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Benedikt Carpzov's two works in Debrecen archives
1-11.Views:97The Saxon Benedikt Carpzov was considered one of the most illustrious jurisprudents in the early modern period. In the 17th century, Carpzov gained high prestige and authority across Europe, serving as a general reference point for criminal jurisprudence and legal practice. His works – primarily that focused on criminal law – were also applied and referred to by Hungarian courts in the 18th century. The research of Carpzov’s influence on 18th-century Hungarian criminal law as a legal historical phenomenon has not been a fully revealed area. This brief paper tries to make an interesting cultural-historical contribution to the research of the “Carpzovian-effect” in the criminal practice of the Debrecen Magistrates. Fortunately, we can find Carpzov’s two works in good condition in the National Archives of Hungary-Archives of Hajdú-Bihar County. This circumstance provides us unique opportunity to examine these jurisprudential works more profoundly. The Saxon author’s works functioned as “cultural transfers” transmitted foreign legal impacts to Hungarian praxis. The notes, text underlines, and the other types of text highlightings found in these books can enrich and make the research results of analyzing the archival documents of Debrecen criminal procedures more nuanced. This paper is preliminary research, and it establishes the dissection of the notes made in Carpzov’s works. The final goal is to understand how Hungarian judges, prosecutors and advocates interpreted (adapted) the Saxon jurisprudent’s opinions.
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The autonomous country-towns of the Hungarian Plain in the Turkish times
69-74Views:39My essay is on the development of autonomy of the country-towns and the changes of their relationship with the Hungarian county, the land lords, and the Turks. My research is based on the analysis of original account books of Debrecen and Nagykőrös. The situation of these towns was special in the 17th century, among other things, because of their geographical location. Debrecen situated at the border of the three big powers and Nagykőrös placed inside of the Turkish Empire. Later the country-town leaders were able to pay the cost of autonomy. The county administration system disappeared in the Turkish territory, but the functions of it were continued. For example the assembly of Pest county was hold in Fülek which was outside of the county. The administrative bodies of the counties worked according to the old Hungarian regulations. Turkish ruling was considered temporary. It was hard to keep contact between the county and the towns. It was one of the reasons of establishing municipal self government. These towns regularly paid tax to the Hungarian land lords and a higher amount to the Turks. The land lords who escaped from the Turkish territory were still in power. The towns paid the tax to the lords in a lump sum. The lords didn’t exercise their power. The town leaders recognized this situation and reached economical and later political autonomy that was very expensive. After the end of Turkish ruling the counties (re)expanded but the local self governing system was maintained.
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Make an attempt to reveal the meaning of poena extraordinaria in the case-law of Debrecen in the second half of 18th century
121-135Views:124In my essay I analyze a possible semantic content of poena extraordinaria. Int the first part of the study can be found on interpretation concerning the different meanings of poena ordinaria and poena extraordinaria. In my hypothesis I suppose if the crime hasn't been entirely proved by accuser then the judge has to apply the category of poena extraordinaria. I examine three criminal brief of cases from Debrecen at 18th century in the second part; trying to verify my hypothesis.
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Honestly about the Closed Doors - Do Persona Non Gratas Participate in the Psychological Expert Examinations in the Criminal Procedure?
73-78Views:71Authorities and courts are supported by various experts from a long time in the process ofdomestic criminal procedures, howeverlegalpsychologyis a pretty young profession in this field. Despite of its brief history it has achieved stability in the system of criminal sciences and has an outstanding role in influencingjudgementon cases. What happens when this specialty itself becomes the subject of an expert procedure? My article willtryto answer this question. I examine the mechanisms of hungarianlegal psychological expertingthrough personal features of the experting-examination within thecriminal legal procedures of law. At the same time I verify thepresumption that thesecomponents work unrealistically and dissimilarly to the actual practice due to thenatureof current legislations. My hypothesis is supported by four interviews with legalpsychological experts and relevant statistical data brought from the analysis of thirty-one cases from TheCourt of Law of Debrecen, between 1st Jan 2000 and 15th Jul 2016. In the last section of my work I propose individual recommendations and guides for the legislator in relation to the earlier highlighted defects.
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The questions of remedy during third procedure in the criminal procedure
120-137Views:62The questions of remedy are in close relations with the legal force. The legal force of the
clinching decisions represents the final, irreversible decision about the demand of penal law,
which decision is a guideline and undeniably binding for all, and cannot be attacked with an
ordinary appeal.
The legal force of other decisions with the capacity to have legal force defines a decision
which is final, irreversible, a guideline for all, obligatory (independent of executability) and
cannot be attacked with an appeal.
Furthermore, there are the decisions with formal legal force, the legal force of which stands
only for not being appealable.
A valid decision can only be made about the factual and legal basis of criminal responsibility
by the court that is entitled and obligated to do it, that is, only the court has a right during
criminal procedure to decide whether there was a crime or not, and if yes, who committed it.
In relation to this, the question of material legal force can only regard the constituted charge
and the act in consideration, when the court makes a permanent decision about the demand of
penal law, in the framework of the substantive judging of the act that became the object of
prosecution.
Lodging an appeal on legal grounds shall be governed by the provisions set forth in Chapter
XV of the Criminal procedure Act. The judgement of the court of second instance may be
appealed at the court of appeal. The appeal against the judgement of the court of second
instance may involve any of the dispositions therein or exclusively the justification thereof.
An appeal may be lodged for legal or factual reasons. An appeal suspends the part of the judgement to become final which is to be reviewed by the court of appeal owing to the appeal.
The third remedy is allowed only in cases where the first and second instance decision is
absolutely different in the question of guilty. -
The impact of inflation on private law relationships
45-72Views:178Not for decades have we seen price rises in Hungary, or in Europe and the world in general, such as those faced by the developed world in 2022. Inflation in Hungary was 24.5% in December 2022 and in January 2023, the indicator stood at 25.7%. This article provides a summary of the key concepts related to inflation, going beyond a definitional approach to inflation to cover its types and the most important principles and methods of measuring it. Economic foundations fundamentally determine private legal relations and legal institutions. In such a situation, crisis legislation is triggered, primarily in areas that have the greatest impact on the functioning of the economy and on consumers' daily lives. The present article reviews those important civil law structures and the rules governing them in the Civil Code and other statutory and governmental regulations, the content of which is justified to be amended in a persistent inflationary environment, but which have not been the focus of the legislator so far, emphasizing the need to adapt private law norms to the changed economic environment. The article examines those legal acts in which the legislator has set out in the text of the act data referring to value or price, nominally defining and quantifying in concrete terms the price or value that plays a significant role in a given private legal relationship. This type of legislation, however, does not take into account the changes in value relations at all, so that in an inflationary environment, the price and value figures nominally fixed in the private law norm are not adapted to economic processes, i.e. they are not in line with the current price level determined by economic fundamentals. The author outlines proposals and regulatory techniques for amending the law to adapt these legal provisions to the changed price and value conditions.
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Civil UAV on the horizon, Simply Toy or New Abnormally Dangerous Activity?
88-107Views:96The reason why We have chosen this topic for my research is that new technologies have appeared in our environment, particularly the unnamed aerial vehicle. In Hungary, similarly to some other countries, there is a gap in the legislation concerning the use of UAV.
The UAV technology raises many questions because these vehicles can be used for several reasons. It is necessary to analyse in depth the legal environment of UAV and to change our perspective because it is not enough to consider the legal context; technical and other aspects have to be taken into consideration as well.
Most academic sources concerning the usage of UAV focus on the military use of UAV. In my research I focus on the topic from the aspects of civil law; the reason for this is that I consider the legal restrictions concerning the ordinary vehicles used for everyday purposes not for governmental ones.
The main goal of our paper is to study how the usage of UAV can be legally controlled. This question is important because the number of these vehicles are gradually growing which leads to several legal issues, for instance privacy or tort.
In our research We have analyzed the international laws and regulation plans, the international laws, draft legislation. The „abnormally dangerous activities” that appear in the title of the paper is only a call for attention to evaluate the liability in the civil law.
The other aim of our paper is to make a proposal to set up a work group who is going to work out the regulations in detail. Legislators and researchers could participate in the work group, among whom are technical and legal professionals as well.
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The polluter pays principle in the Hungarian civil law, with special regard to the liability for hazardous operations
89-106Views:71The polluter pays principle is one of the basic principles of international environmental law
mentioned directly firstly only in 1972, however the principle were declared in 1929 in the
well-known Trail Smelter Case. The polluter pays is an economical principle, and in the
meaning of this principle the costs of pollution shall be shared between industrial companies
and consumers. Taking into consideration that after applying this principle price of products
will be higher than before, industrial companies shall reduce their pollution in the interest of
their (and their products’) competitiveness. Seeing the development of the principle in EU
level, the polluter pays were mentioned first time in the first „programme of action of the
European Communities on the environment” adopted in 1973. However it is questionable
what polluter, pollution, obligation of polluter and costs of pollution mean exactly, and for
this reason this principle cannot be applied automatically.
In this study I try to examine how the polluter pays principle works in the Hungarian national
law, especially in the Hungarian Civil Code. For this reason I examine the applicability of
Article 345 of the Hungarian Civil Code („Damages Originating from Hazardous
Operations”), with special regard to the case-law of the Hungarian civil courts. I also try to
introduce the possibilities and obligations of the public prosecutor in environmental issues. -
Extracts from the regulations settling the tenure of the matrimonial home in Europe
121-139Views:86The tenure of the matrimonial home after divorce is a significant question in several respects. In addition to the fact that both parties are likely to be emotionally attached to the former scene of family life, the wealth factor must be taken into account as well, as it is a valuable property that can be a real trump card for both spouses these days, considering the high property prices. It should also be borne in mind that if a spouse receives the formal matrimonial home, he or she will not be exposed to the inconvenience of finding a suitable home and will not have to leave his or her usual environment. It follows, however, that a spouse who is forced to move must be compensated in some way for these difficulties, even if he or she did not own the matrimonial home. This study intends to examine the regulation of European countries regarding the use of the marital home in the event of divorce, presenting the typical models and the main aspects considered. The purpose of the present work is not to analyse the Hungarian regulations, they are only mentioned for the aim of comparison. As a conclusion of this research, I would like to reveal the most ideal solution for settling the tenure of the matrimonial home in the event of a divorce, the pros and cons of each model, and if states really take family law principles into account.
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A munkaviszony megszűnésének és megszüntetésének új szabályai a korábbi szabályozás tükrében
24-34Views:115From the 1st of July 2012, Act XXII of 1992 on the Labour Code, which was effective from the 1st of July 1992, had given place Act I of 2012 on the Labour Code (New Code). The New Code has brought a lot of changes concerning the cessation and termination of the employment. The univoque aim of the legislator, near reducing the number of the labour suits, was resolving the inconsistency of the practice, corresponding to the changing social and economic relations, furthermore harmonising the Hungarian law to the law of the European Union. The rules concerning the termination of the employment have not substantially changed. The New Code broadens the list of cases regulated previously. Concerning the termination of the employment, the New Code determines the ordinary dismissal as dismissal, whereas the extraordinary dismissals as dismissal with prompt effect.
At the same time, it is a new rule, that the parties could terminate the definite term employment with dismissal, if the conditions determined by the New Code emerge. The New Code has brought substantial changes concerning the rules of the dismissal protection. It constricts the number of cases when the dismissal protection could be applicable and respecting the application of the dismissal protection, it considers authoritative the moment of the notification of the dismissal. For example an expectant mother could refer to the dismissal protection, if she had notified the employer about the pregnancy before the notification of dismissal.
According to subsection 3 of section 65, there are cases, when the dismissal should not be communicated, whereas according to subsection 2 of section 68, the dismissal could be communicated, but the termination period would start earliest after the last day determined by the New Code.
The New Code, contrary to the old one, determines 6 months as the longest term of the dismissal period. The rules of the acquittal and the severance pay have not changed substantially. Regarding the dismissal with prompt effect, the legislator makes a distinction between the termination with motivation and the termination without motivation. It is a substantial modification regarding the unlawful termination of the employment, that according to the rules of the New Code, the employee could claim for damages as arrears of salary, which could not exceeds the 12 months amount of the absence fee. The restoration of the employment could be executed only in the few cases determined by section 83 and only if the employee requests for it. -
Civil law dogmatic deficiencies and legislative hiatuses in a private law legislation: Short case study
49-66Views:41Based on the Government Decree 383/2023 (VIII.14.) on the ministerial approval of lease contracts of companies directly or indirectly majority-owned by the state, the article presents a case study showing that the legislation suffers from numerous "legal errors" that violate the provisions of the Legislation Act and is not in line with the fundamental doctrinal principles of civil law. The case study describes in detail the provisions of Act CXXX of 2010 on Legislation that the Government Decree does not comply with and shows how imprecise wording leads to problems of interpretation. The paper points out the private law terminus technicus which the legislator did not apply correctly (the party of the lease contract, consideration, invalidity - ineffectiveness) and the author proposes to correct the errors and to clarify certain normative provisions.
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Die ungarische Strafjustiz in den ersten Jahrhunderten nach der Staatsgründung im Spiegel der römischen und europäischen Rechtsentwicklung
Views:131Der Aufsatz stellt die Strafjustiz der ersten Jahrhunderte nach der ungarischen Staatsgründung, des Zeitalters der Könige aus dem Hause Árpád im Spiegel der römischen und westeuropäischen, besonders der fränkischen Rechtsentwicklung vor. Er untersucht neben der Entstehung des ungarischen Gerichtssystems die Ordnung des Strafverfahrens, eingehend auf die Ladung, die Beweisverfahren, besonders die Gottesurteile, den Gerichtsbeschluss und den Rechtsbehelf.
Die Arbeit ist rechtsgeschichtlichen Inhalts, aber wo es möglich ist, und Parallelen gezogen werden können, vergleicht sie solche Einrichtungen des ehemaligen und modernen Rechts miteinander, die während der Rechtsentwicklung unverändert Teil des Strafprozesses geblieben sind.
Dem einleitenden Teil folgend geht sie als Erstes auf den Begriff und Zweck des Strafverfahrens ein; diesen Zweck definiert sie nach den literarischen Quellen als die Belangung der die Staatsordnung verletzenden Person.
Auf die geschichtliche Entwicklung besonders des Zivilrechts, aber auch des Strafrechts hatten die römisch-rechtlichen Wurzeln großen Einfluss. Der Aufsatz bietet einen Überblick über die organisatorischen und prozessualen Grundlagen der römischen Strafjustiz, sowie die einzelnen Straftaten und die ihre Beurteilung regelnden Normen. Es wird betont, dass bereits im römischen Recht solche konstitutionelle, den europäischen Standards entsprechende Prinzipien zur Geltung kamen, wie die Öffentlichkeit der Verhandlung oder das Recht auf Verteidigung.
Nach der Analyse der römisch-rechtlichen Grundlagen wird die Entwicklung des mittelalterlichen europäischen Strafrechts untersucht. Die Rechtsgeschichte, die Rechtsentwicklung Kontinentaleuropas hatte bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Regeln des ungarischen Strafprozessrechts. Besondere Hervorhebung verdient in diesem Teil das Recht des Fränkischen Reichs.
Nach der Beleuchtung des europäischen strafrechtlichen Hintergrunds analysiert der Aufsatz die Strafjustiz der Könige aus dem Hause Árpád. Er stellt die Entwicklung des Gerichtssystems, die Rechtsprechung durch den König, dann durch die Großwürdenträger, die Entstehung des ordentlichen Gerichtssystems und der Gerichte auf dem Land vor, hinweisend darauf, dass bereits zu Anfang der Herrschaft der Könige aus dem Hause Árpád solche wichtigen königlichen Dekrete erlassen wurden, die die Entwicklung des Strafrechts wesentlich bestimmt haben.
Nach dem Überblick des Gerichtssystems untersucht die Arbeit einzelne wichtige Rechtsinstitute des Strafprozessrechts. Eine solche grundlegende Einrichtung ist die Beiladung, die der Ladung des modernen Rechts entspricht. Die Adeligen konnten ausschließlich durch ordnungsgemäße Ladung beigeladen werden, im Gegensatz zu den Leibeigenen, in deren Strafsachen der Gutsherr aufgerufen wurde, sie vor Gericht zu stellen.
Sehr wichtige Rechtsinstitute des Strafverfahrens sind des Weiteren die einzelnen Beweisverfahren, die anfangs in Gottesurteilen sakraler Charakter wie den Proben beziehungsweise dem Zweikampf in Erscheinung traten. Neben den Gottesurteilen können als weitere Beweisverfahren der Reinigungseid sowie der formelle Zeugenbeweis erwähnt werden, aber schon früh bekannt war auch der Urkundenbeweis.
Der Aufsatz unterzieht die Urteilsfindung im Prozess separat einer Untersuchung, hervorhebend, dass im Verfahren gegen den Adeligen die Öffentlichkeit zur Geltung kam, seit König Béla III. wurde über die Verhandlung sogar Protokoll geführt. Um ein Urteil musste das Gericht ersucht werden, und es wurde vom Gericht gefällt.
Die Arbeit berührt schließlich einzelne wichtige Fragen des Rechtsbehelfs mit der Bemerkung, dass vom Rechtsbehelf im modernen Sinne genommen im Zeitalter der Könige aus dem Hause Árpád noch nicht gesprochen werden kann. Das Rechtsmittel zielte zu dieser Zeit noch nicht auf die Beseitigung der Fehlentscheidung, sondern konnte die Justizverweigerung seitens des Gerichts oder gewisse Formwidrigkeiten beanstanden.
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Az egyesületek alapítására és működésére vonatkozó szabályok legfontosabb változásai
59-66Views:52Without abstract
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Healthcare professional’s liability for damages
45-53Views:165The doctor-patient relationship requires set rules for liability considering the nature of professional norms on medicine and the protection of human life and health. According to these rules, the healthcare provideris vicariously liable for damages suffered as a consequence of healthcare servicesprovided to the patient. In such cases– on the grounds of labor law rules – the healthcare providermay transfer liability to its employee. Considering recent amendments of labor law regulations, it is essential to summarize and analyze relevant labor law norms relatedto medical liability.
The employee’s liability for damages is based on the employment relationship between the healthcare provider and the employee. Despite of the healthcare provider’s liability for damages, the employee’s liability is always personal.
According to the new labor code the employee’s liability for damages is only ascertainable if the tortfeasor did not act like a reasonable person would have actedunder given circumstances. This means that the tortfeasor’sintention or negligence is irrelevant in the course of ascertaining liability. The purpose of our study is to provide a review of the strict measure of due care in health care services, and to summarize rules about the healthcare professional’s liability for damages.
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Doubtful questions in connection with the effectiveness of insurance contracts
Views:38The dispensation of justice most often makes decisions in legal disputes about contract law on the basis of the general rules of contract law. The freedom of making contracts and the dynamism of contract law have resulted in an agreement that the conditions of the contract and the general rules should generally be considered to an increasing extent rather than the special regulations referring to the given contract. However, there are some contracts which theme, subjects and content require the application of special rules that result in solutions hard to interpret for parties inexperienced in law and that are radically different from those recommended by the general rules of contract law. Insurance contracts are those type of contracts, where the rules determine when the contract comes into existence and effect and when the services are due. These regulations are based on a logic that is radically different from the general rules, so they can often lead to serious misunderstandings. It is discernable in the judiciary practice that the dispensation of justice respects the specific features of insurance contracts, but tries to interpret the rules in a way that draws near to the general rules of contract law. The decisions of the Hungarian Supreme Court give priority to the interests of the insured parties and allow in fewer cases when the insurance company is exempted of its obligation of payment. However, judiciary practice has little effect on the content of insurance law. It seems justified to make insurance companies work out as detailed and clear conditions as possible and make them disclose the orders basically concerning their obligation of running risks.
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Some current practical issues on preventive restraining orders in cases of intimate partner violence
115-137Views:50Act no. LXXII of 2009 on restraint at a distance for the purpose of violence between relatives (Act on Restraining Orders) has been amended a total of eight times since its entry into force on 1 October 2009. Some of the amendments were made to remedy shortcomings in practice, while others were made to comply with EU law. In the light of the almost one and a half decade that has passed since the entry into force of the Act, it is appropriate to review how, beyond the amendments, the practice of applying this Act has evolved. The present paper aims to briefly describe the judicial practice of preventive restraint, mainly in the Curia, and to discuss the key elements in the assessment of the concept of violence between relatives, the findings of the courts, in particular the Curia, in the context of restraint and parental custody and the use of the home, and the applicability of the Criminal Code.
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The psichological aspects of the false facts of the case in the sentence
Views:133Psychology plays a main role in the criminal procedure. The psychological methods started being used only in the 19th century. During the legal proceedings the autorities must deal with people. The behavior of the people is very different. The authorities must know the basic rules of the psichology to understand the accused people and witneses. The human memory has a lot of regularity. The knowledge of these regularities make easier the efforts of the authorities to get the truts. The importance of the pschichological knowledge in the legal occupation is unquestional. Overbearing police methods creat too high risk of false confession and are not likely to yield factually reliable information from the accused. A significant number of confessions that result in wrongful convictions are obtained through coercive questioning. This paper examines false confessions and discusses the psychological and social factors that influence the verdict in criminal procedure and how often do false confessions lead to miscarriages of justice. In determining the admissibility of confession evidence, the courts have to considere factors such as mental abuse in addition to physical force and threats.
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A bírói határozat végrehajthatósága, a határozat jogerősítő záradékkal való ellátása
1-11Views:77Without absctract
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Is the COVID-19 Really a Technical Question on the Part of the Attorney?
5-19Views:109Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted our daily lives in spring 2020. Many of the effects of the closures and home-working practices that accompanied the epidemic are still being felt in civil procedure today, whether positive or negative. On the positive side, the courts and authorities have recognised the potential of online communication, so that some of the proceedings can be moved online even in periods when there is no epidemic, saving time and energy. There are mixed views on the benefits of the fact that courts are ordering more only written preparation for the commencement of civil litigation proceedings than in the past. Lastly, it is negative that, to date, no satisfactory solution has been found for dealing with cases of absence due to sudden illness. This study examines the practice in the field of sickness absence: on the basis of an order of the Hungarian High Court (Curia) of February 2021, issued under the specific circumstances of a case of emergency, it seeks to shed light on the real content and role of the right to representation (and the substitution of the attorney) in civil proceedings.
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Rethinking principles of civil procedure - expectations and experiences:
118-127.Views:178The central topic of the present study is certain features of the principles re-regulated during the codification of the Hungarian Code of Civil Procedure. It can be said that the number and content of the principles have also become more concentrated as a result of codification.
The Act CXXX of 2016 on the Code of Civil Procedure (hereinafter “CPC”) brought a number of conceptual changes, which can also be observed in terms of principles. The principles chapter of the CPC has been renewed, some principles that are not yet known in Hungarian civil procedure law have been laid down. The present study reviews these changes and also seeks to take a position on the content of the principles, with a separate examination of the Principle of Concentration of Proceedings, which has also been identified as a priority objective by the legislator.
The paper analyzes the academic debates on the principles and attempts to answer whether the experience of the period since its entry into force has met some of the expectations for the reform of the principles. The study examines the changed regulations that have led to opposing views in the literature.
An important topic of the study is that, in line with the divided structure of the proceeding, the court's intervention activities have also changed. This change can also be observed in the principles, as the Principle of Court's Obligation to Intervene has emerged as a new principle. Some features of the Principle of Truth-telling and Principle of Good Faith are also analyzed.
The study seeks to shed light on the fundamental issues of civil procedure through foreign examples, in which certain elements of German legislation are mainly mentioned.
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A nemzetközi kereskedelem hatékonyságának növelése: A Blockhain technológia akkreditívre gyakorolt hatásának vizsgálata a jelenlegi jogi keretek tükrében
5-25Views:34Az akkreditív egy fontos dokumentum az nemzetközi kereskedelemben, elsősorban fizetési célokra használják, és ennek következtében jogokat és felelősségeket ró az érintett felekre. A fizetés és az kötelezettségek teljesítése az összes szerződés legfontosabb szempontjai közé tartoznak. Nemzetközi tranzakciók esetén az érintett feleket számos kérdés foglalkoztatja, beleértve a tevékenységükkel kapcsolatba hozható más országok jogi, politikai és gazdasági tényezőinek jobb megértésére irányuló igényt. A nemzetközi tranzakciók fizetési módjai közül az akkreditív kiemelkedik, mint a legmegbízhatóbb és legjelentősebb módszer sajátos jellemzői miatt. Az akkreditív bevonásával a bankok megfelelően képesek garantálni a vevő és az eladó érdekeit, csökkentve ezáltal a tranzakcióból eredő bizonytalanságokat. A nemzetközi kereskedelem fejlődése következtében fontos azonban figyelembe venni az újonnan megjelenő technológiák hatását a nemzetközi üzleti kapcsolatok fizetési módjaira. Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy feltárja a blokklánc-alapú akkreditív felhasználására vonatkozó legújabb kutatási eredményeket, és átfogó elemzést nyújtson a szabályozási keretekről ezen a területen. Az akkreditív blokklánc-szerkezetének részletes leírása és az okos akkreditív felhasználási lehetőségeinek vizsgálata után a tanulmány arra a következtetésre jut, hogy a meglévő jogi keretek, például az UCP, az eUCP, az ISP98 és az ENSZ akkreditív egyezmény, azok szükséges módosításaival együtt, megfelelő alapot nyújthatnak a blokklánc-alapú akkreditívek kezeléséhez. A blokklánc technológia integrálásával és ezeknek a kereteknek a kihasználásával a kereskedelmi finanszírozás hatékonysága javulhat, az átláthatóság és a biztonság megőrzése mellett.
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False Confessions
Views:48A tanulmány a hamis tanúzást jogi, pszichológiai és szociológiai aspektusból vizsgálja. Kiemelt figyelmet szentel azon tényezők felkutatásának, melyek közrejátszanak a tárgyalóteremben a hamis tanú kiszűrésében, valamint vizsgálja azokat a motívumokat, melyek a hamis tanúzás elkövetésére vezetnek. Magyarország és az Amerikai Egyesült Államok joggyakorlatát és a jogirodalom vitáit elemzi. Bemutatásra kerül a híres Miranda ügy, annak hazai és amerikai konzekvenciái egyaránt.