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• Product warranty – a new legal institution in the protection of the consumer interest

  2-7

  Zoltán Ambrus

  Views:

  37

  This study presents the product warranty, a new element of the Hungarian system of law. The author describes the main features of product warranty in comparison with warranty and product liability. The author states some comments on the regulation. In the end the importance of product warranty is presented by stating a case.

   

  Egy új jogi szabályozás megjelenésekor adott a lehetőség az elméleti és gyakorlati szakemberek számára, hogy a korábbi normaszöveghez történő hasonlítással tárják fel és elemezzék a változásokat. A Polgári Törvénykönyvről szóló 2013. évi V. törvény (Ptk.) nem vitásan érinti a civiljog teljes spektrumát, új elemekkel frissítve a már kialakult magánjogi intézményrendszert. Jelen írás a termékszavatosság szabályainak elemző bemutatására tesz kísérletet.

  A magyar jogi szabályozásban előzmények nélküli jogintézményről van szó, ezért a meghatározó jellemzők bemutatása más, a hibás teljesítéshez kapcsolódó jogintézményekhez történő hasonlítással történik meg. Ennek során a kiindulási alapot a hibás teljesítésből eredő igények „anyajogának” tekinthető kellékszavatosság jelenti, ezen túlmenően a hibás teljesítéssel okozott károk megtérítésére (a továbbiakban: kártérítés), valamint termékfelelősségre vonatkozó szabályok kapnak szerepet.

  A termékszavatosságra vonatkozó rendelkezések a Ptk.-nak a kötelmi jogi szabályokat tartalmazó hatodik könyvében, annak XXIV. fejezetében, a hibás teljesítésre vonatkozó rendelkezéseknél szerepelnek a kellékszavatosságra és kártérítésére vonatkozó szabályokkal együtt. A hibás teljesítésből eredő fogyasztói igények körében további igényérvényesítési lehetőséget teremtő termékfelelősségi szabályok ettől eltérően a szerződésen kívül okozott kárért való felelősséggel szabályai között, a LXXII. fejezetben kaptak helyet.

• In memoriam Loss Sándor

  József Szabadfalvi

  Views:

  14

  Without abstract.

• A Nemzetközi Büntetőbíróság és a magyar jog viszonya

  Edit Sztancs

  Views:

  37

  Without abstract.

• Ethical and environmental questions about the subjectivity of living beings

  Orsolya Bányai

  Views:

  98

  In the focus of the discipline of environmental ethics stands the moral relationship between human beings and the environment. The development of this science was necessary due to the traditional anthropocentrical approach, which provided an excellent moral base for the exploitation of our natural environment.

  Although nature was the focus of much of nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy, contemporary environmental ethics only emerged as an academic discipline in the 1970s. Basically two main lines can be distinguished: the invidualistic and the holistic approach. The main idea of individualism (biocentric), similarly to traditional anthropocentrical paradigm, is that only individuals can represent value, which must be respected by others. These individuals are not only human beings, but all living being?, because each individual living thing in nature - whether it is an animal, a plant, or a micro-organism - is a ‘teleological-center-of-life’ having a good or well-being of its own which can be enhanced or damaged, and that all individuals who are teleological-centers-of life have equal intrinsic value (or ‘inherent worth’) which entitles them to moral respect. The holistic approach offers a totally different solution by extending the moral concern to the whole biosphere.

  Hereinafter this article, along with the most popular disciplines of environmental ethics, examines whether non human beings can have legal standing or not.

• Einige rechtgeschichtliche Dimensionen der Trennung von Verwaltung und Justiz Louis Pahlow: Justiz und Verwaltung. Zur Theorie der Gewaltenteilung im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, Keip Verlag, 1999

  1-4

  Zsuzsa Árva

  Views:

  25

  Without abstract.

• A pihenéshez és a szórakozáshoz való jog érvényesülése az elméletben és a (terézvárosi és nyíradonyi) gyakorlatban

  33-42

  Edit Sztancs

  Views:

  102

  Without abstract

• Crime Within the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice A European Public Order (Szerk.: Christina Eckes és Theodore Konstadinides)

  82-91

  Lóránt Havas

  Views:

  69

  Without abstract

• Reform des Gesellschaftsrechts in Europa

  Veronika Szikora

  Views:

  93

  Without abstract.

• Problems Concerning The State As a Legal Entity

  László Pribula

  Views:

  35

  Az állam a polgári jog egyik leggyakrabban szereplő jogalanya. A klasszikus magánjog egyik alapvető elve, hogy a jogalanyok között a jogképesség szempontjából nem tehető különbség (azaz valamennyi jogalany jogképessége egyenlő, feltétlen és általános), hiszen a polgári jog az egymásnak mellérendelt jogalanyok vagyoni és bizonyos személyi jogviszonyait tárgyalja. Az alapelvet azonban a szocialista jogi felfogás nem osztotta, hiszen az állam kiemelt jogalanyisága az egyébként klasszikus magánjogi alapokon (is) nyugvó Polgári Törvénykönyvbe is belekerült. Ennek értelmében a jogi személyek csoportjától eltérően – ahol a főszabály a korlátozott, tehát a feladathoz kötődő jogalanyiság volt – az állam volt a természetes személyek körén kívül eső egyetlen olyan jogalany, amelyik jogképessége korlátlan volt, lévén az államnak nincs behatárolt feladatköre. E felfogás a rendszerváltozás után túlhaladottá vált, azonban mintegy tíz évig tartott az államra vonatkozó Ptk. anyag „rendbetétele”. Az állam jogalanyiságának kiemelt vagy a többi jogalannyal azonos szerepének egyik nagy próbatétele volt a metróper, ahol lényegében két felfogás küzdött egymással: az egyik szerint az állam ugyanolyan feltételekkel vállal polgári jogi kötelezettséget, mint bármely más jogalany, a másik szerint az állam kötelezettségvállalása a költségvetési törvény keretei által behatárolt. Ez a két felfogás különbségét jól mutatják a metróperrel kapcsolatos ítéletek. A Ptk. legutóbbi, ez irányú módosítása ugyan igyekezett e kérdést részben rendezni, de hosszú évekig még sok jogvita várható az állam jogalanyiságával kapcsolatban.

• A short study on Danish Act on Names

  Zoltán Megyeri-Pálffy

  Views:

  17

  In Denmark until around 1850-1870 most ordinary people used patronymics instead of surnames, however, in 1812 the Danish government passed a law requiring families to choose a fixed surname that future generations should continue to use. In 1826 patronymics were abolished by law. It took several decades for patronymics to disappear.

  Constantly changing names had given reasons for this regulation. The patronymics (as family names) were not favourable for property circumstances and registration.

  Today the Danish name system bases on the Danish Act on Names. This act contains regulation of last names, middle names, first names, procedure of giving names and the changing of names, private international law relations and penal provisions.

  This Danish act is very permissive, because it allows using traditional patronymics and in the same time encourages individuals to choose a new surname. So a name which is not used as a last name in Denmark can be adopted as a last name but some conditions must be effective.

  In Denmark last names borne by 2,000 individuals or less are protected and cannot be adopted by other individuals. This is an unusual form in protection of names.

  There is a lot of similarity between Hungarian and Danish right of name, enough to think about the first names. Either in Denmark and in Hungary a first name cannot denote the opposite gender in relation to the individual who will bear the name. There is a list of names for boys and girls, which is identical with the Hungarian list of first names compiled by Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

  Why can this Danish act be interesting for a Hungarian lawyer?

  In Hungary the regulations of names were very scattered, so the rules were on every level of the sources of law. Since 2004 this situation is not so unfavourable, but we still do not have one unified act on names as it is in Denmark. So the Danish act can be a good example to examine how we can establish a similar unified regulation in Hungary.

• A közút tartozéka: egy sajátos jogintézmény ellentmondásai

  László Pribula

  Views:

  53

  In the legal terminology of private law several times the same definition is used for addressing the same legal institution (e.g. default penalty, in-building). In most of the cases there is no problem to separate these institutions and we can also give an explanation why legislator used the same terminology.

  The definition of accessory is used for a special group of article groups in the Hungarian Civil Code and also used in the Act I. of 1988. From the angle of judicature it is problematic as even if the definition of road accessory is build upon the general terminology of accessory in the Civil Code, the two legal institutions are not the same.

  In the essay we would like to emphasize that the safety of traffic does not give a decent reason why we have to restrict the proprietary rights with using the institution of road accessory. This restriction is in a close connection with not only the distance from the public road but the effect of the property to the safety of traffic. The valid regulations may cause illogical contradictions and judicature problem.

• Der internationale Terrorismus und die Kampf gegen den internationalen Terrorismus

  30-61

  Emese Újvári

  Views:

  101

  Der internationale Terrorismus bedeutet heute ein ziemlich großes Problem sowohl für die einzelnen Nationen als auch für die internationalen Organisationen. Die modernste Technik steht den Terroristen zur Verfügung und die Situation wird durch die Tatsache weiter verschlechtert, dass in einigen Fällen auch die Bedrohung mit den Sanktionen vollkommen erfolglos bleibt, denn ein breiter Kreis der Attentäter ist ohne weiteres bereit, sich selbst zu opfern, um ihr Ziel zu erreichen. Die Frage ist, was dagegen die Gemeinschaft der Nationen und das internationale Recht unternehmen kann.

  Da das Phänomen Terrorismus in ganz verschiedenen Grundtypen eingeordnet werden kann, konnte man sich an internationaler Ebene bis heute in keinen einheitlichen Terrorismusbegriff einigen, was die Verfolgung der Terroristen noch schwieriger macht. Trotzdem sind mit der Zeit verschiedene Übereinkommen gegen den Terrorizmus unter der Obhut der UNO entstanden, die meistens das Prinzip „aut dedere aut iudicare” beinhalten, um mindestens die Auslieferung der Attentäter zu sichern.

  In unseren Tagen ist die Al-Qa’ida die wahrscheinlich das kriegsähnliche Ausmaß an den Krieg errinernde Maß der Attentaten, die globale Dimension des Terrorismus und die religiös-fundamentalistische Motivation der Attentäter.

  Dieses Phänomen wirft die Frage auf, wie man sich gegen diese Erscheinung wehren kann, und wie weit die einzelne Staaten dabei gehen dürfen, ohne die Grundprinzipien des internationalen Rechts, wie zum Beispiel die Suverenität der einzelnen Nationen zu verletzen. Die Frage ist nach dem 11.09.2001 leider immer noch aktuell. Da es keine ausdrückliche Ermächtigung des Sicherheitsrats gab, die die Gewaltanwendung ermöglicht hätte, griffen die USA auf ihr Selbstverteidigungsrecht berufend Afganistan an, und stürzten die Talib-Regime um. Fraglich ist aber ob diese Aktion allein durch das Selbstverteidigungsrecht der USA gerechtfertigt werden könnte. Das Selbstverteidigungsrecht ist zwar im Art. 51. der Charta der UNO ausdrücklich erwähnt, es ist aber nur unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen anwendbar.

  Erstens muss es um einen bewaffneten Angriff eines Staates gehen. Auch wenn die Bewaffnetheit relativ leicht feststellbar ist, bleibt es fraglich in wie weit die Attentat einer terroristische Organisation einem Staat angelastet werden kann.

  Als nächste Voraussetzung ist die gegenwärtigkeit der Angriff zuerwähnen, die die Problematik der preventiven Selbstverteidigung aufwirft.

  Eine zeitliche Begrenzung der Ausübung des Selbstverteidigungsrechts ensteht, wenn der Sicherheitsrat die notwendigen Maßnahmen trifft. Es ist aber weiterhin nicht einfach zu beurteilen, ob und wann die durch den Sicherheitsrat getroffenen Maßnahmen notwendig und ausreichend sind.

  Schließlich sind die durch das Selbstvereidigungsrecht zu gerechtfertigenden Aktionen auch durch inhaltliche Voraussetzungen begrenzt: sie müssen sowohl notwendig als auch verhältnismäßig sein. Die Notwendigkeit bedeutet, dass die innere Sicherheit des Selbstverteidigungsrechtsträgers nicht durch mildere Maßnahmen gewährleistet werden könnte. Bei der Verhältnismäßigkeit ist fraglich, ob das Selbstverteidigungsrecht nur auf die Wiederherstellung der status quo ante begrenzt werden kann, oder eventuell auch die Umsturz einer anderen Regime ermöglicht.

  Der genaue Inhalt dieser Voraussetzungen ist in der Fachliteratur viel bestritten, sowie auch die Frage, ob die USA Afganistan legitim angegriffen haben. Um in der Zukunft solche Debatten und Unsicherheiten zu vermeiden, wäre es erwünscht in ähnlichen Fällen vor dem Angriff die Ermächtigung des Sicherheitsrats abzuwarten.

  Es ist aber allgemein feststellbar, dass es einen noch stärkeren Zusammenhalt und eine noch wirksamere Zusammenarbeit an internationaler Ebene nötig wäre, um den Terrorismus zu bewältigen, oder wenigstens zurückdrängen zu können.

• Role of stereotypes in the demonstration

  79-85

  Nóra Rácz

  Views:

  69

  The aim of the study is to present the creation, development and forms of manifestation of the stereotype, furthermore, to represent how the certain created stereotypes influence the public thinking. The main trend of these ideas is to review whether the different stereotypical assumptions are shown in the course of demonstration and if yes, how they are emphatic. In addition to this I attempt to show how the generalizations gain ground in the criminal proceedings, especially in the demonstration. Prejudice will be examined from the aspect how the way of thinking of the adult population is pervaded by discrimination in Hungary today. My aim is to present how much the generalizations gain ground in the criminal proceedings, within this in the demonstration. In course of information and data collection I was led to the conclusion that in these days the stereotypes play very important role. In the course of my observations it became clearer and clearer to me that numerous stereotypes come round us. We think about different groups of people, things, situations, concepts in stereotypes. The range of stereotypes is quite wide. Stereotypes always have been and will be in human culture. We need them since they help to orientate in the world around us but they can be dangerous as well, since they can affect the minorities, genders and different groups of people disadvantageously.

  As I have already mentioned, the main trend is to reveal the criminal projection of prejudice. We have to deal with the stereotypes, we have to know them in order to be able to handle them. I am convinced that some kinds of stereotypes live in everyone, we think in stereotypes many times, even when we do not notice them. If the stereotypes extremely consolidate, stiffen, they can easily become prejudices hurting others. Prejudiced way of thinking hides very much danger, it is important to be aware of the prejudices existing in us and to try to get them over. From the point of view of the topic discrimination can realize in the course of arrest, demonstration, formal accusation and rendition of the judgement.

• A fiatalkorúakkal kapcsolatos életkori szabályozás alakulása a Csemegi-kódextől napjainkig (történeti áttekintés)

  37-42

  Boglárka Szentmiklóssy-Szabó

  Views:

  94

  Without abstract

• Conservaivism and liberalism in the political thought of Győző Concha

  93-104

  Tamás Vasas

  Views:

  39

  This paper contents the theories of Győző Concha about the scientific interpration of political liberalism and conservatism. In my work i tried to compare the thoughts of the author about the differences and the similarities of these relevant political movements and conceptions.

  I analised an essay of Concha from the „Hatvan év tudományos mozgalmai között” named compilation.

  It contents the connecting refers of the antique political philosphy, especially the scientific thinking conception of Aristotle, also the opinion of the authors of the british classsical consevative political thinking, for example Edmund Burke, and i processed the classification of Concha about the scientific work of Gyula Szekfű, named „Három nemzedék.

• Presidential Pardon from the Aspect of Criminal Law

  102-113

  Dávid Hadházi

  Views:

  298

  The individual pardon, exercised by the President of the Republic, has recently become the centre of attention in the media and among the lawyers in context of life imprisonment without parole eligibility. This prompts me to investigate the presidential pardon in this article.

  I am dealing with the origins and the standardization of pardon, then I move on to the conditions and criteria the Head of State can take into consideration when making the decision. Afterwards, I am presenting some statistics.

  The power of pardon is stipulated by the Fundamental Law of Hungary, and the specific rules can be found in the Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Act and the Punishment Executive Act.

  I am focusing on the last one, in which the Government and the Parliament have redressed the problems of life sentence, regarding human rights, with a compulsory procedure of pardon, thus giving the convict the hope of being released from prison. However, this solution raises a few questions, so arguments can be made both for and against it.

• Jurisdictional Constants and Doubtful Questions in Recent Hungarian Jurisdiction of Damages for Non-Pecuniary Loss

  Tamás Fézer

  Views:

  46

  Since 1992, date of Constitutional Court’s decision No. 34/1992, certain rules cannot be found in Hungarian Civil Code. There is only a part of a sentence that gives right to any injured person to claim damages in case of personal injuries. More than 10 years after the cassation we are able to look through the legal practice in connection with damages for non-pecuniary loss. The recent re-codifying process plans a brand new institution to substitute and follow damages for non pecuniary loss: pain award. To establish a decent regulation of pain award, jurisdiction of the last decade cannot be neglected. This essay aims to gather typical and crystallized methods of judgements in certain cases, which could be seen as essential and accepted unwritten rules of jurisdiction concerning this field of damages.

  One of the most difficult problems to solve is the question of amount. This field of damages for non-pecuniary loss is always problematic, because all of the cases are different. Although there are similarities between cases if we examine just damages themselves, but due to the difference of human personality it is almost impossible to give exact phrases and rules to help our judges. We can say that highest amounts are generated by assaults against physical integrity and life. Examination during a legal procedure concentrates on the stress caused by the injury, number of injured rights, age of the injured person and the durability of the harm. If the injured person contributed to the injury, it generates reduced amount of damages.

  Method of compensation is really simple for the first time. Hungarian legal system knows two different types for the method of damages: in kind or in money. Former one is inapplicable for non-pecuniary losses. If we compensate in money, there are two solutions: injured person can get the whole sum immediately or we can choose allowance as well. The adaptation of allowance is rather small in Hungary, in spite of the advantages this legal institution could offer. It does not mean res iudicata, so it is flexible and offers opportunity to adjust to changed circumstances in the future: both duration and amount of allowance could be changed.

  It is an interesting question whether personal circumstances of the misdoer could be examined when calculating the amount of allowance. The answer is not unambiguous. Civil law focuses on compensation for the injured party, not the punishment of the misdoer. In spite of this essential lemma, it is necessary to take into account the solvency of the defendant, if we want the plaintiff to get the adjudged amount really.

  Youth is not the only reason of allowance, sometimes old age could be a well-based legal ground for application of this method of compensation as well. It is really important to examine the personal circumstances of the injured party to choose between these two methods: which one serves the aim of compensation, moderation of lost joy of life the most.

  Civil Code precludes the possibility to apply both methods together for the same plaintiff. In my opinion the solution of German Civil Code (BGB) should be considered. BGB allows both methods together. It means that possibilities could be wider and fit better to the actual case and its circumstances.

   Although obligation of damages has two parties traditionally, in a legal procedure of damages for non-pecuniary loss this bipolar situation can be proven false. On the part of the misdoer it is an interesting question what kind of damages can be blamed the state. In Hungary we can meet rules order the responsibility of the state in the field of medical damages or damages for unlawful arrest and illegal imprisonment. Amounts of damages are the highest in these situations.

  On the part of the injured person an often argued problem the position of secondary victims’ claims. These claims are always problematic, because personality rights belong closely to the person himself and there is no possibility to inherit them. Hungarian Civil Code admits compensation for relatives only in case of injuring reputation of a dead person. There are several decisions in which courts admit these claims on the ground of their sui generis base. It is a decent solution, but because of the uneven jurisdiction it needs codifying.

  We can say that there are a lot of jurisdictional constants in Hungary in connection with damages for non-pecuniary loss. These are easy to collect and most of them are able to be codified in a strictly non-taxative style. But this examination showed that doubtful questions can also be found in Hungary especially the application of allowance, claims of secondary victims. To arrange these problems, starting point should be jurisdiction itself.

• Functions and interpretation of principles in the German contract law

  Andrea Csécsy

  Views:

  38

  To describe the functions of principles we can say that all of them are fundamental basis of an area of law. They declare or solve concrete debates between the parties. If there is a problem with interpreting of a rule in the civil code, judges has this helping hand. In Germany the development of principles in the field of contract law has a really unique historical root. At the time of BGB’s birth, the German Civil Code did not accept any exculpation under the rule pacta sunt servanda. Moral philosophers acknowledged that a contract as private interest of the parties needs special protection from the state. It is not only a personal relationship, because self welfare leads to welfare of the public. The law has to regulate this field and give instruments of protection for both parties to ensure peace and equality in the field of public relations and moral.

  After the First World War, Rechtsmark (German currency) had its deepest point in its history. The inflation was so high that the performance of a contract made before the war was absolutely unfair for the supplier. For the cost of one galloon gas anyone could buy the entire stock after the war. There was a too late and too small reaction from the state for this situation. An Act had been accepted in 1925 about revalorization. The main fault of this Act was the strict and very small applicability in the field of contracts. The regulations of it were applicable only for contracts with large economic potential.

  German jurisdiction had to solve the problem. The most difficult part of this process was how to dissolve the strict paradigm of pacta sunt servanda. Oertmann, a German legal expert created the collapse of the foundation of the transaction. It meant that changed circumstances deprive the contract from its ground, the need of the party. Anybody who signs a contract has a need and tries to create all conditions of that specific contract to harmonize with his or her needs and interest. In case of an essential change of circumstances this interest modifies and the original transaction became tremendously onerous for him or her. The doctrine of Oertmann was insisted on pacta sunt servanda, so after the change of circumstances the whole contract failed.

  Jurisdiction in Germany accepted Oertmann’s doctrine with a completion. Judges vindicated the right for themselves to modify the contract to be suitable for the new interests of the parties. This modification meant the implementation of clausula rebus sic stantibus into German contract law. It became applicable worldwide in the field of long term relationship of the parties.

  In this essay I examine not only the development of these contractual principles in Germany but the effectiveness and functions of them. I describe and define the legal interest of regulating contracts and what is the connection between private and public interest in the field of the law of contracts. As a defect of the contractual procedure non-performance and other breach of a contract have special importance in civil law. Good faith is a basic principle of civil law in Hungary too and in most European civil codes. The interpretation of German good faith theory (Treu und Glauben) is significant from the viewpoint of the judicial modification of contracts. In case of clausula rebus sic stantibus if the party wants to ground his or her claim, he or she has to prove the good faith as a moral standard to be an exculpation under the heavy burden of pacta sunt servanda. The conclusion is that in Germany the basic element of private contracts is not the consent of parties but good faith of them. The socially excepted moral appears through the requirement of good faith of the parties. The law has to ensure that in any period of a contractual relationship this good faith exists.

• Az egészségügyi szolgáltatók kötelező szakmai felelősségbiztosításának aktuális kérdéseiről

  Judit Zákány

  Views:

  61

  Without abstract.

• A felróhatóságot nem vizsgáló felelősségi rendszer alapvonásainak bemutatása az új-zélandi szabályozás tükrében

  72-81

  Judit Zákány

  Views:

  34

  Without abstract.

• Hibás teljesítés hibátlanul - Recenzió Csécsy Andrea: A szerződések hibás teljesítése, szavatosság, jótállás, minőségi kifogások intézése című munkájáról; In: Szikora Veronika (szerk.): Fogyasztóvédelmi magánjog – európai kitekintéssel

  74-75

  Imre Andorkó

  Views:

  58

  Without abstract.

• Megjegyzések a büntetőjogi intézkedések történetéhez

  22-37

  Zsuzsa Gyöngyvér Kovács

  Views:

  47

  Absztrakt nélkül

• Az Európai Unió környezetvédelmi jogának alapelemei, különös tekintettel az uniós zajvédelmi szabályozásra

  52-60

  Edit Sztancs

  Views:

  66

  Without abstract

• Thoughts on the relation between the right to life and the reasons for excluding criminal responsibility

  3-9

  Viktória Deák

  Views:

  147

  A modern polgári demokratikus berendezkedésű államokban az élethez való jog alkotmányos alapjog, mely a legnagyobb értéket, az emberi életet védi. Bár e jog elismerése és védelme megkérdőjelezhetetlen a modern társadalmakban, mégis számos esetben merülhet fel az élethez való jog korlátozhatóságának problematikája.

  Munkámban arra a kérdésre kerestem a választ, hogy az élethez való jog a jogellenességet kizáró okok tükrében korlátozható alapjognak tekinthető-e, avagy sem. Miután megvizsgáltam e jog megjelenését az Alkotmányban, illetve az Alaptörvényben, illetve megvizsgáltam a kapcsolatát a jogos védelemmel és a végszükséggel, arra jutottam, hogy ezek a jogellenességet kizáró okok kétség kívül az élethez való jog korlátait jelentik. 

  Az Alaptörvény újítása, hogy a jogos védelmet alapjogi szintre emelte. Az Alkotmány és a régi Btk. hatálya alatt sem volt vitás, hogy az élet ellen irányuló jogtalan támadás a támadó életének kioltása árán is elhárítható. A problémát az jelenti, ha az egymásnak feszülő jogi érdekek, a védett jogi tárgyak heterogének, mely eset fennállhat a tisztán vagyon elleni támadások esetén. Különösen problematikus az új Btk. által bevezetett szituációs jogos védelemnek az az esete, mely felhatalmazást ad a lakásba éjjel történő jogtalan behatolás esetén a behatoló életének kioltására. Mivel ebben az esetben nem tisztázott, hogy a támadás az élet, avagy a vagyoni javak ellen irányul, véleményem szerint helyesebb lett volna meghagyni a bírói szabad mérlegelés lehetőségét.

  A végszükséggel kapcsolatban a bizonyos hivatást űző személyek megítélése a problematikus, ugyanis a törvény kizárja e jog hatálya alól azokat, akiknek a veszély vállalása foglalkozásuknál fogva kötelességük. Tekintettel arra, hogy mind a jogos védelem, mind a végszükség megengedhetőségének indoka az, hogy az emberi természettel összeegyeztethető, jómagam nem látom indokát annak, hogy ebből a jogból bárki is ki legyen zárva.

• Domestic violence

  Zsuzsanna Tóth

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  196

  There have been different theories concerning the reasons of domestic violence and abuse.

  The court as well as the police can call for restraining, which is especially established for preventing the repetition of the domestic violence.

  For the treatment of the above mentioned problem there have been founded two models: the Duluth and the Austrian model.

  In the memberstates of the European Committee it can be said that the strong front against the domestic violence is quite general, but the regulation is very diverse which means there is no silver bullet in the fight against it.