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CONSCIOUSNESS AND CONSUMER PROTECTION ON THE ONLINE MARKETS
31-38Views:191The consumer asserts that his or her decisions are consistent and rational. Basically, we must distinguish between real and presumed awareness. Real awareness is rooted in the knowledge of consumer rights, while presumed awareness exists only in the consumer’s belief in himself. The purpose of my research is to assess the level of consumer protection knowledge of the respondents and to draw conclusions about the consumers’ awareness, i.e. to measure awareness in terms of consumer protection on the online markets. I can state that the rules of the 14 day period of withdrawal without stating reasons when shopping
online and the VAT and customs duty obligations of foreign webshops are less known by online customers. -
The regulation of water pollution in public international law
45-51Views:99The article aims to enlighten the significance of freshwater protection against pollution in international law. It focuses on the relevant legal sources, such as the rules of the International Law Association, the UN Watercourses Convention, as well as the principles of international environmental law. Furthermore, it highlights the relationship between freshwaters and the state of the marine environment.
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The possibilities of companies how to reduce their emmisions
61-68Views:132The sustainability and its key element, the environmental awareness has been known for decades, however in general can be said that in the decision making the short term economic profit is still more dominant both on the individual and company levels. In last few years the rapid growth of CO2 emission is now not just risking the human life but the flora and fauna is in heavy danger. The concerns pay more attention on their short-term profits instead of the environmental protection. First of all with the change of the leadership attitude can reach the environmentally conscious organization that can support the reduction of the emissions, so the improvement of the atmospherical CO2 concentration. In my study I’m going to present what possibilities do the companies have to reduce their emissions and how these improvements could be harmonized with the profit interests (with the reduce of electricity-, water-, and gas consumption).
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WARRANTY IN THE MIND OF CONSUMERS
39-48Views:114Warranty is the essential tool in consumer protection. We can presume that consumers know the most important rules of warranty regulation because everyone is affected by it. I think if the consumer has no accurate information on the warranty in this case, consumer awareness can be questioned. According to my research (sample size is 2182 persons) the respondents are convinced that an obligatory guarantee shall be due on a HUF 4,999 technical product (hairdryer). Only 19.7% of the respondents knew this was not really the case. It is striking that only 56.3% of the respondents were able to say that the mandatory legal guarantee period for a technical product (television) was 12 months. All kinds of figures appeared in the responses relating to the warranty period (6, 18, 36, 60 months). We can state that the knowledge of consumer rights is very poor in Hungary.
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The Evolution of Sporting Consumption Habits among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Children and Adults
33-43Views:56In the manuscript, grounded in secondary research, I present literature reviews and statistics outlining the benefits and constraining factors related to the engagement in sports among socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals. Sports serve as a highly effective tool for facilitating social integration and ensuring equal opportunities. It is crucial to examine the sporting consumption habits of the disadvantaged target group and identify inhibitory factors to assist decision-makers in supporting measures for promoting equal opportunities. To alleviate social disparities, it is essential to establish conditions that guarantee long-term participation for everyone in economic and social life. Recognizing and promptly addressing disadvantages that manifest early in life are key factors for success in later life. Providing support to needy children, expanding their opportunities, and reinforcing a comprehensive system of child protection and well-being are fundamental for their successful integration into society.
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The Regeneration of Different Grape Cultivars after the Spring Frost in 2015
235-240Views:85Spring frost often damages green shoots in vineyards. This was the case on 25 April 2015 in Kecskemét when -2.4 oC temperature was measured in the morning. The temperature largely varied among sites. The trees protected the grapes in the traditional intercultural cultivation. The high trellises also gave protection to vines. The time of budbreak was also a crucial point. Seven grape varieties were examined in the vineyard that is located in Kecskemét-Máriahegy: Kadarka, Pirosszlanka, Kövidinka, Rajnai rizling, Narancsízű, Pannon frankos and Merlan. The Pontica varieties regenerated best. Narancsízű variety is a table grape variety that has a lower bud fertility. Between the two resistant varieties, the numbers of clusters were different. Rhine Riesling which has a late bud burst was less damaged by the frost.
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EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HOUSEHOLD WASTE AND WELL-BEING IN THE CONTEXT OF HUNGARIAN SETTLEMENT STRUCTURE
32-40Views:105In recent years, the circular economy has become an important objective of the environmental protection and economic policy of the European Union. As part of this, waste processing and disposal has a cardinal feature due to the reduction of the environmental load, in the same way, the trends of the consumer society pose a serious challenge to the reduction of the environmental load. The present study looks for the answer to what kind of relationship can be identified between the generated waste, the solvent demand and the concentration of residential health by analyzing the generated household waste and individual welfare indicators. To establish this, the authors use concepts accepted and applied in international statistical life, as well as statistical tests performed on primary data.
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The Air Transport Capability of the Hungarian Defence Forces up to Now, Future Development Opportunities
216-227Views:75The accession to the NATO presented new challenges to the Hungarian Defence Forces. In order to meet the requirements of the federal obligations, besides the protection of the state we must take a role also in conflict areas even thousands of miles away from Hungary. One of the basic conditions to achieve this, is that the forces offered need to arrive at the right area of application at the right time in a cost-effective way. The purpose of this article is to present an overview on how the Hungarian Defence Forces are able to meet these requirements. An important matter is whether the air transport capacity should be provided by our own capabilities or by other (civil or military) sources. In order to answer this question I am going to analyse the processes which have influenced the development of air transport capacity over the last 10-15 years.
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INVESTIGATION OF ETHNOCENTRIC BEHAVIOR USING THE CETSCALE MODEL
Views:93Nowadays, the protection of the local economy and society is strongly supported not only at the level of nations, but also at the global level. Our study was based on the CETSCALE model of Shimp and Sharma (1987), based on Sumner's (1906) concept of ethnocentrism. The consumer questionnaire survey was conducted in the fall of 2021 as part of an omnibus research on a representative sample (N=1000). The sample reflects the composition of the basic population in terms of gender, age, settlement type and regions. In the course of the research, in addition to descriptive statistical methods, factor and cluster analysis were performed in order to reveal the consumer segments formed along the lines of domestic ethnocentric values. Since in 2014 we already analyzed this set of statements in the framework of a representative large-scale study, we also had the opportunity to compare it with the results of seven years earlier. According to our expectations, the 2020 epidemic increased the commitment to Hungarian products. However, our preliminary assumption was not confirmed, during the analyzes it was revealed that there was no significant change compared to the previous state. Along the lines of the CETSCALE statements, it was possible to identify two factors and with their help to separate three segments, which were named Nationalist, Patriotic and Cosmopolitan based on their alignment with the value groups. It is in the fundamental interest of the actors of the domestic economy that the patriotic behavior is strengthened in the future, for which a strategy must be developed.
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The Criminal Code and nature conservation
6-12Views:78In my study of the XX. Jubilee International Student Conference on the Environment and Rural Development Programme fittingly made a complation in which the values of conservation and environment-focused collegaue, I wish to offer an insight into the changes in the Criminal Code, in which the position of the legislation, I present to the reader. In the interpretation of the law is an appropriate description of the former Minister's legislation and I reveal to the reader to more easily understood and behaviors penalties for crimes related to the individual nature.
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The Presentation of the Initial Support Subproject and the Emphasis on the Major Variances Compared to the Tenders Invited Previously for Young Farmers
168-173Views:84In the new framework which came into force from 2014 the main directions of rural development are determined by the protection of the environment, the struggle against climate change and innovation. In addition, within the framework of EU programmes is a more careful attention is paid to young farmers. In the 2014-2020 programme the support of young farmers will also receive a prominent role.
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Investigation of the trends related to the electric car industry
Views:516Our World tries to modernize and make environmental friendly the car industry. Related to this the electric cars have been modernized significantly. As a result the efficiency and the demand of these types of cars have grown. Many domestic consumers would change their cars for an electric type, however their financial budget is not big enough to afford it. In the spirit of this the government created its own supporting system to help the consumers. In my investigation I compare the domestic and some other european supporting systems. In addition I show the pro and cons related the electromobility, the new market trends and I also show where the electric car industry stands.
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Is startup may be the solution for climate change?
94-101Views:131Today, unemployment is caused by environmental and economic changes are burning quite a problem around the world. With startups over the past 10 years, the economy is showing more and more increasing trend, so why not make it against the climate change fight, even while the young entrepreneurs also support the economy. There are many things to do, which is still untapped, including the use of geothermal and renewable energy resources, which not only
reduced dependence on foreign countries, but also new jobs could be created using environmentally friendly methods. The innovative emerging entrepreneurs’ maybe will soon find a solution for climate change, because this phenomenon is certainly all the inhabitants of the earth directly or indirectly exercise influence. -
Community development role of renewable energy projects
158-167Views:165The spread of utilization of renewable energy resources is primarily motivated by objectives of energy policy and climate protection. However the rural and community development role of the new investments had got a greater significance in the past years. In the last years or decades the different renewable energy sectors became an important objective of regional policy. In parallel with these changes the renewable energy sources aroused the interest of potential investors. The low population density and relative richness of natural resources in rural areas provide favourable conditions for location of these investments. On the base of local economic development aspects was designated as positive effects that the investments utilize the internal resources of these regions. However in practice it raises different significant questions. What is the role of local financial resources, professional skills and sufficient number of customers in renewable energy investments? We cannot imagine authentic and successful rural development projects without considering the interests and participation of local communities. Our research focuses on requirements of prosperous and long-term sustainable renewable energy based community development solutions following Hungarian and European examples.
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Skills related to EU Projects
113-119Views:107Our country with its accesion to the European Union in 2004 became eligble to use EU funds for its national developments. More than 7,8 billion Ft had already arrived in Hungary during 2007- 2013. The allocation and the use of EU funds represent a unique and never returning oppurtunity but also a great responsability for Hungary. While infrastructural projects (e.g roads, urban rehabilitation, fulfillment of derogation obligations) has dominated the 2004-2006 and 2007-2013 periods, the Széchenyi 2020 National Development Programme focuses mainly on economical development, 60% of the 8 200 billion Ft allocated EU funds will serve the cause of reviving and boosting the economic growth. Besides this, environmental protection, employement, innovation and the knowledge economy will represent also main focuses for the use of EU funds in Hungary. Where ever we look we see the the multitude of results of EU funded infrastructural, human, and research projects. In the 2014-2020 period even young professionals graduating from Szolnok College will be able to become potencial applicants for EU funds. During the course „Projects, from application to materialization” iniciated within the Bethlen István Specialized College
students were able to get acquainted with the basics of project writing, project terminology and project management. -
Agricultural Insurance Market a New Solution of Marketing and Environment Protection
125-133Views:123The agricultural mitigation fund operating deficit expanded in 2012 to a price support for agricultural insurance business helped construct. (Figure 1). The legislai on aims to provide a wide range of farmers’ risk community to organize and strengthen the aff ected self-care responsibility. The new extended two-level agricultural risk management system in 2012 and 2013 were not used in the full amount. Further disseminai on of this 2014 novel possibility of a major issue in the insurance market. We have to examine how market pari cipants are informed and how to better disseminate of marketing solutions?
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The reasons of bee population’s decrease, its expected consequences, its effects on the environment
222-225Views:122Scientific studies prove that the bee population is showing regressive tendency worlwide. It is important to protect the bee families of the Hungarian bee masters together with the high quality bee products thereby protecting our environment and our lives. Preventing the problem is the most important objective. Already there are some taken actions to reduce or restrain the devastation of the bee population. A good example is the prohibition of some insecticides and seed dressings as well as the raising possibilities of the GMO vegetables in Hungary controlled by laws. Besides of this the right number of the quality bee pastures must be ensured. Using all the mentioned ones and the appropriate knowledge the growth of the bee population can be assured in the future as well. In my dissertation I’m looking for the reasions that could cause the reduction of the bee population, analyzing the possible effects and providing suggestions to find a way to balance the negative impacts.
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The Effect of the Economic Crisis on Foreign Currency Loan Holders
5-12Views:94Since the appearance of the foreign currency denominated loan it has received a lot of good and bad criticism because - due to the crisis of 2008 - the exchange rate movements and the loan instalments increased. While the foreign currency credit was favourable at the time of borrowing, later it became a big problem for the borrowers. The crisis of 2008 was unexpected for the countries who have foreign currency loans, and who did not have crisis management mechanisms which could help to manage the crisis. Because of the crisis more and more people have got into trouble about their increasing loan instalments. Since 2008 the Hungarian government has been trying to help the Hungarian people with crisis management measures, like exchange rate pegging, home protection action plan, repayment at a fixed exchange rate, converting the loan into Hungarian forint, etc. Since February 2015 the compulsory conversion of loan into HUF has been in force and it has helped a lot of people having a foreign currency loan but there are still people who cannot take advantage of the settlement and need similar state help to decrease their credit burden. So unfortunately the problem of people having a foreign currency loan has not been solved completely but we are on the good track.
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THE ORIGIN OF ECO-ETHICS
57-63Views:93Technical and economic professionals have to expect serious challenges if they want to take the insurance of the sustainable development of the natural environment into co nsideration. Apart from the professional difficulties they especially have to prepare for the fact that mainly the proponents of ecology make their work difficult. They have to hold their ground in the field of force where the politicians of green organiza tions and the environmental science are dead set
against each other. Further on we do not intend to get entangled in this incoherent system of relations. We would rather look into its ethical connections and the history of its origin. -
Trends in the Construction Industry and in Building Public Utilities
23-28Views:144If one hears the word construction industry, one probably associates it with building a house, but the concept of construction industry covers a much larger area and can be divided into colourful periods. Architecture is the transformation of the built environment. On the one hand it is one of the branches of arts (applied arts), on the other hand it is one of the branches of engineering and technology disciplines. Nowadays, more and more environment-friendly technology is used in the construction industry, and already in the design stage a considerable emphasis is put on the use of renewable energy resources, in particular the use of solar cells. To measure the trends in the construction industry and in the building of public works we have also prepared a questionnaire which was filled in by 100 managers of enterprises.
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Vermicomposting of communal sewage sludge
52-60Views:121The proper management of communal sewage sludge is a priority aim in today’s environmental protection. Among the possible technologies one environmentally sustainable sludge treatment technology can be the vermicomposting of communal sewage sludge. Before the successful operational level vermicomposting is absolutely necessary to investigate the process of vermicomposting in laboratory controlled conditions. In our studies vermicomposting of communal sewage sludge was carried out by comparing two earthworm populations in laboratory. During 6-week experimental period the temperature (with soil thermometer) and the redox potential (with ORP portable device) were measured every other day. The weekly, measured, basis parameters were the compost visual appearance, color and smell, pH (H2O), dry matter content, organic matter content, EC (conductivity), from which the total salt content can be calculated, total nitrogen content, phosphorus content (P2O5), potassium content (K2O), calcium and magnesium content, humus content (H%), determining the humus quality according to Hargitai’s method and dehydrogenase enzyme activity. It can be concluded from the results that the vermicomposting of studied communal sewage sludge has started and keeps going. The basic physical and chemical parameters (e.g. temperature, humus quality and quantity) support the changes. The results of humus quality and quantity which are priority variables of agriculture use show average increasing despite the initial recession. The changes of the important chemical parameters (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) in nutrient management were developed favorably. In our presentation the previous laboratory results are described.