Keresés

Keresési eredmények

• MINTHA-követés - Globalizációs problémák az önkormányzati fejlődés példáján

  Horváth M. Tamás

  Megtekintések száma:

  42

  In Hungary almost every reform has its reference to the integration in the west, especially European Union. The explanation for failures is the difficulties of adjustment. The dilemma is what kind of reasons result this problem: is it a national feature or the original distress of Hungary. We can say that the root of it is the problem of following patterns. The origin of these patterns are from the western world but these patterns needed years or sometimes ages to reach the present situation. It was an organic development.

  In our modern world we can find plenty of legislative elements of globalization, unifying and harmonizing rules and institutions. Most of the international economic organizations make every effort to harmonize economic institutions, but the example of European Union shows that borders are not as simple as it seems. This harmonization and unification has to surpass it to a wider perspective (e.g. administration, public education, telecommunication or private law institutions, etc.).

  In the study I examine the development of self-governing and local governments. In Hungary over the last years – since the birth of self-governing – many changes could be found. Reforms followed reforms. According to a survey the most important fields of reforms are the following:

  • decentralization
  • privatization
  • decreasing the role of public sector
  • reform of the law for public servants
  • information technology
  • financial and budgetary management.

  Reforms of local governments are part of the globalization especially in those countries where change of the regime has happened. To reach the desired western pattern some lemmas are necessary:

  • constitutional state
  • territorialism of state
  • guaranteed financial sources
  • stability from the perspective of economy and policy.

  These foundational criterions are spread by international organizations like NAFTA, GATT, WTO, IMF, WB, OECD or EU itself. Plenty of recommendations exist on this field for administration and local governments. The Council of Europe has a basic document, the Charta of European Local Governments.

  If we examine the problem closer we can see that in spite of every recommendation or regulation, local governments are in trouble for example in Hungary. There are exact rules or principles to ensure the liberty or free space for them, but financial problems always exist.

  In the essay I analyzes the way of following patterns in typical countries and try to show how hard is to introduce a pattern from a moment to another that has prestigious past.

• A mediáció lehetőségei a büntető igazságszolgáltatásban munkajogi szemmel

  Rab Henriett

  Megtekintések száma:

  37

  Mediation or agreement between perpetrator and victim in criminal law is a special form of damage reparation. Contrary to the simple reparation – where is no need to have a formal contract between the parties – mediation means a meeting between the parties to make an agreement that suits to both of them.
  

  Development of mediation in criminal law has its roots in the birth of diversion. It was a formal legal procedure to rebuild the injured legal system and repair damages. The first programs of mediation have appeared in Canada and the United States.
  

  Differently from the conciliation in labour law authorities have to define guidelines about forms of procedures outside the trial, about the process and modes of harmonization to preserve the prestige of state’s power of punish.
  

  In the mediation process competence of making decisions are in the hand of the parties too. Parties have to order upon the agreement. This extra-jurisdictional form of agreement means that the potential victim gives up his right to accusation. This agreement frees the perpetrator from the criminal liability.
  

  We can say that fundamental principles of mediation are the same in any fields of law, but mediation in criminal law has the most interesting and numerable specification because of the state power.

• A tévedés jelentőségének egyes aspektusai az élet, testi épség elleni bűncselekmények körében

  Mónusné Kiss Katalin

  Megtekintések száma:

  48

  I examined one of the grounds for the preclusion of punishability and grounds for the termination of punishability, which is error. Grounds for the preclusion of punishability and grounds for the termination of punishability, mean that punishability shall be precluded.

  The error means- 27.§- the perpetrator shall not be punishable for a fact, of which he was not aware on perpetration. The person, who commits an act in the erroneous hypothesis that it is not dangerous for society and who has reasonable ground for this hypothesis, shall not be punishable. Error shall not exclude punishability, if it is caused by negligence, and the law also punishes perpetration deriving from negligence.

  I examined how often the judge accept an error, if the person believe that he’s in the right, because he was attecked, or direct emergency menace. Or maybe he believes, that he is in danger of his life.   Is it exceptional or not? What examine judge? It isn’t only hypothetical question, because very complicated task for the judge.

• A nem vitatott követelésekre vonatkozó európai végrehajtható okirat

  Gécziné Bárdosi Eszter

  Megtekintések száma:

  36

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A lízing történeti fejlődése

  Varga Nelli

  Megtekintések száma:

  372

  The mostly economy-inspired legal institution of lease is a relatively new “multidimensional” formation in our law of obligations. Its evolution and development were mostly influenced by economic factors and motivations, which even today determine the intensity of its development. The historical and present day evolution of lease is closely intertwined with the current environment of tax law, accounting and the economy: favourable legal regulation or economic media may result in increased volumes of lease, while an unfavourable legislatorial decision or economic atmosphere may bring setbacks. Historical development in the event of lease is inseparably intertwined with considerations of economics.

  The essay intends to provide an overview of the historical development of lease. We would like to present the development stages of lease in Hungary and on an international level. Outlining the historical development of lease, our purpose is to represent business, tax law and accounting impetuses that had a definitive role in the development and propagation of lease.

• A felmondási rendszerek dogmatikai csoportosítása

  75-77

  Csák Zsolt

  Megtekintések száma:

  32

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Sztereotípiák szerepe a bizonyítási eljárásban

  79-85

  Rácz Nóra

  Megtekintések száma:

  79

  The aim of the study is to present the creation, development and forms of manifestation of the stereotype, furthermore, to represent how the certain created stereotypes influence the public thinking. The main trend of these ideas is to review whether the different stereotypical assumptions are shown in the course of demonstration and if yes, how they are emphatic. In addition to this I attempt to show how the generalizations gain ground in the criminal proceedings, especially in the demonstration. Prejudice will be examined from the aspect how the way of thinking of the adult population is pervaded by discrimination in Hungary today. My aim is to present how much the generalizations gain ground in the criminal proceedings, within this in the demonstration. In course of information and data collection I was led to the conclusion that in these days the stereotypes play very important role. In the course of my observations it became clearer and clearer to me that numerous stereotypes come round us. We think about different groups of people, things, situations, concepts in stereotypes. The range of stereotypes is quite wide. Stereotypes always have been and will be in human culture. We need them since they help to orientate in the world around us but they can be dangerous as well, since they can affect the minorities, genders and different groups of people disadvantageously.

  As I have already mentioned, the main trend is to reveal the criminal projection of prejudice. We have to deal with the stereotypes, we have to know them in order to be able to handle them. I am convinced that some kinds of stereotypes live in everyone, we think in stereotypes many times, even when we do not notice them. If the stereotypes extremely consolidate, stiffen, they can easily become prejudices hurting others. Prejudiced way of thinking hides very much danger, it is important to be aware of the prejudices existing in us and to try to get them over. From the point of view of the topic discrimination can realize in the course of arrest, demonstration, formal accusation and rendition of the judgement.

• Az egyenlő vagy egyenlő értékűként elismert munkáért egyenlő bért elv fejlődése az Európai Unió Bíróságának esetjogában

  66-73

  Becánics Adrienn

  Megtekintések száma:

  73

  Absztrakt nélkül

• Horpadások a karosszérián – felelős társaságirányítási kérdések az elmúlt időszak autóipari botrányainak tükrében

  3-14

  Ferencz Barnabás

  Megtekintések száma:

  72

  The aim of the article is to examine the key corporate governance issues in light of the recent scandals in the automotive industry. The article explores the underlying reasons which culminated in the events of the General Motors ignition switch scandal, and Volkswagen's "Dieselgate". While these two events may seem unrelated at the first glance, however, the facts show that similar problems led to these scandals, most of which were deeply rooted in the corporate culture. Factors, such as the lack of clear and honest communication and the willingness to bend the rules show that the principles of corporate governance were not put in practice within these corporations. The author believes that by taking corporate governance seriously the scandals could have been entirely preventable.

• A közigazgatás szervezeti változásai a szabálysértési jog fórumrendszere tükrében

  Árva Zsuzsanna

  Megtekintések száma:

  126

  The paper introduces the most recent processes taking place within the Hungarian public administration from a special aspect and follows the system of the authorities of the misdemeanor law from the 19th century to nowadays. It presents the system of the monarchy, the councils and the period after the change of regime. The Constitutional Court with its Resolution no. 63/1997 (XII. 12.) declared the dual nature of offences – being against public administration and bagatelle cases pertaining to criminal law – and although with a different legal reasoning, it prescribed the right of access to court in both cases. The mentioned separation has resulted in conceptual problems exerting their influence to this day, at the same time the majority of authors dealing with this field instead of the majority opinion accepted the concurrent explanation of László Sólyom, to which Constitutional Court Judges János Németh and Tamás Lábady also joined. In 2012, however, several important changes took place simultaneously. The new Act on Offenses shifted towards criminal law while it terminated the right of local governments to regulate offenses. In parallel with this, the Act on Local Governments at the beginning provided an opportunity for the local governments to sanction anti-social behavior which was revoked by the Constitutional Court in the same year. The paper investigates the effect of the decisions of the Constitutional Court and analyzes the opportunities of public administration within the present legal framework to apply sanctions and defines those criteria on the basis of which the legislator could settle the current situation.

• A vasúti szektor teherszállítási teherszállítási üzletágának liberalizációja az Európai Unióban

  Koós Gábor

  Megtekintések száma:

  32

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Kölcsönhatásban az európai emberi jogvédelem legfobb nemzetközi letéteményesei – avagy milyen hatással van az Európai Bíróság az Emberi Jogok Európai Bíróságára?

  Raisz Anikó

  Megtekintések száma:

  46

  Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, was für einen Einfluss der „junge“ Menschenrechtsschutz oder Grundrechtschutz der Europäischen Union, insbesondere der Europäische Gerichtshof und seine Rechtssprechung an den „grossen alten“, d.h. an das System des Europarates haben kann. Das Thema ist vielleicht nicht gerade uninteressant für die Länder die in beiden Systemen Mitglieder sind (also praktisch für alle Unionsmitglieder).

  Nach einer kurzen Zusammenfassung der Grundrechtsgeschichte der Europäischen Gemeinschaften befassen wir uns mit der Frage der Auslegung, der abweichenden Interpretation der Gerichtshöfer in Luxembourg und in Strasbourg (Teil I). Der Artikel geht auf die Frage ein, ob es gerechtfertigt sei über Wechselwirkungen zwischen die Gerchtshöfer zu sprechen und was für Zeichen dessen sich in der Rechtssprechung der EuGH für Menschenrechte wiederspiegelt (Teil II). Später erörtern wir die Frage der Reformversuche (Teil III), wo wir uns insbesondere auf den Vorabentscheidungsvorschlag und den möglichen Beitritt der Europäischen Union zu der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention beschäftigen. Kurz befassen wir uns noch damit, ob die beiden sich mit Menschenrechtsschutz beschäftigenden Systeme berechtigt parallel neben einander existieren oder doch eine andere Möglichkeit besser das Ziel – den best möglichen Schutz der Menschenrechte in Europa – dienen würde.

• A mediációs eljárás jelentősége a büntetőeljárásban

  Szűcs Zoltán

  Megtekintések száma:

  31

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A kényszermunka tilalma és a hátrányos megkülönböztetés tilalma összefüggései az Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága esetjogában

  Szemesi Sándor

  Megtekintések száma:

  66

  The European Convention on Human Rights sets forth a number of fundamental rights and freedoms, including prohibition of slavery and forced labour (Article 4.) and the prohibition of discrimination (Article 14.). However, the European Convention on Human Rights prohibits discrimination only in relation to the enjoyment rights protected in the text of the Convention and did not originally include a provision proclaiming the equality of all before the law. As the European Court of Human Rights stated in Abdulaziz case: „Article 14 ... has no independent existence since it has effect solely in relation to „the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms” safeguarded by those provisions. Although the application of Article 14 does not necessarily presuppose a breach of those provisions - and to this extent it is autonomous -, there can be no room for its application unless the facts at issue fall within the ambit of one or more of the latter.”

  In this study we examine only the relationship between Article 4. and Article 14 of the Convention. There is only one case, in which the applicant could call upon Article 4 and Article 14 together with success before the European Court of Human Rights: the case of Van der Mussele versus Belgium. For this reason we introduce not only this basic case, but lots of other cases, in which there were no discrimination in connection with Article 4. The applicants should find another group of persons are in analogous situations, which worsens the position of applicants seriously because of the difficulty of this condition.

  In the above mentioned Van der Mussele case the applicant Belgian lawyer stated that Belgian lawyers are subject to less favourable treatment than that of members of a whole series of other professions, because in legal aid cases lawyers have to work without any remuneration, but the State accords remuneration to judges, registrars and interpreters in these cases. The Court emphasized that everybody could know the conditions of a profession in advance, and in the light of these conditions could choose it or not, and nobody compelled the applicant to be a lawyer. For this reason legal aid cases cannot be considered as forced labour, independently the remuneration of these cases.

• Marcus Tullius Cicero: Válogatott vádbeszédek

  76-78

  Kiss Zoltán

  Megtekintések száma:

  79

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Az ember alkotta szabályok és azok objektív korlátai

  45-50

  Prugberger Tamás

  Megtekintések száma:

  94

  Diesem rechtsphilosophischen Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Kontaktsystem, das zwischen den Natur-, und Gesellschaftsgesetze, außer dem noch den juristischen Gesetze aufsteht. Der Verfasser in diesem Zusammenhang untersucht die natur-, und gesellschaftswissenschaftlichen Forschungserfolge, die philosophischen, rechtsphilosophischen und die rechtsgeschichtlichen Werke eben so wie, die gesellschaftlichen und rechtlichen Praxis auch. Aus dieser Untersuchung die Schlussfolgerung vom Verfasser ist die Folgende: Die rechtlichen Gesetze und Rechtsregelungen, die der Mensch mit dem Macht im politischen Praxis verfasst, müssen die natur-, und wirtschaftsgesetzliche Anforderungen im Anspruch nehmen. Diese Ansprüche fassen die globale Umweltgesetze, Pflanzen-, und Tiernaturgesetze und in der menschlichen Gesellschaft die soziologische, politische und sozialpsychologische Gesetze um, die unabhängig von der Menschheit wirken. Deswegen die juristischen Gesetze müssen zu diesen objektiv wirkenden Gesetzen anpassen. Diese Objektivsgesetze widerspiegeln im sog. Naturrecht, das mit dem Positivsrecht harmonisieren soll. Wenn diese Harmonisierung fehlt, das Positivsrecht widerspricht der allgemeinen Interesse von der Gesellschaft.

• A nyilvános gyakorlatbavétel mint újdonságrontó körülmény eredete a magyar szabadalmi jogban

  Papp László

  Megtekintések száma:

  73

  It was obvious at the creation of the 37^th Act of 1895 on the patent rights of inventions, that the protection of patents is a subjective right based on objective conditions, and in connection to this, the discretionality of both the monarch and any other state organizations. For the purposes of this act, the requirements of petantibility were: novelity; invetnion; susceptible of industrial application. Some of these criteria the article is presented the novelity, especially the case of publicly used. Under the first patent act, any new invetion capebla of being used industrialy can be patented, except medicines, food for men and animals, and chemical products, and if the Goverment opposes, warlike inventions. An invention was new, if it had not been published in print anywhere, or publicly worked, or patented by others in the realm. As a result the study is presented the evolituon of „publicly used” from the first patent act by the end of the second world war.

• In memoriam Loss Sándor

  Szabadfalvi József

  Megtekintések száma:

  24

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A Magyarország és Ausztria közötti közjogi viszonyt érintő részek problémái a Csemegi-kódexben

  Szabó Szilárd

  Megtekintések száma:

  50

  Im Rahmen dieser Studie sollen die strafrechtlichen Probleme der österreich-ungarischen Doppelmonarchie beleuchtet werden. Das ungarische Strafgesetzbuch schützte mit den Mitteln des materiellen Strafrechtes der staatsrechtlichen Verhältnisse zwischen Österreich und Ungarn. Der Entwurf dieses Gesetzbuches enthielt den Schutz des Landesgebietes und der Sicherheit Ungarns, sowie denselben Österreichs. Ferner ließ der Gesetzentwurf die Ehre und freie Tätigkeit der auf die Verhandlung der gemeinsamen Angelegenheiten abgesandte Delegation und deren Kommissionen zukommen.

  Die Opposition im ungarischen Abgeordnetenhaus brachte gegen diesen Textentwurf den Einwand heftig vor, dass er das Gebiet und die Verfassung eines fremden Staates schützen will.  Wie könne – fragten sie – ein ungarischer Staatsbürger Hochverrat oder Untreue gegen Österreich bzw dessen Kaiser begehen? Ein ungarischer Staatsbürger könne diese Tatbestände nur gegen Ungarn und dessen apostolischen König begehen. Die sog. Österreich-ungarische Doppelmonarchie könne einen strafrechtlichen Schutz nicht genießen, da solche Staatsformation nach der ungarischen verfassungsrechtlichen Auffassung nicht existierte. Mit diesem Schutzregel hätte die ungarische öffentlichrechtliche Meinung die Existenz der Gesammtmonarchie anerkennen, dies also ganz gegensätzlich mit den bestehenden ungarischen Gesetze.

  Die ungarische Regierung stand auf der Basis der Pragmatischen Sanktion (GA I, II und III vom Jahre 1723) und des sog. Ausgleichsgesetzes (GA XII vom Jahre 1867), die den Schutz des österreichischen Staatsgebiet ebenso vorschreiben. Die Pragmatische Sanktion bestimme den gemeinsamen und gegenseitigen Schutz  der Gebiete beiden Staaten, aus dieser folgt also die oben genannten Verpflichtung Ungarns, das Staatsgebiet Österreichs zu schützen. Der Gesetzentwurf erwünscht also nichts anderes als die Verwirklichung der in der Pragmatischen Sanktion vorgelegten Idee der gegenseitigen und gemeinsamen Verteidigung und dies wird auch mit strafrechtlichen Mitteln versichert.

  Aus der Pragmatischen Sanktion fließt aber der Schutz des Staatsgebiet nicht eindeutig, sie spricht nähmlich nur über die Verteidigung der staatsrechtlichen Beziehung. Der strafrechtliche Schutz des österreichischen Staatsgebiets wurde also vom Csemegi-Kodex erschafft.

  Nach dem ungarischen Strafgesetzentwurf wird derjenige bestraft, der gegen die zwischen den zwei Staaten bestehende staatsrechtliche beziehung erregt. Der Entwurf definierte aber nicht den Ausdruck “erregen” und hat auch nicht bestimmt, wie man dieses Verbrechen begehen kann. Dazu war eine gewaltsame Handlung ebenso nicht erwünscht, wie irgendein Ergebnis oder jegliche Folge. Endlich gab der Regierung dem Druck der Opposition nach und wurde der Ausdruck “erregen” durch “aufreizen” ersetzt.

  Der Strafgesetzentwurf enthielt auch den strafrechtlichen Schutz des königlichen Hauses. Das ungarische Staatsrecht bestimmte aber nicht genau wer zu dem königlichen Haus bzw zu der königlichen Familie zu zahlen ist. Der Richter sollte also ggf. den Justizminister fragen, ob der Opfer ein Mitglied des kgl. Hauses sei oder nicht. Dadurch wurde aber der Satz der richterlichen Unabhängigkeit verletzt, nach der selbst der Richter den Sachverhalt feststellen musste, ohne Mitwirkung irgendwelcher Organe der Exekutive.

  Im Jahre 1908 wurde Bosnien und die Herzegowina durch die Monarchie annektiert. Es entstand aberkein Gesetz darüber, ob Bosnien und die Herzegowina fortan als Inland oder als Ausland gelten. Es wurde auch nicht bestimmt, welche Staatsbürgerschaft die Bosniaken erhalten.So kann man nicht feststellen, ob ein Bosniak Hochverrat, Untreue oder das Verbrechen gegen das zwischen Österreich und Ungarn bestehende staatsrechtliche Verhältnis begehen kann.

• Az ítélkezési szabály, mint az eljárásjogok létezését megalapozó kategória Hart szabály-elméletében

  Nyilas Anna

  Megtekintések száma:

  50

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Közösségelvű identitás és annak normatív következményei

  Hidasi Viktória

  Megtekintések száma:

  43

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Előreláthatósági klauzula a szerződések jogában

  Csécsy Andrea

  Megtekintések száma:

  57

  The essay is about the clause of foreseeability in connection with damages for breach of a contract. This seems to be a constant problem throughout the history of law how and when it is reasonably to limit the amount of damages in case of breach.

  The general principle of full compensation originates in the main purpose of private law, restoring the violated financial situation. At the same time in business relations it often happens that damages occurred as consequences of breach highly exceed the contractual interest of the party and generate indirect damages independent from the violator’s influence. This is considered to be the starting point of the dilemma about restricting the damages availably for compensation.

  Full compensation and its relation to breach of a contract occurred in the Hungarian jurisprudence many times. Miklós Világhy suggested the reconsideration of full compensation in contract law in 1971. Attila Harmathy also suggested the implementation of foreseeability clause in the rules of contract law as the ‘best possible way to treat business relations between the parties’.

  Due to the historic and social differences various forms of foreseeability are known in the legal systems.

  The study examines the development of foreseeability, its first codification in the French Napoleonic Code Civil, its application in the law of the USA and some significant sentences of English courts. The first application of foreseeability was in the infamous Hadley v. Baxendale case, in which an English court worked out the meaning of contemplation rules. In the case of Victoria Laundry Ld. v. Newman Industries Ld. (1949) the court defined the meaning of foreseeability. According to the sentence of the case damages are limited to those that were foreseeable for the party at the time of entering a contract. The study also analyzes the German model of restricting damages of breach. The German theory ensures the possibility of exoneration for the violator if the other party failed to give proper information about the unusual danger of breach in the particular case. If the entitled party acted intentionally, the German law accepts exoneration. The essay demonstrates the adequate causality conception of the German law. This theory states that an act can only be the probable cause if – due to the normal and reasonable procession – it is able to cause such consequence. In our opinion foreseeability gives a stricter and much better solution of restricting damages with a more objective measurement for the obliged party on how to calculate his behavior in a certain contractual relation. The amount of risk can be predicted if the rules of damages for breach are based on foreseeability rather than adequate causality.

  The new Hungarian Civil Code plans to establish objective liability in contract law. The only exoneration can be the successful reference to unavoidable external cause. Beside this stricter liability the new Civil Code also introduce the possibility of limitation in damages, the application of foreseeability clause. This seems to be a significant preference for the obliged party. As in the Hungarian legal history foreseeability clause was never used, it is an essential question how judicature will interpret the rule in practice. In our opinion for an adequate application of the new clause it is necessary to take a closer look at the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and the interpretation in the American and English case law. This study tries to give some help for it.

• A fogyasztói szerződés és alanyai

  28-37

  Zoványi Nikolett

  Megtekintések száma:

  82

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A bűncselekmények áldozatainak járó jóvátétel elméleti kérdései

  1-14

  Fézer Tamás

  Megtekintések száma:

  90

  Absztrakt nélkül

• A tisztességtelen kereskedelmi gyakorlatok szabályozása és joggyakorlata Szlovákiában

  243-265

  Maslák Marek

  Megtekintések száma:

  115