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• Das Thema der Arbeit ist die Entstehung und die Entwicklung des Verbrauchervertragsrechts in der EU und in Ungarn

  138-157

  Nelli Varga

  Views:

  105

  In dem ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die historischen Grundlagen des Verbraucherschutzes
  präsentiert: der Prinzip des Schutzes der schwächeren Partei. In dem zweiten Teil wird die
  Arbeit die Herausbildung und die Entwicklung des Verbrauchervertragsrechts in der EU
  geprüft und das Problem der Implementation der verbraucherlichen Richtlinien eröffnet. Das
  Werk enthält die wesentlichen allgemeinen Merkmalen der Verbrauchersverträge: unfair
  Klauseln in den Verbrauchersvertägen, Aufklärungspflicht vor dem Vertragsabschluss, das
  Widerrufsrecht, obligatorischen Inhaltselementen der Verbrauchersverträge, usw. Die Arbeit
  vermeidet auf die gegenständige Tendenz von dem Verbrauchervertragsrecht. Der letzte Teil
  der Arbeit vorzeigt das Zustandekommen und die Entwicklung des Verbrauchervertragsrechts
  in Ungarn, betont die Position der Verbraucherverträge in den Kodifikationen des neuen
  ungarischen BGBs. Das Werk fasst die verschiedenen verbraucherrechtlichen Normen des
  neuen ungarischen BGBs, um die Existieren des Verbrauchervertragsrechts in Ungarn zu
  beweisen. Es muss deswegen bemerkt werden, neben die Normen des gültigen und des neuen
  BGBs viele andere Gesetze auf dem Gebiet des Verbrauchervertragsrechts zu geben. Auch
  der ungarische Gesetzgeber muss entscheiden, ob die verschiedenen verbraucherrechtlichen
  Richtlinien im getränten Gesetz oder in dem BGB implementiert werden sollte. Der
  Gesetzgeber hat die erste Lösung gewählt.
  Die gültigen Normen des Verbrauchervertragsrechts befinden sich in keinem einheitlichen
  Gesetz, und das neue ungarische BGB enthält nur die konstanten Kerne der
  verbraucherrechtlichen Richtlinien. Es wird gehofft, dass das Verbrauchervertragsrecht in der
  Zukunft in einem einheitlichen Verbrauchergesetz geregelt wird, wie darauf die Gründung des
  neuen ungarischen BGBs hinweist.

• The online infringements of personality rights in the judicial practice

  121-131

  Henrietta Pádár

  Views:

  112

  This essay examines the judicial practice of infringements of personality rights in the online media. The purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of the protection of legal regulation.

  The new media law that came into force in 2011 does not include specific measure for online media products, so it is up to the judicial practice to find a solution to tackle the problems brought forth by the differences of online and print press.

  Being a legal area where the legal development activity of the judicial practice plays a significant role due to the broad framework of regulation, the joint interpretation of legislation and the practice is necessary to evaluate. Thus the evaluation of the effectiveness of the protection of personality rights is only possible with the joint examination of legal environment and judicial practice.

  The starting point is the observation of the characteristics of online media and the comparison with print media through elements that can be relevant in a lawsuit.

  The investigation of the judicial practice focuses on the infringement of personality law and the process of press correction, considering that these are the most frequently occurring legal actions in lawsuits.

• Thoughts about accessory private prosecution

  Sándor Kardos

  Views:

  60

  In Hungary the new code of criminal procedure established a new legal institution to the Hungarian legal system: accessory private prosecution. This kind of private prosecution gives opportunity to the afflicted person to continue penal procedure in case of negative sentences from investigation authorities. If the prosecutor or the investigation authority stops proceeding or the prosecutor sets aside, withdraws formal accusation, afflicted person can substitute them during a penal procedure and has a right to claim the continuation of it. Our valid code does not limit the field of crimes this legal institution of accessory private prosecution can be applied. But there are some strict reasons, which limit this right of the afflicted person. If the investigation authorities neglected formal accusation because of childhood, death, prescription, clemency, prohibition of ne bis in idem, accessory private prosecution cannot be applied.

  Pros of accessory private prosecution can be found in the rights of afflicted persons. Criminal power of the state cannot be absolute, so we have to give the right for the injured to judge whether he insists on taking the responsibility of the perpetrator despite the opposite opinion of public bodies. This legal institution can help omissions of prosecutors to be remedied. Practicing this right depends on the stadium of the procedure. During the investigation period or the period of formal accusation reasons for accessory private prosecution are different.

  According to the new rules of the code, applying an advocate in the procedure is an obligation for the afflicted person. This regulation ensures that the structure of penal proceedings cannot be changed basically. In a normal procedure there is always a professional expert, the prosecutor on the side of accusation. That is why the code does not permit accusation without applying an advocate.

  Costs are interesting question in case of accessory private prosecution. In popular action procedures costs are paid by the state. When the afflicted person practices the right of accessory private prosecution, state pays in advance, but if perpetrator is acquitted or the court stops proceeding, costs should be paid by the private prosecutor himself. There are some rules to ease this burden for the afflicted person: if he has bad financial capacity and he can certify this circumstance, court can authorize him not to pay for the fee of the advocate.

  There is a special question in connection with accessory private prosecution: representation of the state. In these procedures the afflicted person is the state or one of the state bodies itself. There are two points of view to answer the question: who is authorized to represent the state as an accessory private prosecutor during a penal procedure. First we have to make difference between the injuries: if the injury is against the state while practising public authority, the injured party is the state itself. But if the injury hit the state as a civil legal entity, a possessor, the right to claim is in the hand of that public body, which was entrusted to handle the injured property. This theory means that in case of injuries against the public author state, only the prosecutor can represent it, so there is no chance for accessory private prosecution.

  The other solution for this problem has its starting point that in every crime against public property, accessory private prosecution can be applied. In this case the state can be represented by that part of it, which has interest. Although there are no jurisdiction in this question, because accessory private prosecution was established by the new code from 1st July 2003 after fifty years into the Hungarian legal practice. According to the regulations of the code, we can find the following sentence: afflicted person is whose right or legal interest was hurt or endangered by the crime. Analyzing this definition the argument can be read previously is decent for those situations, when we would like to find the legal representative of the state as an accessory private prosecutor.

  Accessory private prosecution is a good solution that fits to the new directions of law development, to increase rights of the afflicted person. Naturally, time needs to become a well-adopted legal institution in Hungarian legal system after half a century silence.

• The change of legal rules concerning employment policy instruments

  Henriett Rab

  Views:

  29

  The aim of the present essay is to give an overview of the means of the employment policy through the analysis and construction of the relevant statutory intruments and legal rules.

  During the treatment of the means of the employment policy this essay tooks the classification accepted by the scientific literature as a basis therefore it deals with these instruments divided into two big groups.

  Among the active types of the means of the employment policy the direct and also the indirect kinds of benefits of the jobless and unemployed are treated here.

  Among the passive types of means those instruments are presented which are to succeed the unemployment benefit and the unemployment allowance such as jobsearch benefit and jobsearch allowance.

  The definition of ‘employment policy’ is widely construed that is why this definition comprises the classical instruments of Labour Law and in a separate subsection the subsidy of the atypical legal relations of employment are also presented.

• Die innere Differenzierung der Bagatelhandlungen als Charakteristikum

  Zsuzsanna Árva

  Views:

  29

  Without abstract.

• Lehetséges kutatási módszerek a közbeszerzésben - résztvevő megfigyelés és interjú -

  Zsuzsa Balla

  Views:

  32

  Without abstract.

• Recenzió Gatter László Az igazságszolgáltatás reformja 1987-1997. Rendszerváltozás a bíróságok igazgatásában című könyvéről

  79-80

  Nóra Madai

  Views:

  57

  Without abstract.

• Választott- és döntőbizottságok múltja és jelene nemzetközi tapasztalatokkal

  43-52

  Dóra Nagyné Dorka

  Views:

  35

  Without abstract

• A foglalkozás körében elkövetett veszélyeztetés bűncselekményének hatályos szabályozása, különös tekintettel az orvosi műhibákra

  59-65

  Emese Boglárka Tóth

  Bálint Rózsavölgyi

  Views:

  60

  Without abstract

• Patient’s right to self-determination and its interpretation in case law

  145-172

  Judit Zákány

  Views:

  75

  The aim of the study is to examine the patient's right to self-determination and the present issues of legal interpretation. The right to self-determination – along with the right to information – is one of the most important patient’s right. It ensures that the patient can be a well-informed person, who is not just a vulnerable subject suffering from lack of information. If this right prevails properly, the patient is able to make decisions based on his own interests and values during his medical treatment.

  The focus is on the narrower interpretation of the right to self-determination, namely the consent to interventions, as well as its limits and the exercise of the right by deputy decision-makers. In addition to the legal content and interpretation of the right, we consider it important to cite examples of recent case law from the last few years and to present the most significant findings. The examination of the right of self-determination is current and necessary, since the legal disputed related to this are still present nowadays, and the case law is constantly evolving in this area.

• The civil liability of the medical doctor

  28-42

  György Juhász

  Views:

  229

  The article wish to briefly cover the civil liability of the medic. The actuality of this topic is exemplified well by the fact that court trials for compensation of damages against healthcare providers show an increasing tendency year by year. It is deem important to briefly delineate the drawing of line between the civil and criminal liability during the presentation of the civil liability. After speaking about issues of drawing of line, the study is going to cover the effective liability for damages of the medic. While explaining the liability for damages of the medic, it will cover the concept of legal nature of invasive procedures, matters concerning the liability of healthcare institutions, and the basic topics of tort and contractual liability. The article is going to introduce the issues concerning illegality, the patient’s right to self-determination, his or her right to information, the obligation of medics to disclose information, in addition to matters related to the concept of the legal nature of informed consent along with the connected judicial practice in the chapter about the informed consent of the patient. As for closure, during the analysis of issues regarding evidence, it wish to cover the rules of culpability, the choice for healing methods of medics, and medical documentation, respectively.

• The Rules concerning Compensation for Expropriation in Hungary

  Imre Andorkó

  Views:

  155

  The regulation of expropriation law is indicative of the sound of rule of law. It shows how the state treats vulnerable groups, and people adversely affected by expropriation. In this paper I will give a short overview of the rules concerning compensation for expropriation, from the inception of expropriation law, right up to 2014. I pay particular attention to the characteristics of the regulation in the socialist era between 1948, and the regime change in 1989/1990. I expand on how Hungary tried to free itself of the burdensome heritage of the socialist regulation of that law, after the regime change of 1989/1990. Then I review the current status of legal regulation concerning compensation for expropriation that gives me a great opportunity to and explain suggestions de lege ferenda.

• Problems of globalization examining the development of local governments

  Tamás Horváth M.

  Views:

  31

  In Hungary almost every reform has its reference to the integration in the west, especially European Union. The explanation for failures is the difficulties of adjustment. The dilemma is what kind of reasons result this problem: is it a national feature or the original distress of Hungary. We can say that the root of it is the problem of following patterns. The origin of these patterns are from the western world but these patterns needed years or sometimes ages to reach the present situation. It was an organic development.

  In our modern world we can find plenty of legislative elements of globalization, unifying and harmonizing rules and institutions. Most of the international economic organizations make every effort to harmonize economic institutions, but the example of European Union shows that borders are not as simple as it seems. This harmonization and unification has to surpass it to a wider perspective (e.g. administration, public education, telecommunication or private law institutions, etc.).

  In the study I examine the development of self-governing and local governments. In Hungary over the last years – since the birth of self-governing – many changes could be found. Reforms followed reforms. According to a survey the most important fields of reforms are the following:

  • decentralization
  • privatization
  • decreasing the role of public sector
  • reform of the law for public servants
  • information technology
  • financial and budgetary management.

  Reforms of local governments are part of the globalization especially in those countries where change of the regime has happened. To reach the desired western pattern some lemmas are necessary:

  • constitutional state
  • territorialism of state
  • guaranteed financial sources
  • stability from the perspective of economy and policy.

  These foundational criterions are spread by international organizations like NAFTA, GATT, WTO, IMF, WB, OECD or EU itself. Plenty of recommendations exist on this field for administration and local governments. The Council of Europe has a basic document, the Charta of European Local Governments.

  If we examine the problem closer we can see that in spite of every recommendation or regulation, local governments are in trouble for example in Hungary. There are exact rules or principles to ensure the liberty or free space for them, but financial problems always exist.

  In the essay I analyzes the way of following patterns in typical countries and try to show how hard is to introduce a pattern from a moment to another that has prestigious past.

• A magyar versenyjogi fogyasztóvédelem „fogyasztó” szemlélete a Versenytanács joggyakorlatában

  Imre Andorkó

  Views:

  24

  Without abstract.

• Thoughts about the new directions of European contract law

  Ágnes Enikő Béky

  Views:

  37

  On the field of contract law the European Union started a wide legislative effect at the end of the 20th Century. Despite of the originally economic and public legal goals of the Communities recently the competence of the EC institutions conquest a major field in the area of private law. To ensure the fast and non-problematic acceptance of these directives concerning to contract law EC chose two important solutions. Most of the directives focus on the neglected area of the so-called atypical contracts (hawk contracts, e-commerce contracts, leasing contracts, factoring contracts, etc.). As these contractual forms were born in the hands of business actors, most of the European civil codes do not deal with them in an explicit way. As a gap of law this area is the best approach to create unified legal institutions in all Member States’ legislation. The other relevant factor is the law of consumer protection. This is not only a fashionable topic in Europe but a rather underdeveloped issue in – especially – the new Member States. Almost all legal institutions in the EC directives in connection with contract law contain a strong link to protecting customers. As and indirect effect, these new institutions (such as consumer’s right to withdrawal) found their ways in the national codes to be flagships applicable for all consumer contracts. This essay contains thoughts about these relevant changes in approaching contract law from the rather unique EC perspective.

• Irak nemzetközi jogi megítélése a filmeken keresztül

  65-71

  Nikolett Lukács

  Views:

  53

  Without abstract.

• A bűncselekmények áldozatainak járó jóvátétel elméleti kérdései

  1-14

  Tamás Fézer

  Views:

  79

  Without abstract

• Helytállás és felelősség a fizetésképtelen gazdasági társaságok tartozásaiért a magyar társasági jogban

  70-94

  Izabel Ágnes Tarkó

  Views:

  93

  Without abstract

• The Legal Aspects of the Hungarian Health Sectoral Wage Rise Through the Eyes of a Practising Labour Lawyer

  Mariann Bácsi

  Views:

  94

  My essay analyses the rules of the wage-rise in the Hungarian health service system performed in two stages in 2012 and 2013. The difficulties of applying the rules and the continuous changes in the law are presented from a practical viewpoint.

  The personal and material scope of the raise in the health sector was the same circle: higher education institutions and religious institutions performing public mission that provide for in- and out-patient care. The wage-rise affected the employees having service relations with the above mentioned institutes in civil servant and commissionaire positions.

  In 2012 altogether86.000 persons benefitted from the raise (67.978 of them were directly involved in the healthcare), and 95.000 persons in 2013. The Act LXXXIV of 2003 distinguishes three groups of employees regarding the continuous and retroactive (ex post facto) raise of wages: doctors, graduates, pharmacists and health workers. In the case of these groups no uniformed wage scale exists, so different rules must be applied.

  The retroactive wager is in the case of the doctors depended on their salary, and the continuous rise was realized by a new wage scale. Other graduates and pharmacists gained a fixed rise. The retro active rise of the health workers was also fixed, the continuous wage rise was realized through a new wage scale and it depended whether their legal relation with the employer was established before or after the 1st of the July 2012.

  The complicated and frequently inaccurate regulation was corrected by the legislator, when a uniformed wage scale was directed to each group of employees in the September of 2013. A new sectoral wage scale was applied for the doctors and the health workers, and for other graduates and pharmacists the old public wage scale must be applied.

  Contrary to the uniformed regulation, there still remained legal institutions where the day/night duty, readiness, shift bonus, overtime must be specified according to the legislations in force on the 30th of June, 2012.

  Summing up, the legislator finally prevented the emigration of the highly qualified specialists by the execution of the wage rise in the last two years.

• A „salátatörvények” alkotmányos helyzete az Alkotmánybíróság határozata fényében

  Éva Török

  Views:

  32

  Without abstract.

• Die Vergleichung der Disziplinarverantwortung der Staatsbeamten in der Europäischen Union und in Ungarn

  Bernadett Veszprémi

  Views:

  28

  Without abstract.

• A franchise rendszer

  44-59

  Tímea Kogyilla

  Views:

  93

  Without abstract.

• The accused as a personal evidence and the confession in the criminal procedure

  111-117

  Annamária Mező

  Views:

  54

  According to our criminal procedure rights which are in force at persent we have to keep in mind the equality of the tools of argumentation and tehir parity. In the sense of this thesis all the proofs must be measured with the same weight excluding the fact that we make distinction between their values, „straingths” from any aspects.

  Examining the practise of criminal produred law we can see that they are in total contrast, namely in the balance of argumentative tools there is still an argumentative tool of personal nature, which breaks this order, this parity. This is nothing else but the statement of the accused person.

  When I chose this topic I thought of the above mentioned ambivalent consideration of the ambivalent statement of the accused person.

  First I would like to outline briefly the connection between the confessions of the accused person and the other argumentative tools, then I want to examine the fact that the accused person must be warned to their right to silence in connection with the „Miranda – decision”.

  After that I would like to describe the right to statement and to silence of the accused as well as the special procedural froms which are in force concerning my topic.

• New Tendencies in EU Law on Air Passenger Rights

  1-9

  Zoltán Angyal

  Views:

  102

  egulation (EC) No 261/2004 depending on the circumstances of the travel disruption, requires air carriers to: provide passengers with assistance, such as meals, refreshments, telephone calls and hotel accommodation; offer re-routing and refunds; pay a flat-rate compensation of up to €600 per passenger, depending on the flight distance; and proactively inform passengers about their rights.
  Under the Montreal Convention (as translated by Regulation (EC) No 2027/97 into EU law), a passenger may be entitled to compensation in case of mishandled baggage (but with a limit of about €1200), except if the airline can demonstrate it has taken all reasonable measures to avoid the damages or it was impossible to take such measures. Airlines often fail to offer passengers the rights to which they are entitled in instances of denied boarding, long delays, cancellations or mishandled baggage, in particular under Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 ("the Regulation") and Regulation (EC) No 2027/97. Case law has had a decisive impact on the interpretation of the Regulation. The Commission Communication of 11 April 2011 reported on the varying interpretation being taken on the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 261/2004, due to grey zones and gaps in the current text, and the non-uniform enforcement across Member States. Furthermore, it is difficult for passengers to enforce their individual rights. With regard to Regulation (EC) No 261/2004, the European Parliament asks the Commission to propose a clarification of the passengers' rights, in particular the notion of ‘extraordinary circumstances’. On 13 March 2013, the European Commission made a proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 establishing
  8
  common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights and Regulation (EC) No 2027/97 on air carrier liability in respect of the carriage of passengers and their baggage by air. This paper takes a closer look at this proposal. The proposal aims to improve enforcement by clarifying key principles and implicit passenger rights that have given rise to many disputes between airlines and passengers in the past; and by enhancing and better coordinating the enforcement policies carried out on a national level. Issues covered by the proposal are the following.

  Definition of "extraordinary circumstances"

  Right to compensation in case of long delays

  Right to rerouting

  Right to care

  Missed connecting flight

  Rescheduling Tarmac delays

  Partial ban of the "no show" policy

  Right to information

  Handling of individual claims and complaints

  Better take into account the financial capacities of the air carriers

  Ensure better enforcement of passenger rights with regard to mishandled baggage

  Adapt liability limits in accordance to general price inflation

• The heterogeneity of industrial property protection

  12-18

  György Csécsy

  Views:

  83

  Industrial property protection, in addition to copyright, is a specific group of protection instruments and forms of protection under intellectual property law. The area of industrial property protection covers a very wide range. On the one hand the copyright law is homogeneous and on the other hand the industrial law is heterogeneous. This statement is based on the fact that copyright is governed by a single law, copyright law and industrial law is governed by several laws. It is a feature of the technical nature of industrial property protection that these are intellectual creations and as such are under legal protection, which is implemented by the application of different legal institutions depending on the nature and level of creativity. It is noticeable that technical progress has accelerated considerably today and this process must be followed by industrial property law.