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• Report on the international conference organized on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Faculty of Law of Pavol Jozef Šafárik University

  71-73

  Zsolt Hajnal

  Views:

  99

  -

• Probleme mit rechtlichen Konsequenzen bei einigen Arten von Fehlern im Arbeitsvertrag

  19-26

  Tamás Prugberger

  Views:

  82

  Rechtsvolgenabziehungsproblemen bei einigen Fehlertypender der Arbeitvertragsbindung

  In diesem Beitrag werden die am öften vorkommene Fehler analisiert, die an der Arbeitvertragsschliesung tauchen auf. Fünf solcher Fehlertypen werden in diesem Beitrag verhandelt. Diese Vehlertiepen tauchen am öften bei den arbeitvertragsahnliche dauerhafte Unternehmens-, und Mandatsvertrage, genau so wie, bei dem Konkrenzabziehendsvertrag auf. Auserdem die Analisierung dehnt auf solche Vertragsproblemen auch aus, die bei der Arbeitzeitbestimmung und bei der handlungsfahikkeit der Verttragsparteien, eben so wie bei dem „Reservatio mentalis” auftauchen.

• The Europian Union’s main strategy of struggle against corruption

  8-13

  Zsuzsa Balla

  Views:

  98

  Nowadays in these economical hard times it is very important to manage the public money efficiently. On the one hand it is a demand in the memberships countries and in the budget in the Europian Union.  On the other hand it is a requirement from the oridnary people too.

  Actually the Europian Union takes part in the struggle against corruption. In fact the Europian Union has a strategy of struggle against corruption and cheating.  The EU focuses on two fileds of strugggle against corruption, one of both is the budget of EU and the other is the public procurements.

  In this study I am dealing with the strategy of struggle against corruption, the main institutes and the main regulations.

• Alternative procedures in labour law disputes in the light of the basic right to turn to a court

  Zsolt Nádházy

  Views:

  74

  Thanking to the fact that numerous European countries have become more democratized, and to the practical experience based on common law legal system, from the middle of the XXth century some of the continental legal systems have begun to apply alternative procedures for solving disputes between parties, such as facilitation, arbitration or mediation. We can stress two important common features of these solutions. Firstly, if parties apply these ways, they can avoid the traditional judicial way (or, if the result of the chosen method is not satisfactory, these ways can be considered as the preliminary step before the judicial way). Secondly, these procedures have appeared firstly in labour law.

  As we emphasized, applying these solutions parties try to avoid the judicial way, for this reason in this study we try to introduce the relationship between these methods and the basic right to turn a (traditional) court. Expert’s opinions in connection with these processes are very different, we introduce only the two farthest standpoint: on the one hand these ways can speed up the procedure between parties, and can increase the efficiency of it, and parties can agree with each other by amicable way. On the other hand, applying these ways some of the basic rights (for example the principle of independence of courts and the right of fair trial or the principle of contradictory) will be decreased.

  In this study we try to examine the problem determined in the title, on the basis of the rules of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and the Constitution of Hungary. But, we have to examine not only the right of fair trial and turning to a (traditional) court, but the monopoly of courts in connection with solving legal disputes (as constitutional principle) in details. We utilize the orders of the Hungarian Constitutional Court as well as the theological and practical experience of these procedures. We have to emphasize that from the different alternative dispute-solving mechanisms we examine not all of the models, but only the model of New York, because only the procedures follow these model are relevant for us in this study.

• The pleading legal and psychological analysis in connection with „administrative” bankruptcy crimes

  Balázs Elek

  Krisztina Hajdú

  Views:

  74

  Psychology plays a main role in the criminal procedure, in which the people’s personality is very important to be investigated and known. The psychological methods started being used only in the 19th century. During the legal proceedings the authorities must deal with people. The behavior of the people is very different. The authorities must know the basic rules of the psychology to understand these different behaviors of accused people. The human memory has a lot of regularity. The knowledge of these regularities make easier the efforts of the authorities to get the truth. In the whole process of the investigation the most important fact to know is the personality of the person who committed the crime. When the suspected is being heard, different type of personalities can cause different final resumes. Therefore the importance of the psychological knowledge in the legal occupation is unquestionable.

• Interpreting freedom of contract in modern civil law

  Ágnes Enikő Béky

  Views:

  133

  A szerződések joga a polgári és kereskedelmi jog egyik legdinamikusabban fejlődő jogterülete napjainkban. A szerződéskötési technikák, a szerződések teljesítése, valamint a szerződéstípusok köre is új tartalommal telítődik. A jogterület fejlődésének és népszerűségének alapköve a római jogban gyökerező szerződési szabadság mai napig fenntartott tétele. A szerződési szabadság négy fő aspektusa (szerződéskötés szabadsága, partnerválasztás szabadsága, típusszabadság, tartalom szabadsága) biztosítja, hogy a szerződések jogának szabályai könnyen alkalmazkodnak a társadalmi, gazdasági változásokhoz. A szerződő felek jogviszonyukat személyre szabottan alakítják, az e köré keretet építő kontraktus szabályait nagyfokú szabadsággal formálhatják. A szerződések jogának alapelve a modern jogrendszerek alappillére, azonban értelmezése, megítélése államonként és időszakonként változik. Ez a változás sosem tekinthető visszalépésnek, vagy az alapelv lényegi jelentését átértékelő, lerontó változásnak. Az azonban kétségtelen, hogy a szerződési szabadság alapelvi szintű elismertsége egyes nemzetek jogrendszerében valódi operatív alapelvként jogvitát eldöntő, joggyakorlatot fejlesztő mozgatórugó, míg más nemzetek jogalkotásában és jogalkalmazásában az állandóság megtestesítője e gyorsan változó jogi környezetben.

  A tanulmány a szerződési szabadság aspektusainak jelentéstartalmát elemzi a kontinentális és az angol-amerikai jogrendszerek írott szabályainak és jogalkalmazási gyakorlatának függvényében. A jogtudomány értelmezései, konkrét jogesetek szentenciái, valamint az írott jogforrások indokolása adja a tanulmány kiindulópontját. A szerződési szabadság korlátlan érvényesülését „lerontó” szabályok (pl. szerződéskötési kötelezettség, formakényszer, stb.) az alapelv céljának és létének fényében kerülnek vizsgálat alá. Az angolszász rendszerekben az alapelv által generált jogfejlesztő értelmezés a kontinentális jogok lassan változó szemléletével ütközik.

  A tanulmány célja, hogy a szerződési szabadság alapelvének funkcióját megvilágítva bemutassa azt a lineáris jogfejlődést az európai jogi tudományosságban, mely a mai tartalommal ismert alapelvet alkalmassá teszi a szerződések jogában fejlődést generáló és iránymutató szerepkör betöltésére.

• Új könyv az Európai Bíróság környezetvédelmi ügyeinek tapasztalatairól

  5-8

  László Fodor

  Views:

  36

  Without abstract.

• A jogorvoslathoz való jog érvényesülése a végrehajtási eljárásban

  49-76

  Zoltán György Németh

  Views:

  79

  Without abstract

• A mediáció helye az új évezred büntetőpolitikájában

  1-12

  Ágnes Enikő Béky

  Views:

  64

  Without abstract

• Discrimination or value creation? – The real value of the wages in the Hungarian public work programme

  Marcell Sipos

  Views:

  118

  The aim of this paper is to scrutinise the wages in the Hungarian public work programme – probably the most controversial anomaly of the Act CVI of 2011 on public work and the modification of the act on public work and other acts. Furthermore, the study analyses the effectivity of the value creation in this programme and exposes the passive sight of the public work.The paper identifies the public work programme as a hybrid contract of the Hungarian labour law and detected the social side of this kind of legal instrument of the active labour market policies. The research also focuses on Order no. 3175/2016 of the Hungarian Constitutional Court and highlights the discriminative dangers of the wages. To emphasize my opinion I set the European Pillar of Social Rights in the middle of the research and concluded that the national regulation is not even enough to create effective reintegration to the primal labour market. In my opinion, to increase the effectivity of this program, we need to use the principles of the Social Pillar and the national labour law system. The conclusion of the paper can be a possible way to highlight the value creation in the public work programme.

• Prevailing regulation of the termination of parental control under the Civil Code

  12-18

  Tímea Csizmadiáné Pethő

  Views:

  171

  Being a judge practicing on the area of the law of crimes I rarely come across with the need to apply civil law. Nevertheless, a handful legal concepts may be applied also by criminal courts. One of these concepts is the termination of parental control. Before turning to relevant case analysis in my study, I focus on the principle of the "child's best interest" which is referred to under article 3 of the New York Convention on the rights of children and which has a general fundamental applicability in respect of all provisions of the Convention. This principle must apply not only in civil, but also in criminal proceedings and generally in all types of proceedings irrespective of the area of law such proceedings fall under. Special emphasis is attributed to the legal consequences of terminating parental control and to the distinction of cases where the termination of parental control by the court is mandatory and where such a decision is made in the discretion of the court. I pay separate attention to cases where the court has convicted the parent of a crime committed wilfully against the convicted person's own child and in which cases the convicted person is sentenced to prisonment and as a result of these the criminal court has competence to order the termination of parental control. I address also some issues relating to matters of proof and evidence in connection with crimes of domestic violence. Finally, I explain the nature of a child-focused jurisdiction through the presentation of the Hungarian system which ensures to respect and to give effect to the rights of children to the maximum extent possible. The ability of providing special treatment for children in court proceedings is of the utmost importance.

• Freedom of contract’s role in the economic regulatory

  Éva Török

  Views:

  130

  The freedom of contract has an economic regulating rule, both on individual and on communal level; secures either the enforcement of the law of the self-determination of the parts, or the possibility of market participation.

  Gwartney and Lawson, elaborators of the conception of the economic freedom, said that the capstones of the economic freedom are the freedom for the decisions and for the acts of the persons, moreover the volunteering of the exchange, the freedom of the competition, the protection of the persons and their properties.

  Several indicators are available for measuring the economic freedom. One of them is the index of the Canadian Fraser Institute Economic Freedom of the World; furthermore it is one of the most respected indicators. This index investigates the rate of the economic freedom by using 42 factors grouped to five parts. These five components are the legal system and the protection of the ownership, size of the state, reliable, so stable valued money, the freedom of the foreign trade, the capital market and the regulation of the business. The last four items can be identified as the freedom of the contract.

• Marton Géza debreceni jogi oktatási reformtervei és a római jog helye a curriculumban

  Béla P. Szabó

  Views:

  39

  Without abstract.

• A személyiségvédelem aktuális kérdései

  Ágnes Enikő Béky

  Views:

  86

  Without abstract.

• Az eingetragene Erwerbsgesellschaft (EEG) társasági forma megszűnése Ausztriában

  Veronika Szikora

  Views:

  45

  Nach mehr als zweijähriger Gesetzeswerdung wurde im Herbst 2005 das neue Unternehmensgesetzbuch (UGB) im Parlament beschlossen und damit das bisherige Handelsgesetzbuch reformiert.

  Es gibt nur mehr zwei im Firmenbuch eingetragene Personengesellschaftsformen, und zwar die Offene Gesellschaft (OG; früher OHG) und die Kommanditgesellschaft (KG). Eine OEG oder KEG kann nur mehr bis zum 31.12.2006 gegründet werden. Eine am 1.1.2007 bestehende OEG oder KEG wird automatisch zur OG, KG und muss bis zum 31.12.2009 ihren Rechtsformzusatz im Firmenwortlaut entsprechend abändern. Für eine bestehende OHG sieht das Gesetz keine Anpassung des Firmenwortlautes vor.

  Die Einführung des neuen Unternehmergesetzbuches (UGB) mit Wirkung zum 1.1.2007 bedeutet das „Aus“ für OEG´s und KEG´s. Dies bedeutet, dass bestehende OEG´s und KEG´s bis zum Jänner 2010 den Rechtsformzusatz „OG oder KG“ entsprechend anpassen müssen. Dies geschieht gebührenfrei. Der Zusatz „OHG“ darf weiterhin geführt werden.

  Neu ist, dass die im Unternehmensgesetzbuch geregelten eingetragenen Personengesellschaften zu jedem Zweck gegründet werden können, egal ob gewerblich, freiberuflich, land- und forstwirtschaftlich oder nicht unternehmerisch.

• Felelősség-áttörés a bírói gyakorlatban

  1-8

  Tibor Kiss

  Views:

  194

  Without abstract.

• Az államigazgatás középszintjének főbb strukturális változásai 2011 óta

  93-101

  Judit Szakos

  Views:

  41

  Without abstract

• Das Thema der Arbeit ist die Entstehung und die Entwicklung des Verbrauchervertragsrechts in der EU und in Ungarn

  138-157

  Nelli Varga

  Views:

  116

  In dem ersten Teil der Arbeit wird die historischen Grundlagen des Verbraucherschutzes
  präsentiert: der Prinzip des Schutzes der schwächeren Partei. In dem zweiten Teil wird die
  Arbeit die Herausbildung und die Entwicklung des Verbrauchervertragsrechts in der EU
  geprüft und das Problem der Implementation der verbraucherlichen Richtlinien eröffnet. Das
  Werk enthält die wesentlichen allgemeinen Merkmalen der Verbrauchersverträge: unfair
  Klauseln in den Verbrauchersvertägen, Aufklärungspflicht vor dem Vertragsabschluss, das
  Widerrufsrecht, obligatorischen Inhaltselementen der Verbrauchersverträge, usw. Die Arbeit
  vermeidet auf die gegenständige Tendenz von dem Verbrauchervertragsrecht. Der letzte Teil
  der Arbeit vorzeigt das Zustandekommen und die Entwicklung des Verbrauchervertragsrechts
  in Ungarn, betont die Position der Verbraucherverträge in den Kodifikationen des neuen
  ungarischen BGBs. Das Werk fasst die verschiedenen verbraucherrechtlichen Normen des
  neuen ungarischen BGBs, um die Existieren des Verbrauchervertragsrechts in Ungarn zu
  beweisen. Es muss deswegen bemerkt werden, neben die Normen des gültigen und des neuen
  BGBs viele andere Gesetze auf dem Gebiet des Verbrauchervertragsrechts zu geben. Auch
  der ungarische Gesetzgeber muss entscheiden, ob die verschiedenen verbraucherrechtlichen
  Richtlinien im getränten Gesetz oder in dem BGB implementiert werden sollte. Der
  Gesetzgeber hat die erste Lösung gewählt.
  Die gültigen Normen des Verbrauchervertragsrechts befinden sich in keinem einheitlichen
  Gesetz, und das neue ungarische BGB enthält nur die konstanten Kerne der
  verbraucherrechtlichen Richtlinien. Es wird gehofft, dass das Verbrauchervertragsrecht in der
  Zukunft in einem einheitlichen Verbrauchergesetz geregelt wird, wie darauf die Gründung des
  neuen ungarischen BGBs hinweist.

• The online infringements of personality rights in the judicial practice

  121-131

  Henrietta Pádár

  Views:

  127

  This essay examines the judicial practice of infringements of personality rights in the online media. The purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of the protection of legal regulation.

  The new media law that came into force in 2011 does not include specific measure for online media products, so it is up to the judicial practice to find a solution to tackle the problems brought forth by the differences of online and print press.

  Being a legal area where the legal development activity of the judicial practice plays a significant role due to the broad framework of regulation, the joint interpretation of legislation and the practice is necessary to evaluate. Thus the evaluation of the effectiveness of the protection of personality rights is only possible with the joint examination of legal environment and judicial practice.

  The starting point is the observation of the characteristics of online media and the comparison with print media through elements that can be relevant in a lawsuit.

  The investigation of the judicial practice focuses on the infringement of personality law and the process of press correction, considering that these are the most frequently occurring legal actions in lawsuits.

• Thoughts about accessory private prosecution

  Sándor Kardos

  Views:

  68

  In Hungary the new code of criminal procedure established a new legal institution to the Hungarian legal system: accessory private prosecution. This kind of private prosecution gives opportunity to the afflicted person to continue penal procedure in case of negative sentences from investigation authorities. If the prosecutor or the investigation authority stops proceeding or the prosecutor sets aside, withdraws formal accusation, afflicted person can substitute them during a penal procedure and has a right to claim the continuation of it. Our valid code does not limit the field of crimes this legal institution of accessory private prosecution can be applied. But there are some strict reasons, which limit this right of the afflicted person. If the investigation authorities neglected formal accusation because of childhood, death, prescription, clemency, prohibition of ne bis in idem, accessory private prosecution cannot be applied.

  Pros of accessory private prosecution can be found in the rights of afflicted persons. Criminal power of the state cannot be absolute, so we have to give the right for the injured to judge whether he insists on taking the responsibility of the perpetrator despite the opposite opinion of public bodies. This legal institution can help omissions of prosecutors to be remedied. Practicing this right depends on the stadium of the procedure. During the investigation period or the period of formal accusation reasons for accessory private prosecution are different.

  According to the new rules of the code, applying an advocate in the procedure is an obligation for the afflicted person. This regulation ensures that the structure of penal proceedings cannot be changed basically. In a normal procedure there is always a professional expert, the prosecutor on the side of accusation. That is why the code does not permit accusation without applying an advocate.

  Costs are interesting question in case of accessory private prosecution. In popular action procedures costs are paid by the state. When the afflicted person practices the right of accessory private prosecution, state pays in advance, but if perpetrator is acquitted or the court stops proceeding, costs should be paid by the private prosecutor himself. There are some rules to ease this burden for the afflicted person: if he has bad financial capacity and he can certify this circumstance, court can authorize him not to pay for the fee of the advocate.

  There is a special question in connection with accessory private prosecution: representation of the state. In these procedures the afflicted person is the state or one of the state bodies itself. There are two points of view to answer the question: who is authorized to represent the state as an accessory private prosecutor during a penal procedure. First we have to make difference between the injuries: if the injury is against the state while practising public authority, the injured party is the state itself. But if the injury hit the state as a civil legal entity, a possessor, the right to claim is in the hand of that public body, which was entrusted to handle the injured property. This theory means that in case of injuries against the public author state, only the prosecutor can represent it, so there is no chance for accessory private prosecution.

  The other solution for this problem has its starting point that in every crime against public property, accessory private prosecution can be applied. In this case the state can be represented by that part of it, which has interest. Although there are no jurisdiction in this question, because accessory private prosecution was established by the new code from 1st July 2003 after fifty years into the Hungarian legal practice. According to the regulations of the code, we can find the following sentence: afflicted person is whose right or legal interest was hurt or endangered by the crime. Analyzing this definition the argument can be read previously is decent for those situations, when we would like to find the legal representative of the state as an accessory private prosecutor.

  Accessory private prosecution is a good solution that fits to the new directions of law development, to increase rights of the afflicted person. Naturally, time needs to become a well-adopted legal institution in Hungarian legal system after half a century silence.

• The change of legal rules concerning employment policy instruments

  Henriett Rab

  Views:

  40

  The aim of the present essay is to give an overview of the means of the employment policy through the analysis and construction of the relevant statutory intruments and legal rules.

  During the treatment of the means of the employment policy this essay tooks the classification accepted by the scientific literature as a basis therefore it deals with these instruments divided into two big groups.

  Among the active types of the means of the employment policy the direct and also the indirect kinds of benefits of the jobless and unemployed are treated here.

  Among the passive types of means those instruments are presented which are to succeed the unemployment benefit and the unemployment allowance such as jobsearch benefit and jobsearch allowance.

  The definition of ‘employment policy’ is widely construed that is why this definition comprises the classical instruments of Labour Law and in a separate subsection the subsidy of the atypical legal relations of employment are also presented.

• Die innere Differenzierung der Bagatelhandlungen als Charakteristikum

  Zsuzsanna Árva

  Views:

  40

  Without abstract.

• Lehetséges kutatási módszerek a közbeszerzésben - résztvevő megfigyelés és interjú -

  Zsuzsa Balla

  Views:

  43

  Without abstract.

• Recenzió Gatter László Az igazságszolgáltatás reformja 1987-1997. Rendszerváltozás a bíróságok igazgatásában című könyvéről

  79-80

  Nóra Madai

  Views:

  73

  Without abstract.

• Választott- és döntőbizottságok múltja és jelene nemzetközi tapasztalatokkal

  43-52

  Dóra Nagyné Dorka

  Views:

  46

  Without abstract