In our research, we examined the profitability of companies switching to IFRS and the value judgement of investors in the two accounting systems. During the examination, we established that there is no significant difference in the ROS and ROA profitability indicators in the two accounting systems. It is important to note that in the case of both indicators, for companies with a high fixed asset requirement, there is a significant difference in the two accounting systems based on the results of the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Taking into account the number of elements of the clusters, their proportion, and the value of the effect size, in our opinion, the conclusion cannot be drawn for the entire basic population that the indicators significantly differed as a result of the transition, because the difference can only be observed in the cluster with a lower number of elements, or a particularly strong relationship cannot be revealed for any of the indicators. On the other hand, for the ROE indicator, a significant difference can be clearly established in the two accounting systems, as the significant relationship can be demonstrated both in companies with low and high capital requirements. Overall, in the IFRS, the companies showed more favourable profitability with regard to the ROE indicator. The second examination of our research is related to this, which aimed to determine whether the significant deviation of the ROE indicator in the year of the transition can be attributed to the transition to IFRS.

JEL classification code: M40

In the early 2020s, several large US public investment subsidy programmes, followed by a surge in energy prices as a consequence of the Russia-Ukraine war, have raised concerns in Europe. This article examines these two recent causes of the weakening of the EU's competitiveness, focusing on the impact of the US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) on investment diversion. Based on an analysis of the initial consequences of the IRA and some patterns of corporate behaviour, it concludes that, in an environment of political uncertainty, the relocation of firms and investment to the US is not yet a mass phenomenon, but that the new situation may lead Europe to develop new coherent strategies.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes: F21, F68, L50, L62, O14, O25

Dual higher education is a form of education where students' training is provided jointly by a higher education institution and a partner organization. At the partner organization, students gain specific professional knowledge and work experience, which allows them to enter the labour market as more experienced and skilled professionals after graduation. The aim of our research is to assess the opinions of partner organizations involved in dual education on this type of training. The organizations involved in dual education operate in a wide variety of sectors. The examined database contains data on companies and institutions registered in Hungary that are involved in dual education, with the selection being made in such a way that the sample covers the widest possible range of dual education programs. Our aim is to examine the results of the introduction so far and to identify the factors necessary for further development opportunities. The questionnaire was completed electronically or by phone by the partner organizations, with the help of an interviewer, on a voluntary basis. The questions included formulated statements, which belong to the closed-ended question type group, within which several subtypes can also be found in the questionnaire. We formulated one-answer questions in the questionnaire and used Likert scale questions. When processing the questionnaires, we not only examined the answers to the individual questions separately, but also examined the relationships between the different variables. During the analysis, we used the ANOVA test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, the Wilcoxon test and the Dunn test to uncover the relationships.

JEL codes: I21, I23, I25, J24, J62

The aim of this study is to examine the determinants of individual ESG investment intentions. The own research model was developed by complementing Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour with literature-based approaches and adapting it to the topic. Based on the model, the relationships and the hypotheses were tested on a Hungarian sample of 228 participants using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Both the research model and the methodology used are novel in the context of this study.

The results suggest that both general and sustainability-focused investment attitudes positively influence ESG investment intentions. Subjective norms related to ESG investment and a sense of self-efficacy also support ESG investment intention. Moreover, it can be said that women's ESG investment attitudes and intentions are higher than in case of men. The results can contribute to the better understanding of the factors underlying individual ESG investment intentions, especially in the domestic context.

JEL codes: D12, Q56, Q58.

Doctoral schools play a key role in training the next generation of researchers and renewing higher education. This study presents the operation, development directions, and international embeddedness of the Doctoral School of Business and Management Sciences at the University of Debrecen. It provides an overview of trends in student enrollment and degree completion, as well as the multidisciplinary and international character of the doctoral program. Special attention is given to the 2025 International Scientific Days conference, where 118 scientific presentations were delivered on topics such as digitalization, sustainability, and artificial intelligence. The study also highlights the significant growth in the doctoral school's publication performance, particularly in terms of internationally indexed, high-ranking academic journal articles.

JEL code: A23; I23; O30

The study examines the relationship between fossil energy consumption and economic growth in carbon-based economies, with a particular focus on the role of energy intensity and energy efficiency. We aim to quantify the impact of fossil energy consumption on economic growth through model-based analysis and identify the development and sustainability challenges of energy-intensive economies. The study used a Random Forest model to analyze the relationship between fossil energy consumption and GDP growth. The data are from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators database for the period 2013–2023, considering the economic structure of different countries. Energy intensity showed a strong positive correlation with GDP growth in China, Russia and Mongolia, while in more developed economies such as Canada and the United States, a lower or negative relationship is observed. Fossil energy-intensive economies benefit in the short term, but diversification is needed in the long term for sustainability. Diversifying the economy and increasing energy efficiency are key to sustainable development. The results can help policymakers plan the energy transition, especially focusing on reducing fossil fuel dependence and integrating renewable energy sources for economic and environmental stability.

JEL codes: O13, Q43, Q56, C53, O44

The aim of the study is to examine the efficiency of intellectual capital in companies from the Visegrad Four countries and Romania. The study investigates the development of intellectual capital efficiency in large companies from five countries, focusing on the components of the VAIC indicator. Furthermore, using panel regression, the study analyzes the impact of the elements of the VAIC indicator on profitability indicators considered by investors. The results of the research indicate that most of the independent variables have an impact on profitability indicators. The effect was stronger for companies with lower profitability indicators, while smaller changes were observed in companies with higher profitability. Additionally, it was found that human capital had the greatest impact on profitability.