Keresés

Keresési eredmények

• 15 éve már – gondolatok a bős-nagymarosi vízlépcsőről

  Sztancs Edit

  Megtekintések száma:

  137

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Tunyogmatolcs Községi Önkormányzat pénzgazdálkodása – Az önhibáján kívül működési forráshiányos önkormányzat

  56-65

  Magyar Viktória

  Megtekintések száma:

  99

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A körhinta forog tovább – kiskapuk, nagy lehetőségek az EU belső piacán megvalósuló adócsalás kapcsán

  26-35

  Antal Anett

  Megtekintések száma:

  220

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Personengesellschaften in Österreich

  53-58

  Szikora Veronika

  Megtekintések száma:

  162

  Absztrakt nélkül

• A drónrepüléssel összefüggő magánjogi igények

  Zsurzsa Zsolt

  Megtekintések száma:

  337

  The technology of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are most commonly known as ‘drones’, is one of the most rapidly developing field of modern science. That is largely owing to the fact that drones are used in more and more fields of economy, from architecture and media to agriculture and logistics, etc. According to predictions of the European Union, the drone industry may have an income of € 10 billion annually, by 2035, and could create about 100,000 workplaces as well.[2] In addition, the number of hobby drone users is also increasing quickly, with millions of registered drone users in the United States of America alone.[3]

  The nature of drones, namely the fact that these devices can soar up to 30 or more metres in the air and carry out different kind of operations (including taking photographs) by an operator on the ground may cause a lot of conflicts between drone operators and people not taking part in the operation. However, these conflicts, are unlikely to be solved without legal interference, which makes it necessary for both lawmakers and organizations applying the law to prepare for these situations in order to be able to give proper answers to the problem.

  In my research, I have indicated the development of drones in a historical context and also specified the classification of drones, which allowed me to outline those types that are relevant to the subject matter. I also presented the legal background of drone flight in force, on the level of the EU legislation and also gave an insight to the previous, Hungarian legislation. Then, I started to identify those legal claims that can be especially relevant on the terrain of civil law, and concluded three main claims can be named: liability for damages, infringement on personal rights (right to one’s image and, in particular) and the civil tort of trespass to land.

  I analysed all of these claims separately and in connection with each other, and found interesting problems that could have huge relevance in a legal dispute before a court. I intended to support my findings and arguments with opinions from legal scientists, court decisions from Hungary and abroad, and legislative solutions from abroad. At the end of my writing, I concluded that the described problems, and the solution that is given to them, are indeed crucial, because they will most definitely affect the way people can use drones, and neither too strict, nor too loose rules are appropriate to decide upon the subject.

• A fogyasztói adásvétel egyes kérdéseinek szabályozása és joggyakorlata Romániában

  85-117.

  Székely János

  Megtekintések száma:

  179

  -

• A helyi önkormányzatok büntetőhatalmának átalakulása

  2-10

  Árva Zsuzsanna

  Megtekintések száma:

  113

  A tanulmány a magyar közigazgatási szankciórendszer körében végbemenő legújabb folyamatokat mutatja be. Ezek közé tartozik a szubjektív és objektív szankciók között megfigyelhető átrendeződés, ahol egyre inkább tért nyernek az utóbbiak. Végigköveti, hogy a változásokat az Alkotmánybíróság hogyan értékelte és rámutat, hogy az alkotmányos testület álláspontja szerint az államnak – olyan jogi elveket betartva, mint a jogállamiság elve vagy az emberi méltóság követelménye - lehetősége van arra, hogy a szankciórendszer körében a közigazgatási jog érvényre juttatása érdekében változásokat hajtson végre, így akár a szubjektív szankciók közül az objektív szankciók közé soroljon át tényállásokat. Ezen változások között szerepel a nagy vitákat kiváltó objektív közigazgatási bírságok bevezetése is, amely új szabályozást az Alkotmánybíróság a 60/2009 (V. 28.) határozata kifejezetten is alkotmányosnak mondta ki az állam életvédelmi kötelezettségére is hivatkozással. 2012-ben több fontos változás zajlott le egyszerre. Az új szabálysértési törvény a büntetőjog irányába mozdult el, miközben megszüntette a helyi önkormányzatok azon jogát, hogy szabálysértést statuáljanak önkormányzati rendelet által. Ezzel párhuzamosan a Magyarország helyi önkormányzatairól szóló törvény eleinte egy felhatalmazás alapján lehetőséget adott a helyi önkormányzatoknak közösségellenes magatartások szankcionálására, amelyet később az Alkotmánybíróság még ugyanebben az évben elvont a 38/2012. (XI. 14.) AB határozat nyomán, megsemmisítve az említett parttalannak minősített felhatalmazást. A határozat emellett azonban más lényeges megállapításokat is tett, így a hajléktalanság szankcionálásáról történt állásfoglalás mellett részletesen elemezte, hogy az új szabálysértési törvény büntető jellege milyen szabályozási elemekben nyilvánul meg. A tanulmány foglalkozik a döntés hatásával, elemzi, hogy a helyi önkormányzatoknak a jelenlegi jogi keretek között - amelyet az Alkotmánybíróság 29/2015. (X. 2.) határozata is megerősített- milyen lehetőségük van szankcióalkotásra, valamint meghatározza azon szempontokat, amely mentén a jogalkotó a helyzetet rendezhetné. A 2012 után kialakult gyakorlat nyomán ugyanis a helyi önkormányzatok részben felhatalmazás nélkül, részben visszautalva az önkormányzati törvény azon rendelkezésére, amely szerint a közösségi együttélés szabályrendszerét meghatározhatja a képviselő-testület, egyre több ilyen szankcionáló rendeletet alkotott. Ezek jogellenessége nem volt már kezdetben sem magától értetődő, hiszen a képviselő-testület szabályozási joga nyilvánvalóan kiterjedt az említett területre, ugyanakkor a helyzetet nehezítette, hogy a szankcionálás keretrendszerét és sarokpontjait a jogalkotó nem jelölte ki. Minden hasonló anomália ellenére egyre több ilyen rendelet született, amelyek megalkotását az Alkotmánybíróság az említett döntés nyomán immáron legalizálta.

• A fogyasztói szerződések joga az Európai Unió jogában: közös alapok

  Hajnal Zsolt

  Megtekintések száma:

  324

  Der Verbraucherschutz korrigiert durch die rechtliche Regelung, durch Ausbau eines interdisziplinieren Rechtsinstrumentsystems versichert es Rechtsschutz für die Verbraucher in schwächerer Position. Durch rechtlichen Instrumenten wird die optimale Gleichgewichtslage wiederherstellt, demnoch werden die optimalen Verhältnisse geschafft, unter denen die Verbraucher freie Kaufsentscheidungen treffen können und nach eigenen Bedürfnissen „konsumieren” können. Die modernen Rechtsysteme haben als eigenes das ideale Leitbild des Schutzes der schwächeren Partei, diesbezüglich der Schutz vom hohen Niveau der Verbraucherinteressen kann als dritte Generation der Menschenrechte begriffen werden. Also der Verbraucherschutz wurde inzwischen die Sicherung für Lebensniveau der Europabürger und dient neulich auch als Mittel erneuerter Impulze für europäische Wirtschaft zu geben.

  Ziel dieses Artikels ist zu untersuchen, ob irgendwelche Harmonisierung in Rahmen einer Rahmenrichtlinie oder Vereinheitlichung der Verbraucherrechte in Europa eigentlich verwirklich werden könnte. Vor den Feststellungen der endgültigen Konklusionen müssen wir genau anschauen ob die europäischen Verbraucherregelungen gemeinsame Wurzeln oder gemensame Instrumente verfügen. Diesmal dient es als Kerngebiet meiner Forschung.

• Az asszisztált reprodukciós eljárások a jogi szabályozás tükrében - különös tekintettel az in vitro embrió helyzetére

  Navratyil Zoltán

  Megtekintések száma:

  252

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A szerződési jog alapelveinek értelmezése és funkciói a német polgári jogban

  Csécsy Andrea

  Megtekintések száma:

  110

  To describe the functions of principles we can say that all of them are fundamental basis of an area of law. They declare or solve concrete debates between the parties. If there is a problem with interpreting of a rule in the civil code, judges has this helping hand. In Germany the development of principles in the field of contract law has a really unique historical root. At the time of BGB’s birth, the German Civil Code did not accept any exculpation under the rule pacta sunt servanda. Moral philosophers acknowledged that a contract as private interest of the parties needs special protection from the state. It is not only a personal relationship, because self welfare leads to welfare of the public. The law has to regulate this field and give instruments of protection for both parties to ensure peace and equality in the field of public relations and moral.

  After the First World War, Rechtsmark (German currency) had its deepest point in its history. The inflation was so high that the performance of a contract made before the war was absolutely unfair for the supplier. For the cost of one galloon gas anyone could buy the entire stock after the war. There was a too late and too small reaction from the state for this situation. An Act had been accepted in 1925 about revalorization. The main fault of this Act was the strict and very small applicability in the field of contracts. The regulations of it were applicable only for contracts with large economic potential.

  German jurisdiction had to solve the problem. The most difficult part of this process was how to dissolve the strict paradigm of pacta sunt servanda. Oertmann, a German legal expert created the collapse of the foundation of the transaction. It meant that changed circumstances deprive the contract from its ground, the need of the party. Anybody who signs a contract has a need and tries to create all conditions of that specific contract to harmonize with his or her needs and interest. In case of an essential change of circumstances this interest modifies and the original transaction became tremendously onerous for him or her. The doctrine of Oertmann was insisted on pacta sunt servanda, so after the change of circumstances the whole contract failed.

  Jurisdiction in Germany accepted Oertmann’s doctrine with a completion. Judges vindicated the right for themselves to modify the contract to be suitable for the new interests of the parties. This modification meant the implementation of clausula rebus sic stantibus into German contract law. It became applicable worldwide in the field of long term relationship of the parties.

  In this essay I examine not only the development of these contractual principles in Germany but the effectiveness and functions of them. I describe and define the legal interest of regulating contracts and what is the connection between private and public interest in the field of the law of contracts. As a defect of the contractual procedure non-performance and other breach of a contract have special importance in civil law. Good faith is a basic principle of civil law in Hungary too and in most European civil codes. The interpretation of German good faith theory (Treu und Glauben) is significant from the viewpoint of the judicial modification of contracts. In case of clausula rebus sic stantibus if the party wants to ground his or her claim, he or she has to prove the good faith as a moral standard to be an exculpation under the heavy burden of pacta sunt servanda. The conclusion is that in Germany the basic element of private contracts is not the consent of parties but good faith of them. The socially excepted moral appears through the requirement of good faith of the parties. The law has to ensure that in any period of a contractual relationship this good faith exists.

• Munkaerő-kölcsönzés és a szerződéskötési szabadság korlátozása

  Waldmann Gábor

  Megtekintések száma:

  88

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Molnár András (szerk.): Pártvezér, miniszterelnök, vértanú. Tudományos emlékülés a 200 éve született Batthyány Lajos miniszterelnök tiszteletére. Budapest - Zalaegerszeg, Magyar Közlöny Lap- és Könyvkiadó – Zala Megyei Levéltár, 2008.

  Kiss Zoltán

  Megtekintések száma:

  158

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A tanú zártcélú távközlő hálózat útján történő kihallgatása, mint a tanúvédelem külön nem nevesített eszköze

  23-28

  Szabó Krisztián

  Megtekintések száma:

  105

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Tamás Nótári: Bavarian Historiography in Early Medieval Salzburg

  67-68

  Galántai Erzsébet

  Megtekintések száma:

  120

  Absztarkt nélkül

• Egy problémás szabályozási örökség az új anyagi büntetőkódexben: az életveszélyt okozó testi sértés

  47-78

  Kőhalmi László

  Megtekintések száma:

  184

  A Büntető Törvénykönyvről szóló 2012.évi C. törvény újabb jelentős szabályozástörténeti
  állomást jelent a magyar büntetőjogban. A szakzsargonban nemes egyszerűséggel, csak új
  Btk.-nak nevezett kódex különböző kritikákat kapott mind jogirodalom, mind a jogalkalmazás
  művelőitől.2 Az észrevételek azonban átsiklottak egy olyan szabályozási megoldás felett,
  amelynek létjogosultsága – véleményem szerint – meglehetősen vitatható. Az egymásnak
  feszülő bírósági ítéleti indokolások is bizonyítják, hogy az életveszélyt okozó testi sértés
  tényállása az egyik legproblematikusabb szabályozási megoldás az „1978-as” büntető anyagi
  kódexünkben. E tanulmányban a fenti téma körüljárására teszek kísérletet.

• A munkabérfizetés és munkabérvédelem alapvető kérdései a magyar munkajogi szabályozásban és joggyakorlatban

  27-37

  Kristóf Nóra

  Megtekintések száma:

  105

  The aim of my publication is to scrutinise the Hungarian rules concerning the protection of wages and concluding how effectively they serve the social interests of employees. Furthermore, I researched if the regulation is efficient and consistent enough to protect the employees in point of the compensation for work.

  During the research, I was examining the efficiency of the protection of the employees and their salaries in practice. The other question was whether the current regulation is satisfactory enough to provide the main purposes. In order to answer these questions I was analysing the theoretical dimension and the judicial practice as well.

  I concluded that even if there are some incompleteness and inconsistency in the Hungarian labour law, the regulation seems appropriate and rational concerning the interests of the employees. In my opinion, the social function of labour law serves the employees’ interests enough to give them a decent standard of living.

• Őslakos népek Európában? - Az európai emberi jogvédelmi mechanizmus őslakos népekkel kapcsolatos joggyakorlatának aktuális kérdései

  32-44

  Marinkás György

  Megtekintések száma:

  170

  The aim of the current study is to examine the jurisprudence of the European Human Rights Mechanism (hereafter: EHRM), focusing on the three most common issues that indigenous peoples living on the European Continent has to face. First, the modern economic activities, which affect their traditional livelihoods. Second, the difficulties of proving their land claims due to the unwritten nature of their culture. Finally, the threat of relocation, which causes severe problems considering their close links to the traditionally occupied lands. Regarding the first issue the author examines how the EHRM developed its jurisprudence from the initial negative attitude of the European Commission on Human Rights (hereafter: ECHR) – which ceased to exist in 1998 – to the more receptive attitude of the European Court of Human Right (hereafter: ECtHR). The main question regarding the second issue is the ability of the EHRM to accept the laws and traditions of a significantly different society as equal. Until the recent times, the ECtHR – and former ECHR – only accepted written proof as authentic. Last, but not least the author introduces three cases in which indigenous peoples had been removed from their ancient lands,  and have not been allowed to return ever since. Considering their close relation with their lands – which serves as basis of cultural identity for them – the result is devastating.

  Having regard to the above mentioned jurisprudence, three questions arise. First, has the jurisprudence of the EHRM evolved over the years; second – which forecasts the answer for the first question – why does granting effective protection for indigenous peoples still cause problems to the ECtHR? Third, are there any signs of change in the jurisdiction? The answer is complex: the jurisprudence of the ECtHR is definitely evolved; however it still does not reach the level of protection offered by the Inter-American System, which acts as a pioneer on the field of protecting indigenous rights, closely followed by the African System. The attitude of the EHRM is mainly attributable to historical and social reasons creating serious obstacles for the ECtHR. Considering the example of the Inter-American and the African Systems the main question is whether the judges of the ECtHR and the policy makers have the determination to exceed these barriers.

• A lipcsei ítélet

  Szabó István

  Megtekintések száma:

  88

  In Germany the new constitution published in 1919 established a brand new and democratically based state structure. Beside the traditional forum of administrative courts a new court system had been established in connection with public law jurisdiction. After Germany lost the first World War, general depression made a big impression on German state structure too. One of the most significant conflicts of this period had risen between the Empire and its biggest member state, Prussia. On 20th July 1932 president of the Empire suspended the Prussian autonomy and seized the power of directing the member state. The German Court of State had to verify this decision. Because of the fact that the court held its session in Lipche, this judgement is called as the famous judgement of Lipche. There are several really significant and dogmatically important factors in this decision, which help us understand the legal structure of that age in the German Empire.

  In this study I examine extraordinary power of the monarch in the Republic of Weimar and its special control by the courts. Constitution gave the right to the sovereign to obtain the regulations of the constitution by force in member states. There was a special right that entitled him using uncommon orders in case of attack against public order and public security. These rules ensured the unity of the Empire.

  The speciality of this judgement is that the Court qualified the order of the monarch unlawful because of the lack of the two circumstances mentioned above. To verify this decision court had to examine not only the nature of its procedure but the meaning of unity in the whole Empire, the aim of the constitution and these special rights of the monarch. The court focused on the examination of culpability in a member state. The conclusion is that intervention is legally based not only when a member state breaks the law with culpable behaviour but when breaking down of public order exists. In this special case the court split this practice and qualified the suspension of autonomy unlawful, but it found that other orders of the sovereign were acceptable. The result was that the autonomy was renovated but the Prussian government did not have the right in those cases, which were deprived by the monarch.

• Beszámoló A büntető szankciórendszer fejlesztésének lehetőségei címmel megrendezett tudományos ülésről

  Tarr Ágnes

  Megtekintések száma:

  106

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A téves ténymegállapítás egyes pszichológiai aspektusai

  Elek Balázs

  Megtekintések száma:

  338

  Psychology plays a main role in the criminal procedure. The psychological methods started being used only in the 19th century. During the legal proceedings the autorities must deal with people. The behavior of the people is very different. The authorities must know the basic rules of the psichology to understand the accused people and witneses. The human memory has a lot of regularity. The knowledge of these regularities make easier the efforts of the authorities to get the truts. The importance of the pschichological knowledge in the legal occupation is unquestional. Overbearing police methods creat too high risk of false confession and are not likely to yield factually reliable information from the accused. A significant number of confessions that result in wrongful convictions are obtained through coercive questioning. This paper examines false confessions and discusses the psychological and social factors that influence the verdict in criminal procedure and how often do false confessions lead to miscarriages of justice. In determining the admissibility of confession evidence, the courts have to considere factors such as mental abuse in addition to physical force and threats.

• A mulasztás, mint jogellenesség az orvosi jogi jogviszonyban

  Kaprinay Zsófia

  Megtekintések száma:

  100

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A köztörvényhatósági törvény (1870:XLII. tc.) létrejötte

  Varga Norbert

  Megtekintések száma:

  177

  Act no XLII of 1870 reflected the constitutional arrangements of the Compromise of 1867. This was the first law providing a comprehensive regulation of the system of public administration, which remained, with minor amendments, determining in the entire dualistic era. The system of “virilims” was introduced, which restricted popular representation. The office of the Lord Lieutenant, as the representative of the centralistic endeavours of the government, was created, whereby central power could be enforced. The central government did all in its power to ensure that the self-government of municipalities was kept under control. The rights that local authorities had in the feudal period could no longer be granted, as this would have frustrated the operation of the central government. It was in accordance with the above that the provisions of the law had to be accepted, local policy influenced, and municipalities thereby reorganised.

• A csalás értelmezési lehetőségei az osztrák büntetőjogban

  Madai Sándor

  Megtekintések száma:

  133

  It is a well known fact that the legal system of Hungary has a close relation to the legal system in Austria. This should be interesting to examine on which grounds and points the two systems differ from each other. To achieve this challenge, provisions of fraud – as an ancient legal institution – could be a perfect starting point. The essay would like to stress the most important significances of fraud in Austria from both scientific and practical viewpoints.

• Elektronikus házi őrizet Nagy-Britanniában

  23-29

  Than Alexandra

  Megtekintések száma:

  86

  Der Text befasst sich mit der Situation und Projekten in Zusammenhang mit der Einführung der Electronic Monitoring, mit anderen Namen Electronic Tagging in Groß-Britannien.

  In der USA war die elektronische Überwachung, als Strafvollzugsalternative schon bekannt, als zuerst in Europa in Groß-Britannien damit Projektversuche begannen.

  Dem ersten unerfolgreiche Versuch mit EM als Alternative der Untersuchungshaft folgte eine weitere auch als Sanktionsalternative verwendete EM erfolgreicher Projektversuch, dessen Folge die Einführung in mehreren Bezirken war.

  Nach dem Jahre 1999 wurde die electronic tagging in Groß-Britannien überall in zwei Anwendungsbereichen, als Front-Door Variante und auch als Back-Door Version eingeführt.

  Der Text beinhaltet statistische Daten und die kurze Beschreibung dieser Institution.

• IQ versus befolyásolás, avagy az intelligencia hányados és a befolyásolhatóság közötti összefüggések

  39-46

  Siket Zsuzsanna

  Megtekintések száma:

  244

  This is an essay about the connection of impressionability and intelligence quotient. The intelligence quotient of witness or accused has main role in the criminal procedure.

  So, what is the intelligence and the intelligence quotient? The intelligence is a mental power, that contains the quality of argumentation, contemplation, learning, problem solution and the abstract thinking. This mental power helps to understand the happenings in the world. The intelligence quotient of the witness or accused is very important, because the quality of perception is based on the intelligence quotient. The perception shows how they can remember the criminal situations. The intelligence quotient depedns on the the social and cultural enviornment, the inherited qualities, and the personal experiences.

  The important question is, which is the stronger, the intelligence or the impressionability. High intelligence quotient is a mean of the witness or accused to escape form impressionability. On the other hand, the authorities try to use the power of influence. So two powers meet in the criminal procedure, the intelligence and the influenceing, and usually the stronger is the winner.

  The intelligence quotient has main role in the part of the investigation and the trial. The warnings before the interrogation are written in the difficult language of law. So it would be a problem in the part of investigation, because the witness or accused does not understand these. Because of that they would say or tell something that they would not tell in normal circumstances. The low intelligence makes the accused confess their real or believed sin. The accused with higher intelligence quotient understands much better the warning, and they can use those possibilites the law premits them. Their combinative quality is higher, so they discover another solutions not just the confessing. The authorities shall pay attention to the intelligence quotient of the accused, because the extremly low intelligence quotient would be the sign of mental retardation. The mental retardation is a kind of pathological mental state. The accused who suffers in pathological mental state is not be punishable or his or her punishment may be reduced unlimited.

  The language of trials is also difficult and the other problem with it is publicity. The accused with low IQ feels shame because of their low IQ so they want to keep it secret. The accused becomes stressed in the trial so they lose their second chance to make things better, because they are not able to confess without impressions again. Low intelligence quotient usually cooperates with low ability of problem solution, so the accused with low intelligence can’t adapt themselves to the occassion of the trial. This circumstance would influence the judges, when they impose punishment, so the punishment would be stricter.

  The conclusion is that the accused with low intelligence quotient meets with some difficulties during the criminal procedure, so the consuels for the defence shall pay attention to them, and help their clients with comments of the legal texts. On the other hand, the authorities shall be out for the good knowledge of mankind.