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• Developing a method to determine teachers’ and pupils’ activities during a mathematics lesson

  25-43

  Maija Ahtee

  Erkki Pehkonen

  Anu Laine

  Liisa Näveri

  Markku S. Hannula

  Pirjo Tikkanen

  Views:

  12

  Third-graders from nineteen classrooms (N = 316) were asked to draw a picture on a mathematics lesson. Based on these drawings we have developed a data analysing method that allows us to find out how pupils present both their teacher's and their classmates' activities in their drawings. Two inventories were formed that contain, respectively, teachers' and pupils' activities during a mathematics lesson as seen in the pupils' drawings. The first inventory contains 14 separate items organized into six groups that contain teacher activities like asking questions and giving feedback on mathematics. Ten of the items are related to teaching and the rest contain items like keeping order in addition to the teacher's location in the classroom. Respectively, pupils' activities are organized into five groups that contain altogether 22 items. These contain the activities of a single pupil, and also pupil-teacher and pupil-pupil discussions on mathematics.

• Evaluating admission procedures for teacher education in Finland

  231-243

  Raimo Kaasila

  Markku S. Hannula

  Anu Laine

  Erkki Pehkonen

  Views:

  10

  In Finland the number of applicants for elementary teacher education is many times greater than the number of accepted persons. In this article we focus on the significance of the entrance examination procedures at three Finnish universities. Our findings imply that the differing admission procedures at the institutions yielded different student profiles. The test component "mathematics-science" used on the entrance examination in Turku was found to be a significant separating factor, but also the applicants' mathematics achievement in upper secondary school seems to be an applicable criterion for developing admission procedures.

• Problemorientierung im Mathematikunterricht – ein Gesichtspunkt der Qualitätssteigerung

  251-291

  Günter Graumann

  Erkki Pehkonen

  Views:

  2

  The aim of this article is to give a synopsis of problem orientation in mathematics education and to stimulate the discussion of the development and research about problem-orientated mathematics teaching. At the beginning we present historical viewpoints of problem orientation and their connection with recent theories of cognition (constructivism). Secondly we give characterizations of concepts that stand in the context of problem-orientation and discuss different forms of working with open problems in mathematics teaching. Arguments for more problem orientation in mathematics education will be discussed afterwards. Since experience shows that the implementation of open problems in classroom produces barriers, we then discuss mathematical beliefs and their role in mathematical learning and teaching. A list of literature at the end is not only for references but also can be used to further research.
  Zusammenfassung. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, eine Synopsis in Bezug auf Problemorientierung im Mathematikunterricht zu geben und die Diskussion bezüglich Entwicklung und Forschung eines problemorientierten Mathematikunterrichts zu stimulieren. Als Erstes werden historische Gesichtspunkte von Problemorientierung und deren Verkn üpfung mit neueren Erkenntnistheorien (Konstruktivismus) vorgestellt. Zweitens werden Erläuterungen zu Begriffen, die im Kontext von Problemorientierung stehen, gegeben und verschiedene Ausprägungen der Behandlung offener Probleme im Mathematikunterricht diskutiert. Argumente für eine stärkere Berücksichtigung von Problemorientierung im Mathematikunterricht werden danach erörtert. Auf Barrieren bei der Implementierung von offenen Problemen im Unterricht, die durch mathematische Beliefs (Vorstellungen, Überzeugungen) geprägt sind, wird zum Schluss eingegangen. Die abschließend aufgeführte Literaturliste dient nicht nur dem Beleg der Zitate, sondern kann auch zu weiterer Vertiefung genutzt werden.

• Levels of students' understanding on infinity

  317-337

  Markku S. Hannula

  Erkki Pehkonen

  Hanna Maijala

  Riitta Soro

  Views:

  4

  Here we report some results of a two-year study for grades 5-6 and 7-8 (during the academic years 2001-03). The study included a quantitative survey for approximately 150 Finnish mathematics classes out of which 10 classes were selected to a longitudinal part of the study. Additionally, 40 students from these classes participated also a qualitative study. This paper will focus on students' understanding of infinity and the development of that understanding. The results show that most of the students did not have a proper view of infinity but that the share of able students grew, as the students got older.

• Comparative survey on pupils' beliefs of mathematics teaching in Finland and Ukraine

  13-33

  Erkki Pehkonen

  Sergey Rakov

  Views:

  6

  The focus of this comparative survey was the following research question: What are the differences and similarities in pupils' beliefs in mathematics between Finland and Ukraine? Data were gathered with the help of a questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 32 structured statements about mathematics teaching for which the pupils were asked to rate their beliefs on a 5-step scale. The Finnish sample comprised 255 pupils, and the Ukrainian sample 200 pupils. Our data has been gathered with a non-probabilistic convenience sampling.
  The main results of our survey are, as follows: Generally, pupils' beliefs of mathematics teaching and learning in Finland and Ukraine are rather far from similar. An investigation of the differences between pupils' answers across the two countries also showed beliefs that are characteristic for each country. For pupils in Finland, the characteristic beliefs seem to be, as follows: the value of strict discipline, working in small groups, and the idea that all understand. For pupils in Ukraine, the most characteristic might be the following beliefs: the use of learning games, the emphases of mathematical concepts, and teachers' explanations.