Oktatási jelzés és szűrés a munkaerőpiacon – az empirikus vizsgálatok tanulságai
Author
View
Keywords
How To Cite
Abstract
Az oktatás jelző/szűrő hipotézise szerint az oktatási intézmények munkaerő-piaci funkciója nem csupán a tanulóik, hallgatóik munkavégző képességének (termelékenységének) növelése lehet, de mérhetik és jelezhetik is azt a munkaadók felé. A közgazdaságtan empirikus irodalmában az 1970-es évek óta
születnek újabb és újabb kísérletek ezen információs funkció igazolására, mérésére, mindeddig érdemi eredmény nélkül. Jelen tanulmány az oktatás, képzés munkaerő-piaci jelző/szűrő modelljeit és ezek empirikus irodalmát elemzi, mely során arra keresi a választ milyen okok állhatnak a tesztelési kísérletek
sorozatos kudarcai mögött. Legfőbb megállapítása szerint a méréseknek vissza kell térniük az elméleti modellekhez, mert túlzottan elszakadtak azoktól és az oktatás vállalati hasznosulásának vizsgálatára kell koncentrálniuk.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: I21, J21
References
- Akerlof, G. A. (1970): The Market for „Lemons”: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 84., no. 3., 488-500.
- Alba-Ramírez, A. – Segundo, M. J. S. (1995): Returns to Education in Spain. Economics of Education Review, vol. 14., no. 2., 155-166.
- Albrecht, J. W. (1981): Procedure for testing the signalling hypothesis. Journal of Public Economics, vol. 15., no. 1., 123-132.
- Albrecht, J. W. – Ours, J. C. van (2006): Using Employer Hiring Behavior to Test the Educational Signaling Hypothesis. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 108., no. 3., 361-372.
- Alós-Ferrer, C. – Prat, J. (2012): Job market signaling and employer learning. Journal of Economic Theory, vol. 147., no. 5., 1787-1817.
- Altonji, J. G. – Pierret, C. R. (1996): Employer learning and the signaling value of education. Working paper 5438., National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
- Altonji, J. G. – Pierret, C. R. (2001): Employer Learning and Statistical Discrimination. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 116., no. 1., 313-350.
- Arabsheibani, G. (1989): The wiles test revisited. Economics Letters, vol. 29., no. 4., 361-364.
- Arabsheibani, G. R. – Rees, H. (1998): On the Weak vs. Strong Version of the Screening Hypothesis: A Re-Examination of the P-Test for the U.K. Economics of Education Review, vol. 17., no. 2., 189-192.
- Arkes, J. (1999): What Do Educational Credentials Signal and Why Do Employers Value Credentials? Economics of Education Review, vol. 18., no. 1., 133-141.
- Arrow, K. J. (1973): Higher Education as a Filter. Journal of Public Economics, vol. 2., no. 3., 193-216.
- Ashenfelter, O. – Mooney, J. D. (1968): Graduate education, ability, and earnings. Review of Economics & Statistics, vol. 50., no. 1., 78-86.
- Becker, G. S. (1964): Human Capital. National Bureau of Economic Research, New York.
- Bedard, Kelly (2001): Human Capital Versus Signaling: University Access and High School Dropouts. Journal of Political Economy, vol. 109., no. 4., 749-775.
- Bitzan, J. D. (2009): Do sheepskin effects help explain racial earnings differences? Economics of Education Review, vol. 28., no. 6., 759–766.
- Boissiere, M. – Knight, J. B. – Sabot, R. H. (1985): Earnings, Schooling, Ability, and Cognitive Skills. The American Economic Review, vol. 75., no. 5., 1016-1030.
- Bol, T. – van de Werfhorst, H. G. (2011): Signals and closure by degrees: The education effect across 15 European countries. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, vol. 29., no. 1., 119-132.
- Brown, S. – Sessions, J. G, (1998). Education, Employment Status and Earnings: A Comparative Test of the Strong Screening Hypothesis, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, vol. 45., no. 5, 586-591.
- Brown, S. – Sessions, J. G. (1999): Education and employment status: a test of the strong screening hypothesis in Italy. Economics of Education Review, vol. 18., no. 4., 397-404.
- Brown, S. – Sessions, J. G. (2004): Signalling and screening. In: Geraint, Johnes – Johnes, Jill (eds.): International Handbook ont he Education of Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham – Northampton,58-100.
- Chamberlain, G. – Griliches, Z. (1975): Unobservables with a Variance-Components Structure: Ability, Schooling, and the Economic Success of Brothers. International Economic Review, vol. 16., no. 2., 422-449.
- Chatterji, M. – Seaman, P. T. – Singell, Larry D. Jr. (2003): A test of sinalling hypothesis. Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 55. no. 2., 191-215.
- Chevalier, A. – Harmon, C. – Walker, I. – Zhu, Y. (2004): Does Education Raise Productivity, or Just Reflect it? Economic Journal, vol. 114., no. 499., F499-F517.
- Cohn, E. – Kiker, B. F. – Oliveira, M. M. De (1987): Further evidence on the screening hypothesis. Economics Letters, vol. 25., no. 3., 289-294.
- Clark, A. (2000): Signalling and Screening in a Transition Economy. Three Empirical Models Applied to Russia. Discussion Paper No. 2000/3, Centre for Economic Reform and Transformation, Riccarton, Edinburgh.
- Crespo, A. – Cortez, M. (2005): The Sheepskin Effects Evolution from 1982 to 2002 in Brazil: The roles of labor supply and demand changes. Conference paper, XXXIII Encontro Nacional De Economia, Anpec, www.anpec.org.br/encontro2005/artigos/A05A167.pdf, letöltés dátuma: 2008. 02. 28.
- Dolton, P. J. (1985): Signalling and screening in the graduate labour market. Hull economic research papers – No.134., University of Hull, Hull.
- Denny, K. J. – Harmon, C. P. (2001): Testing for Sheepskin Effects in Earnings Equations: Evidence for Five Countries. Applied Economics Letters. vol. 8., no. 9., 635-637.
- El-Hamidi, F. (2006): General or Vocational Schooling? Evidence on School Choice, Returns, and ‘Sheepskin’ Effects from Egypt 1998. Journal of Policy Reform. vol. 9., no. 2., 157-176.
- Ferrer, A. – Riddell, W. C. (2008): Education, Credentials, and Immigrant Earnings. The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d’Economique, vol. 41., no. 1., 186-216.
- Frazis, H. (1993): Selection bias and the degree effect. The Journal of Human Resources, vol. 28., no. 3., 538–554.
- Frazis, H. (2002): Human capital, signaling, and the pattern of returns to education. Oxford Economic Letters, vol. 54., no. 2., 298-320.
- Fredland, J. E. – Little, R. D. (1981): Self-Employed Workers: Returns to Education and Training. Economics of Education Review, vol. 1., no. 3., 315-337.
- Garen, J. (1984): The Returns to Schooling: A Selectivity Bias Approach with a Continuous Choice Variable. Econometrica, vol. 52., no. 5., 1199-1218.
- Gibson, J. (2000): Time or paper? A Direct Test for Sheepskin Effects in the Returns to Education. Working paper, www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/Departments/staff/johng/PDF_Files/WorkingPapers/OBESSheepskin.pdf, letöltés dátuma: 2009.01.23.
- Gömöri András (2001): Információ és interakció. Typotex Kiadó, Budapest.
- Groot, W. – Oosterbeek, H. (1994): Earnings Effects of Different Components of Schooling; Human Capital Versus Screening. The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 76., no. 2., 317-321.
- Grubb, W. N. (1993): Further Tests of Screening on Education and Observed Ability. Economics of Education Review, vol. 12., no. 2., 125-136.
- Gulasson, E. T. (1999): The Stability Pattern of Sheepskin Effects and Its Implications for the Human Capital Theory--Screening Hypothesis Debate. Eastern Economic Journal, vol. 25., no. 2., 141-150.
- Habermalz, S. (2006): More Detail on the Pattern of Returns to Educational Signals. Southern Economic Journal, vol. 73., no. 1., 125-135.
- Hämäläinen, U. – Uusitalo, R. (2006): Sorting Out The Sorting vs. Human Capital Debate. Conference paper, Cost Conference, London, www.tinbergen.nl/cost/london/uusitalo.pdf, letöltés dátuma: 2008.05.25.
- Hartog, J. (1983): To graduate or not: Does it matter? Economics Letters, vol. 12., no. 2., 193-199.
- Heywood, J. S. – Wei, X. (2004): Education and Signaling: Evidence from a Highly Competitive Labor Market. Education Economics, vol. 12., no. 1., 1-16.
- Hussey, A. (2012): Human Capital Augmentation versus the Signaling Value of MBA Education. Economics of Education Review, vol. 31., no. 4., 442-451.
- Hungerford, T. – Solon, G. (1987): Sheepskin Effects in the Returns to Education. The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 69., no. 1., 175-177.
- Jeager, D. A. – Page, M. E. (1996): Degrees Matter: New Evidence on Sheepskin Effects in the Returns to Education. Review of Economics & Statistics. vol. 78., no. 4., 733-740.
- Johnes, G. (1998): Human capital versus sorting: New data and a new test. Applied Economics Letters, vol. 5., no. 10., 665-667.
- Katz, E. – Ziderman, A. (1980): On education, screening and human capital. Economics Letters, vol. 6., no. 1., 81-88.
- Lambropoulos, H. S. (1992): Further Evidence on the Weak and Strong Versions of the Screening Hypothesis in Greece. Economics of Education Review, vol. 11., no. 1., 661-665.
- Lang, K. – Kropp, D. (1986): Human Capital versus Sorting: The Effect of Compulsory Attendance Law. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 101., no. 3., 609-624.
- Layard, R. – Psacharopoulos, G. (1974): The Screening Hypothesis and the Returns to Education. Journal of Political Economy, vol. 82., no. 5., 985-998.
- Lazear, E. P. (1977): Academic Achievement and Job Performance: Note. The American Economic Review, vol. 67., no. 2., 252-254.
- Lee, Y. L. – Miller, O. W. (2004): Screening and Human Capital in the Australian Labour Market of the 1990s. Australian Economic Papers, vol. 43., no. 2., 117-135.
- Liu, S.Y. – Buka, S.L. – Kubzansky, L.D. – Kawachi, I. – Gilman, S.E. – Loucks, E.B. (2013): Sheepskin effects of education in the 10-year Framingham risk of coronary heart disease. Social science & medicine (1982), vol. 80., no. 1., 31-36.
- López-Bazo, E, – Moreno, R. (2008): Does human capital stimulate investment in physical capital?: Evidence from a cost system framework. Economic Modelling, vol. 25., no. 6., November, 1295-1305.
- McGuinness, S. (2002): Graduate over-education as a sheepskin effect: evidence from Northern Ireland. Working Paper Series No. 70., Northern Ireland Economic Research Centre, Belfast.
- Miller, P. W. – Mulvey, C. – Martin, N. (2004): A test of the sorting model of education in Australia. Economics of Education Review, vol. 23., no. 5., 473-482.
- Miller, Paul W. – Volker, Paul A. (1984): The screening hypothesis: an application of the Wiles test., Economic Inquiry, vol. 22., 121-127.
- Oosterbeek, H. (1992): Study duration and earning. Economic Letters, vol. 40., no. 2., 223-228.
- Oosterbeek, H. (1993): Evidence on Screening: A Comment. Economics of Education Review, vol. 12., no. 1., 89-90.
- Park, J. H. (1999): Estimation of sheepskin effects using the old and new measures of educational attainment in the Current Population Survey. Economic Letters, vol. 62., no. 2., 237-240.
- Polónyi István (2002): Az oktatás gazdaságtana. Osiris Kiadó, Budapest.
- Psacharopoulos, George (1979): On the weak versus the strong version of the screening hypothesis. Economics Letters, vol. 4., no. 2., 181-185.
- Riley, J. G. (1975): Competitive signalling. Journal of Economic Theory, vol. 10., no. 2., 174-186.
- Riley, J. G. (1976): Information, screening and human capital. The American Economic Review, vol. 66., no. 2., 254-260.
- Riley, J. G. (1979): Testing the Educational Screening Hypothesis. The Journal of Political Economy, vol. 87., no. 5., pt. 2., 227-252.
- Riley, J. G. (2001): Silver Signals: Twenty-Five Years of Screening and Signaling. Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 39., no. 2., 432-478.
- Ryan, C. A. (2001): Education: tests of whether it enhances productivity or merely conveys information on individual productivity in the labour market. Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Melbourne Department of Economics, Melbourne.
- Schultz, T. W. (1961): Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review. vol. 51., no. 1., 1-17.
- Shah, A. (1985) Does education act as a screening device for certain British occupations?, Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 37. no. 1., 118-134.
- Silles, M. (2008): Sheepskin Effects in the Returns to Education. Applied Economics Letters. vol. 15., no. 3., 217-219.
- Spence, M. A. (1973): Job Market Signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 87., no. 3., 355-374.
- Spence, M. A. (1974): Market Signaling: Informational Transfer in Hiring and Related Screening Processes. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
- Spence. M. A. (1981): Signaling, Screening and Information. In: Rosen, S. (ed.): Studies in Labor Markets, University of Chicago Press, Chicago-London, 21-64.
- Spence, M. A. (2002): Signaling in Retrospect and the Informational Structure of Markets. The American Economic Review, vol. 92., no. 3., 434-459.
- Stiglitz J. E. (1975): The Theory of ”Screening,” Education, and the Distribution of Income. The American Economic Review, vol. 65., no. 3., 283-300.
- Taubman, P. J. – Wales, T. J. (1973): Higher Education, Mental Ability, and Screening. The Journal of Political Economy, vol. 81., no. 1., 28-55.
- Tucker, I. B. (1985): Use of the decomposition technique to test the educational screening hypothesis. Economics of Education Review, vol. 4., no. 4., 321-326.
- Tucker, I. B. (1986): Evidence on the weak and the strong versions of the screening hypothesis in the United States. Economics Letters, vol. 21., no. 4., 391-394.
- Van der Meer, P. H. (2011): Educational credentials and external effects: A test for the Netherlands. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, vol. 29., no. 1., 107-118.
- Varian, H. R. (2005): Mikroökonómia középfokon. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
- Varga Júlia (1998): Oktatás-gazdaságtan. Közgazdasági Szemle Alapítvány, Budapest.
- Weiss, A. (1995): Human Capital vs. Signalling Explanations of Wages. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 9., no. 4., 133-154.
- Wiles, P. (1974): The Correlation between education and earnings: The External-Test-Not-Content hypothesis (ETNC). Higher Education, vol. 3., no. 1., 43-58.
- Willis, R. J. – Rosen, S. (1979): Education and Self-Selection. Journal of Political Economy, vol. 87., no. 5., S7-S36.
- Wolpin, K. I. (1977): Education and Screening. American Economic Review, vol. 67., no. 5., 949-958.
- Ziderman, A. (1992): Evidence on Screening: P Tests for Israel. Economics of Education Review, vol. 11., no. 1., 67-69.