was not dealt with in the whole project. -
The unity of mathematics: a casebook comprising practical geometry number theory and linear algebra
1-34Views:71We give a sustained example, drawn largely from earlier publications, of how we may freely pursue a line of mathematical enquiry if we are not constrained, unnaturally, to confine ourselves to a single mathematical subdiscipline; and we draw conclusions from the study of this example which are relevant at many levels of mathematical instruction.
We also include the statement and proof of a new result (Theorem 4.1) in linear algebra which is obviously fundamental to the geometrical investigation which constitutes the leit-motif of the paper. -
A role of geometry in the frame of competencies attainment
41-55Views:112We discuss aspects of the Education Reform from teaching to educational system. In this context we recognize some problems in recognition of some competencies that students need to achieve and we present how we have developed the measurement method of spatial abilities and problem solving competence. Especially, we investigate how students use spatial visualization abilities in solving various problems in other mathematical course. We have tested how students use their spatial abilities previously developed in geometry courses based on conceptual approach to solve a test based on procedural concept in Mathematical Analysis course. -
The background of students' performance
295-305Views:96The question to which we were seeking was: how can we reveal the students' strategies and mental process by following their work precisely and by finding out what correlation these have with their efficiency. Our aim was to understand the factors behind of students' achievement. We tried to follow up the process of problem solving by looking at the number of wrong turnings. -
Ein ungewöhnlicher Weg zu Jakob Steiners Umellipse eines Dreiecks und zur Steiner–Hypozykloide
49-65Views:65In real projective geometry of triangles two problems of collinear points are discussed. The problems differ only from the running through the vertices of a given triangle ABC. Resolving the problems we find two cubic curves kS and kT . Affine specialization leads to the circumscribed Steiner ellipse about the triangle ABC and shows us this ellipse in more general surroundings. Euclidean specialization leads to Steiners three-cusped hypocycloid. -
Apollonea.com project: integrating geometry and collaboration in education
183-194Views:19This article presents the Apollonea.com project, which aims to make the solutions to Apollonius’ problems accessible to students and teachers through modern technology. The web platform contains more than 150 interactive constructions created by students using GeoGebra, allowing for dynamic manipulation and visualization of solutions to various variants of Apollonius’ problems. The project combines classical geometric problems with an interdisciplinary approach, teamwork, and the use of modern technology. The article describes the process of developing the Apollonea.com website, the use of GeoGebra in the project, the structure and functions of the website, and its educational benefits in enhancing students’ geometric skills. The project demonstrates how traditional mathematics education can be connected with modern ICT tools.
Subject Classification: 97U50, 97G40, 51M04, 68U05
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Classical theorems on hyperbolic triangles from a projective point of view
175-181Views:119Using the Cayley-Klein model of hyperbolic geometry and the tools of projective geometry, we present elementary proofs for the hyperbolic versions of some classical theorems on triangles. We show, in particular, that hyperbolic triangles have no Euler line. -
GeoGebra in mathematics teaching
101-110Views:139GeoGebra is a dynamic mathematics software which combines dynamic geometry and computer algebra systems into an easy-to-use package. Its marvel lies in the fact that it offers both the geometrical and algebraic representation of each mathematical object (points, lines etc.). The present article gives a sample of the potential uses of GeoGebra for mathematics teaching in secondary schools.
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