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The agricultural value of the rest of the biogas fermentation
190-196Views:94Following the international trends great numbers of biogas plants were opened during the last few years in Hungary. However this issue presents a number of new questions, including the subsequent use of anaerobic fermentation residues. This endproduct can be applied as fertilizer. Chemical properties of digestate are correspond to the Hungaroan Regulations. Digestate contains high amount of nitrogen which is present mainly ammonium form and this form can cause root depression and lower germination rates. High ammonium and mineral salt content of digestate increased the water soluble salt content of soil. The added amount of NH4-N transformed to NO3-N while disengage hidrogen ions from the bond. This process caused the decreasing pH. Humus content determination did not show changes. Long term experiments are needed to recognise detail effects.
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Credit papers in Hungary. An overview
17-22Views:98The study focuses on the credit paper market’s revival and its development after the change in the political system. The bond appeared as early as the beginning of the 80s in the years of socialism. Its basic mission was to rearrange the household savings, making them available for the corporate and municipal sphere. These investments were basically risk-free. The change in the political system reshaped this market fundamentally. The government papers became dominant and, in addition to bonds, treasury bills entered the market. Its main function, even today, is to finance the budget and pay the instalments and interests in relation with the already accumulated debts. In 2010 perhaps a new age started: two corporate bonds entered the market. Both of the two corporations have realised another issue since then and they seem to have followers as well. The economic slowdown and the low rate of bank crediting may help to boost this market.
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HAZAI RENDEZÉSŰ NEMZETKÖZI SPORTESEMÉNYRŐL VALÓ TÁVOLMARADÁS OKAINAK FELTÁRÁSA
Views:169The core product of sport companies is the sporting event, while the core product of professional sport is international sporting events. Consumers, both active and passive, are the most important players in sporting events. In my research, I studied passive sport consumers. I wanted to get an idea of what the main reason(s) for not attending the sporting event were and what had the least impact on it. The UEFA 2020 European Football Championship matches in Budapest were the subject of the investigation. The questionnaire was conducted online using the snowball method. The questionnaire was based on previous passive sports consumption questionnaires. Nearly 150 responses were received. Respondents were typically in the 18-25 age group, with an almost equal proportion of men and women. By place of residence, they were mainly urban with average incomes. High ticket prices, high additional costs of participation, limited disposable income, other entertainment alternatives and convenience were cited as the main reasons for not attending. The least influential reason for not attending was the lack of COVID19 immunity card. Based on this pattern, it may be worthwhile to offer additional services in stadiums outside the match, even during halftime (halftime show), which could provide alternative entertainment, raise the quality of the matches, or creating ticket and/or season ticket promotions for women, couples. Almost half of the respondents fully support the organisation of further international sporting events in Hungary.
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Environmental Factors Aff ecti ng the Competi ti veness of Enterprises – Changes in Taxati on in the last 5 years.
16-23Views:35A number of factors aff ect the competi ti veness of businesses; fi scal policy is one of them. It has constantly been changing in Hungary recently. However, enterprises would need a more predictable business environment. The aim of this brief study is to point out its importance.
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Sopron−Fertő, as a priority tourism development area
9-14Views:138In 2016, the organizational management of tourism in Hungary has changed, the basis of which was defined in the CLVI. Tourism Development Act of 2016. The law puts the focus of tourism development on the tourist areas, which aims to make the destinations able to renew their competitive travel offers in the short term for both foreign and domestic guests who are looking for experiences or have higher specific spending. One of the five priority tourism development areas named by the Government until September 2017 is the Sopron-Fertő destination. Based on the 122 completed questionnaires, it can be stated that five towns (Sopron, Bük, Hegykő, Fertőd and Nagycenk) in the Sopron-Fertő priority tourism development area are known among households participating in domestic tourism.
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International interactions in the light of linguistic affinity
Views:151Although international trade economists often highlight the improtance of common currency, FDI flows or other factors in bilateral trade relations, quite few papers focus on the role of languages or linguistic similarities in this respect. The uniqeness and difficulty of this topic lie in its complexity. Analyses generally lean solely on official languages losing useful peaces of information hidden in the fact that a great number of people use other languages in their everyday life. In the absence of common mother tongue bilateral economic interactions can be intensified by foreign languages acquired by a great share of people in both countries. We emphasize that english seems to be the only universal mediator among trading countries in the world. A further aim of this paper using the results of Eurobarometer surveys is to point to the role of linguistic affinity in international economic interactions based on the case of Estonia, Finland and Hungary.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes: F10; Z10
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Back to the World of Work: On the Way to Public Employment in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County
96-104Views:36In the autumn of 2008 the world economic crisis erupting in the United States of America dealt the economy and labour market of Hungary a hard blow. The economic crisis strengthened the adverse labour-market situation in the country’s more backward eastern areas, above all in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County. With the aim of reduction of the increasing unemployment the Hungarian Employment Policy applies a number of labour-market tools. Public employment is one of the most important labour market tools. In my research I examined the role of public employment in the reduction of unemployment. In my thesis I looked for the answer to the question if public employment is able to handle unemployment efficiently and to reduce long-term unemployment. In my thesis I examined two of the most important public work programmes – between the period of 2009 and 2011 – which employed the highest number of workers in comparison with earlier programmes. I prepared the comparative analysis of the two programmes based on my own aspect system highlighting the strong and the weak points of these programmes. My research is based on scientific literature, various studies in this field, scientific and international professional journals and Internet sources.
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AN ENCYCLOPAEDIC HUNGARIAN NATURAL SCIENTIST OF THE CENTURY BEFORE THE BOLYAIS
Views:88In this paper I look back to the main stations of Pál Makó’s life, born in Jászapáti in the century before the Bolyais, and I recognize his achievements on the 295th anniversary of his birth. The years spent in the Theresianum in Vienna, where mathematics and experimental physics were ordinary and as an extraordinary teacher of mechanics, are an outstanding stage in his work. He has written numerous European-level textbooks in mathematics, logic, physics, philosophy, and other disciplines. His European-level textbooks have founded that the development of natural sciences in Hungary in the second half of the 18th century could
catch up with more developed regions of Europe. -
ESPORT IN HUNGARY: ORGANIZATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Views:553Eco Currently we witness the exciting period in life of the esports, which seems to have received considerable attention even among this extraordinary season caused by the COVID-19. Although referring to the status of games (way of sports), such as Fortnite, DOTA2, Overwatch, LOL, etc together with its competitions, competitors and its follow up became quite common, the profession so far seems to neglect dealing with the social and organizational background of that, also with the development possibilities. The methodology of this essay is, through secondary analysis made during the discussion of the professional literature, is empirical qualitative interview method, which was carried out among professional organizations, sportsmen, and by doing this we sought to answer the question: What is the current national state of this sport, what difficulties, prospects characterize even individuals and organizations in this sphere, also including social specifications. Results point out that numerous changes should be desirable equally from the organizational and social side.
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The examination of the representation of the landscape in the domestic rural development documents
159-168Views:70The author of this article carries out researches on that, how a planning approach from the landscape perspective could support the rural development planning. As a part of the research process the author reviewed the rural development plans on national level from 1999 and on the local level in four pilot areas in the last planning period. As an outcome of this review it was found that the landscape is one of the main categories and an often used concept of the rural development planning both on national and on local level in Hungary. However, as the documents reflected, the interpretations of the concept „landscape” are very different, so it needs to be clarified and unified. Nature, society and culture, as well as economy manifest themselves in the landscape. The documents in question deal with landscape mostly as it were only a visual, natural phenomenon. Therefore, following the horizontal principle of sustainability, it seems to be a good approach to develop a planning system, which is able to treat landscape as a whole (nature, society, culture including economy). However, the landscape diversity points out the constraints of application of a general planning method in rural development. The other main outcome of the review is that there is a conflict between the complex national objectives and the mosaic-like projects carried out on the local level. A solution can be an organic application of the national objectives on the local level considering the concrete landscape with its specific attributes where the planned projects were parts of a complex local development plan in a synergic and successive way.
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A HAZAI ELEKTROMOS AUTÓIPAR VIZSGÁLATA – FÓKUSZBAN A FOGYASZTÓI MAGATARTÁS
Views:379Electric cars are becoming more and more popular in Hungary, and there is a growing trend in the European Union to consider new car sales. One of the main reasons for this is the Hungarian support system. In our study, the structure of the support systems for electric cars provided by the governments of the V4 region is presented in detail, and their effectiveness is presented as well. In the course of the research work, we performed secondary data analyzes and examined in detail the reasons for the popularity of electromobility.
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Strategy of Educational Culture Change
29-41Views:85The true measure of a nati on’s standing is how well it att ends to its children – their health and safety, their material security, their education and socialization, and their sense of being loved, valued, and included in the families and societi es into which they are born. This article is a strategy. How possible to change educational culture in Hungary.
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THE CASH FLOW STATEMENT - AN INDISPENSABLE SOURCE OF INFORMATION FOR INVESTMENT DECISIONS
24-33Views:394It has been more than three decades since the first businesses were created in Hungary. Act C of 2000 on Accounting regulates the field of financial accounting. Accounts of enterprises are public, so market participants are provided objective information on their economic, financial, and income situation. Accounting is an internal information system on the one hand and an information system towards the external environment on the other. This duality is primarily the cause of critical comments. For years, there has been controversy over whether the administrative burdens and account-ing rules imposed on enterprises can be too demanding? Parallel to this, there is an open question. What essential information should be published in the accounts, which helps to make grounded decisions for the stakeholders?
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Catering in the Dining Cars of the Future
87-92Views:37The examination of catering has become an importantissue for MÁV, the Hungarian Railways again. It plays an extremely outstanding role during longer trips, but it can also increase the comfort of passengers during shorter trips. Numerous good examples can be found worldwide, which can be adopted by Hungary. The present examination and research have started at the request of MÁV Zrt. Railway is the second most significant way of transport, aft er the airlines. However in order to be able to keep this position, railway has to widen its range of services, such as dining cars. We are trying to support the reform of dining cars considering all the relevant professional viewpoints.
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DISABLED CHILDREN'S SPORT CONSUMP-TION EXPERIENCE IN DISCONTINUED SUP-PLIED ELEMENTS
21-29Views:260The proportion of people with disabilities and changed functional work capacity has in-creased not only in the EU, but also in Hungary, with parallel studies showing an increasing trend. In our research, we examined the sporting habits of 8-18 year old children (N = 283) living with disability in the North Great Plain region, and asked about their experience with the supply elements of accessible sports facilities and integrated sports programs.
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Local geopolitics, and spatial development
Views:130Local geopolitics is in fact the application of geopolitical tools in the definition of local conflicts. This topic is a brand new branch of the French geopolitical research areas. In France since the 1980’s, the reforms related to the division of scope of competence between the state and territorial governments have had an increasing effect on the relationship of local communities and of those communities with the state. One of the key characteristics of this relationship is the effort to harmonize the needs of local communities and of spatial development. Researching the geopolitics of spatial development is an important issue of local geopolitics in France today. The matter of mid-level spatial development is widely challenging for French professionals therefore it is worth having a look at it – especially as this level of development has gone through major changes recently in Hungary
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The Air Transport Capability of the Hungarian Defence Forces up to Now, Future Development Opportunities
216-227Views:70The accession to the NATO presented new challenges to the Hungarian Defence Forces. In order to meet the requirements of the federal obligations, besides the protection of the state we must take a role also in conflict areas even thousands of miles away from Hungary. One of the basic conditions to achieve this, is that the forces offered need to arrive at the right area of application at the right time in a cost-effective way. The purpose of this article is to present an overview on how the Hungarian Defence Forces are able to meet these requirements. An important matter is whether the air transport capacity should be provided by our own capabilities or by other (civil or military) sources. In order to answer this question I am going to analyse the processes which have influenced the development of air transport capacity over the last 10-15 years.
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The Mission of the Social Worker in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County
75-83Views:100The aim of our ari cle is to prepare the introduci on of training social workers at the College of Szolnok. Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county is a region in Hungary in which the composii on of the populai on and their social status calls for an increase of the number of social workers. For this reason in the programme of the research group of the Department for Social Sciences and Communicai on helping underprivileged people is a priority.
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The Logistics Branches of international Flower Trade
50-57Views:85The present study discusses the logistics interdependencies of internatioanal flower trade. It describes the characteristics of floral wholesales trade peculiar to Hungary analysy the activities of a particular company. The author was awarded the 1st place for this study of hers at the conference organised for scientific student circles of colleges of economics in 2008.
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Analysis of the economic structure in Romania and in some member states ot the European Union
44-54Views:31In Romania agriculture plays a crucial role, contributes a large share to GDP production and has a high agricultural potential. The aim of the study is to analyse the farm structure of Romania and of some EU Member States (Hungary, Poland, France, Italy) on the basis of the data of the 2016 Farm Structure Census, the 2010 General Agricultural Census and the preliminary data of the 2020 Agricultural Census. Draw conclusions by processing the aforementioned data, in particular by processing the preliminary data of the 2010 General Agricultural Census and the 2020 General Agricultural Census.