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The role of grasslands in natural and farm-like game management: Papers presented at the „Timely questions in grassland and game management” scientific conference (Hungarian Academy of Sciences – Kaposvár University, 18-19 May 2006)
25-33Views:111This paper investigates the relationship between grasslands and game management. It focuses on three questions:
- grasslands as habitats for game,
- grasslands as sites for prolification,
- grasslands as sources of nutrition.
Five so-called big, and five so-called small game species were considered, based on my own research and a literature review. Main results and consequences:
- grasslands as ecosystems are more important in game management than as solely resources of nutrients,
- compared to their territorial proportions, grasslands play a 2-3 time grates role in game management,
- grasslands are more preferred on areas where vegetation types are frequently changing (a given vegetation occupies only a small area),
- there is a remarkable seasonality in grassland use of small game, spring being the peak season,
- classification of game considering grasslands as sources of nutrients:
I. grasslands are hardly eaten by: red deer, wild pig, wild ducks
II. grass is consumed, but it is not a main source of nutrients: for fallow deer
III. grass is consumed as frequently as other forages by roe deer, wild sheep
IV. grasslands are important feeding sites for pheasants, partridges
V. grass is the main forage for hares, wild ducks -
The effect of fertilization on the yield and N uptake of artificial grasslands 1.
36-45Views:67The effects of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations on the development, yield and N-uptake of an established all-grass sward were examined in the 28th year of a long-term fertilization experiment set up on a calcareous chernozem soil. The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4Nx4Px4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, super phosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. In 2001, however, the area had a satisfactory amount of 621 mm precipitation with a fairly good distribution. The grass was established on 21. September 2000. The main results and conclusions can be summarised as follows:
1. Grass herbage had a very favourable wet year in 2001 with over 700 mm rainfall during the total vegetation period. The hay yield of unfertilised control plots was by the 1st cut 1.7 t/ha, by the 2nd cut 1.2 t/ha, while the N3P3K3 treatment gave 8.8 t/ha and 4.2 t/ha resp., so NPK fertilization increased the air-dried hay yield from 3 t/ha to 13 t/ha (1st+2nd cuts together).
2. The N-requirement of the young grass was moderate while the P-response significant by the 1st cut. The optimum P-supply was at the 150 mg/kg ammonium lactate soluble AL-P2O5 in the plow layer. There were no K-responses on this soil with 135 mg/kg AL-K2O values.
3. There were no P responses any more by the 2nd cut even on the low P-supply soil, with 66 mg/kg AL-P2O5 value, while the applied N increased the hay yield 4 times. The optimum N content in the hay, leading to maximum yield, amounted 2% by the 1st cut and 2.5-3.0% at the 2nd cut. Applied N decreased air-dried content at the 1st cut from 33% to 31%, at the 2nd cut from 27% to 21%.
4. On the soil, well supplied with PK, the 100 kg/ha/yr N treatment gave the maximum hay surpluses: at the 1st cut 61 kg, at the 2nd cut 14 kg, that is a total of 75 kg hay/kg N applied. The 200 kg/ha/yr plots yielded 43 kg, 300 kg/ha/yr yielded 34 kg hay/kg N applied. The primary sward hay had 0.34% NO3-N in the 300 kg/ha/yr treatment, which was over the allowable 1.25% NO3-N limit for animal foodstuff. The NO3-N content in the N-control plots amounted 0.06%, in the 100 kg/ha/yr treatment 0.10%, in the 200 kg/ha/yr treatment 0.22%. At the 2nd cut the hay had generally, half as high NO3-N content as in the 1st cut hay in all treatments.
5. The apparent recovery of applied N, using difference method, was even more than 100% on the well supplied with PK soil suggesting that in these instances grass herbage could make a good use of soil NO3-N pool accumulated in soil during the previous period and not used by the crops. -
Economic aspects of grasslands
73-82Views:82There are several products can be originated from the grass-land but their economic value in some cases are uncertain. The article shows the social benefits of the grass-land products answering the same time for the question: what the value is of the product in practice and how can it be determined. There are considered the market and non-market type of product of the grass-land and a new category is introduced; the animal keeping value of the grass.
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Possibilities of restoration of natural or seminatural grasslands: Papers of the „Challenges and Aspects in Grassland Management” conference held on 22-23 May 2008.
19-27Views:97The number of natural grassland restoration projects increased in the last decade in Hungary, and probably the area of restored grasslands will be significantly extended in the next years due to New National Rural Development Program. To contribute to the success of this activity, in this paper we review the most important theoretical and practical aspects of natural grassland restoration methods. In the course of grassland restoration, habitats dominated by grasses and/or sedges have been restored in place of arable lands. In order to perform “natural” restoration, we should consider the ecological conditions of the landscape, and reconstruct natural or seminatural grasslands including of native plant species. Essentially, rehabilitation of natural landscape is supported also by creating new seminatural grassland patches. The basic principles of the natural grassland restoration are:
1. When a spontaneous secondary succession starts to proceed on an abandoned field without invasion of any alien plant species, the re-ploughing of the abandoned field has to be ignored.
2. Generally, the old fields surrounded by species-rich natural or seminatural grassland pathes can succesfully be restorated. Then, as a consequence of newly restored vegetation patches the recovery of the whole landscape can be accelerated. Furthermore, by restoring isolated grassland patches surrounded by arable lands a more diverse landscape pattern could be developed.
3. Spontaneous secondary succession of grasslands should be assisted.
4. The development of typical species composition of a seminatural grassland can be promoted by methods of spreaded hay. For successful process the hay has to be cut in a habitat type similar to ones that will be restored.
5. Applying seed-mix for sowing can be useful to prevent spreading weeds drastically in the early stages of succession.
6. Ideally, the seed-mix is originated from own harvesting or gathering from similar (or the same) habitats. If it is not possible, commercially available seed-mix can be applied, in which the dominant species is the same as in the restored habitat, with similar proportion.
7. Seed-mix consists of alien species has to be avoided.
8. If the composition or structure of the restored grassland is not appropriate after some years, the renewal of the grassland could be necessary. During the improvement process the reploughing of the restored grassland is avoided, but spreading seeds or hay, and direct sowing can be applied.
9. The loading of nutrient is not necessary in any stages of grassland restoration.
10. Applying chemicals is avoided; any herbicides can be used only when extensive invasion of alien plant species occurs.
11. The mechanical intrusions on soil are also avoided.
12. The restored grasslands is required regular or continuous management, which could be a preserving mowing or moderate grazing. The aspects of nature conservation should be considered.
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Multiple uses of grasslands: Papers of the „Challenges and Aspects in Grassland Management” conference held on 22-23 May 2008.
5-8Views:113In recent decades grassland science has identified all those products and services, which grasslands can provide for society. Among commodity goods traditional (meat, milk, leather, fibre, medicinal plants, animal excreta for heating, animal power to cultivate crops) and new products (labelled food from grasslands, biodiversity as gene pool for plant breeding, grass for energy) have been discussed. Non commodity benefits of grasslands are discussed in global (mitigation of climate change, air quality, water resources, soil health, carbon sequestration, maintenance of gene pools for biodiversity), regional (aesthetic or landscape values, conservation of watersheds, facilitation of tourism and hunting, avoidance of disasters such as avalanches and landslides, buffer zones for power lines, rehabilitation of landscape damages in mining areas) and local (preservation of grassland based cultural heritage) contexts. These products and services are investigated from the points of sustainability and multifunctionality. Existing grasslands and turfs in the county are categorized according to their basic functions. It is concluded that grasslands are the only ecosystem that is able to fulfil so mary tasks and requirements. Future prospects of grassland use in Hungary are outlined from the point of multifunctionality. Production functions of grassland are facing a slight increase due to organic farming. Ecological function will maintain their high importance. Remarkable increase is expected in amenity uses of grasslands.
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The impact of production factors on the yield formation of grasses of various exploitation
13-18Views:138The lawn – following the forest – is the best manner of land use. 10.75 percent of Hungarian territory is grassland. 90-95 percent of the grass’s root system can be found in the upper 10 cm layer of the soil therefore and because of the large evaporating surface the grasses have a great water demand and weather sensitivity. Beside the nutritional ability and some extreme properties of soil (for ex. great salinity) there is an influence on formation of the grass-type and the yield. In our experiments the sites were utilised 2, 3 and 4 times yearly. At two sites for four years (2006-2009) and at one site for two years (2009-2010) the quantity and the distribution of the yield as well as other parameters were examined, which are not reported in this paper. This experiment is a part of a climate research project run at 27 sites in Austria. The laboratory analyses were carried out uniformly in the LFZ Raumberg- Gumpenstein Research Institute. The most important results of this study are the following: The productivity of the grass type formed on the Little Cumania lowland is very limited. In case of drought there was the highest yield decrease and at the same time in case of good precipitation there was the smallest increase of yield. The effect of grass utilization by late first cut at the poorestsoil site was very unfavourable. At the grass sites of better quality, the utilization manner of 3 or 4 growth, resulted in a better adaptation to the climatic extremities.
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Impact of mole migration on soil factor indicators of extensive grassland
25-29Views:112We investigated the effects of mole walks in extensive grassland soil, focusing on changes in soil factor indicators, 3-3 times per year, in 2022-2023, in Karcag. Based on our results, we found that the drier year 2022 had verifiably higher carbon emission values, only on an annual average, than the wetter year 2023. We found no verifiable differences in soil temperature and soil moisture conditions. Based on our data, it can be concluded that the mammal of choice for the year 2023, the mole, does not have a significant impact on the carbon dioxide emissions of the grassland soil. Further studies in other habitat conditions are definitely warranted.
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Extenzív gyep szemiintenzifikációja növény- és talajkondicionálással
15-24.Views:86A hazai mezőgazdasági területekből jelentős területet fednek le a gyepterületek, melyek kérődző állatfajtáinknak még mindig a legfontosabb tömegtakarmány bázisát jelentik. Az évjárathatás (különös tekintettel az éghajlatváltozással járó időjárási szélsőségek gyakoriságának növekedésére), a gyeptalajok tápanyagtőke szegénysége és a kemikáliák használatát és az öntözést kizáró környezetvédelmi előírások alacsonnyá és kiszámíthatatlanná tették a gyepek hozamát és beltartalmát. Kutatómunkánk során három, a környezetvédelmi hatóságok által engedélyezett növénykondicionáló szert vizsgáltunk kisparcellás körülmények között, melyek a gyártói leírás szerint alkalmasak a gyep tápanyagtartalmának közvetlen növelésére. Teszteltünk továbbá egy a környezetvédelmi hatóságok által engedélyezett talajkondicionáló szert, amely a gyepnemez kedvezőbb szerkezetének kialakításával javítja talaj-, víz-, levegő- és tápanyagforgalmát. Két különböző időjárású évben vizsgáltuk a gyep cönológiai összetételét, zöldhozamát, valamint a széna beltartalmi értékeit. A talajkondicionáló szer hatását a talaj CO2-emissziójának és nedvességtartalmának meghatározásával mutattuk ki. A cönológiai és zöldhozam vizsgálatok nem igazolták a kezelések hatását, beltartalmi paraméterek közül a Mg-, Mn- és Zn-tartalom kismértékű emelkedését tapasztaltuk. A talajkondicionáló szer pozitívan hatott a talaj nedvességtartalmára, ennek következtében megemelkedett CO2-emissziót tudtunk kimutatni.
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Kecskelegelők botanikai és természetvédelmi vizsgálatai és értékelése
17-28Views:135A vizsgálat során két település melletti (Kaposdada, Kaposszerdahely) kecskelegelők vegetációját vizsgáltuk. Kaposdadán természetesgyepet (három térszínre különítve), Kaposszerdahelyen pedig 3 és 5 éve felhagyott fiatal és idősebb szántót és nádast. A botanikai adatok értékelése során azokat a relatívökológiai adatokat vettük figyelembe, amik a természetességi állapotra mutatnak. A kapott vegetáció adatokat Borhidi-féle relatív növényökológiai mutatók közül a NB (nitrogén igény relatív értékszámai) és a WB (relatív talajvíz-, ill. talajnedvesség indikátor számai) alapján értékeltük. A fajok természetvédelmi értékkategóriák (TVK) szerinti megoszlását Simon, a szociális magatartástípusok (SZMT) szerint Borhidi alapján végeztük el. Ezen kívül életforma spektrumokat is elemeztünk. Az adatok értékelésekor klaszteranalízist és detrendáltkorreszpondencia elemzést (DCA) alkalmaztunk. A mintaterületek vegetációja közül a kaposszerdahelyi, különösen igénybe vett, karámhoz közeli területnél különültek el leginkább. Itt a vegetáció degradált sok gyom- és zavarástűrő fajjal. A kaposszerdahelyi felvételek során az 5 éve legelőként alkalmazott gyep vegetációja pedig már közelít a természetes gyep vegetációjához, ami megerősíti, hogy a kecskékkel történő legeltetés a gyep regenerációját és fenntartását is elősegítette. A természetes gyep természetes vegetációjának a fenntartására is alkalmasak voltak a kecskék. A területek fajainak életforma spektrumai jó indikátorként jelentek meg. Az intenzíven igénybevett térszíneken a tarackoló és a tőlevélrózsás fajok mennyisége jelentősebb lett.
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Improvement of fallow grasslands
42-45Views:891. A cserjés és kórós gyomok szárzúzás utáni sarjadékát, még elfásodás előtt, szelektív gyomirtó szerrel (MCPA + Dicamba 5 l/ha) kezelve teljes gyommentességet értünk el a kísérleti területen.
2. A gyep termése az első évben a gyomirtás hatására csökkent, de ez pozitív hatás, mivel a füvek a gyomirtást követően nem szaporodtak még fel a területen.
3. A csomós ebír és a magyar rozsnok felülvetése helyreállította a javított gyep vezérnövény- állományát.
4. A tápanyag-ellátás javította a gyep hozamát, a 100 N kg/ha ammóniumnitrát hatóanyagú műtrágya-adag javasolható a gyakorlati felhasználásra.
5. A nitrogén hatóanyag hasznosulását a területen hagyott növényi maradványok 10-20%-al csökkenthetik.
6. A gyepalkotók faji összetételének javításával és a tápanyagellátás megfelelő szintű alkalmazásával helyreállítható és gazdaságossá tehető a terület állateltartó képessége. -
The effects of fertilization on 2 year old established swards. Mineral uptake 7.
107-118Views:52The effects of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations were examined on the mineral element uptake of an established 2 year old all-grass sward in the 29th year of a long-term fertilization field experiment set up on a calcareous chernozem soil. The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 3-5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available N, K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4N×4P×4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. In 2002 the area had 401 mm precipitation and gave 2 cuts of grass. The lay-out and method of the trial as well as the fertilizer responses on the hay yield and element content were published earlier (Kádár 2006). The main conclusions drawn as follows:
1. While the hay yield was basically determined by N-fertilization which lifted the hay mass 5 times compared to the N-control, the uptake of elements was drastically modified through the N×K and N×P synergistic and antagonistic interactions.
2. As a function of N×K treatments the uptake K changed for example at the 1st cut between 23-198 kg/ha, at the 2nd cut between 9-80 kg/ha. At the same time the uptake of Na fluctuated between 0.05-7.15 kg and 0.4-4.4 kg/ha, that of Mo 0.4-3.2 g/ha and 0.2-2.3 g/ha resp. As a function of N×P treatments the uptake of P changed at the 1st cut between 3-14 kg/ha, Sr between 12-388 g/ha, Mo between 0.5-4.5 g/ha. The nutrient accumulation at the 2nd cut showed an analogical picture.
3. The K-fertilization stimulated accumulation of K and Ba, while inhibited the antagonistic metal cations’ uptake of Ca, Mg and Na. The increased P-supply rose the absorption of P, S, Sr and Ba while diminished the extracted amount of Mo, which dropped down by 1/3rd compared with the control. The liberal N-supply stimulated the incorporation of N, K, Mn, Sr and Cu resulting an increase of an order of magnitude.
4. Between the two extreme supply levels (N0P0K0 and N3P3K3) there were found extreme differences in element uptake in 2002 as follows: 34-302 kg/ha K, 15-168 kg/ha N, 8-35 kg/ha Ca, 5-22 kg/ha S, 4-22 kg/ha P (9-51 kg/ha P2O5) and 3-14 kg/ha Mg. The incorporated Mn, Sr, Zn and Cu enhanced an order of magnitude on N3P3K3 plots compared to the N0P0K0 absolute control. Uptake of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Pb and Se left behind the detection limit of 1 g/ha.
5. To have 1 t air-dry hay it was used by grasses 17-35 kg K, 9-19 kg N, 3-5 kg Ca, 2.0-2.5 kg S, 1.3-2.5 kg P (3.0-5.7 kg P2O5), 1.4-1.9 kg Mg, 170-980 g Na, 90-170 g Fe, 60-120 g Mn and Al, 10-50 g Sr, 7-25 g Zn, 3-6 g Ba, B and Cu, 0.3-1.3 g Mo and 0.4-0.9 g Ni. Data illustrate the nutrient turnover of a grassland and may be used for assessing the nutrient demand of all-grass sward. -
A hasznosítási gyakoriság és az időjárás hatása száraz és üde fekvésű gyepek takarmány-minőségére
43-47Views:165Irrigating pastures is a viable option only in a few selected areas in Hungary, even though pasture is a water demanding culture. Species composition will be impacted by the climate change, reduced winter and spring precipitation and the increasing number of hot days as well as the rise in temperature. Coverage by dicots and C4 grasses will increase, resulting in a change in feed quality. Yield losses and deteriorating quality should be compensated by an adaptive agricultural technology. We examined the impacts of 3 utilization technologies and seasonal weather conditions on dry and mesic pastures in the years 2006-2010. Results indicated a significant difference in feed quality and factors determining nutrient content caused by water supply. On the dry pasture, humidity had a significant and substantial negative impact (highest significance, highest r-value) whereas the mesic pasture was essentially affected by precipitation. On the mesic pasture, high temperatures, strong radiation and high amounts of precipitation all had negative impacts on the digestibility and metabolisable energy content of grass. Crude protein contents showed strong correlation only with annual precipitation.
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Investigations on grassland and nature reservation effect of horse grazing in Tapolca and Káli Basins (2008)
65-72Views:159Examined areas can be found in the Tapolca and Káli Basins near Köveskál and Nemesgulács. Near Köveskál 2 horses were grazed on a 1 ha grassland, which was on a degraded association of Cynodonti-Poëtum angustifoliae. Control area was found close to the grazed grassland where Salvinio-Festucetum rupicolae association was found. The grassland was grazed formerly by sheep. Near Nemesgulács 4 horses were grazed on a 6 ha pasture under free range grazing system (0.7 horse/ha) on a Cynodonti- Poëtum angustifoliae grassland that is situated on a slope. Sample areas were selected the upper (UTS) and lower (LTS) third of the slope. This area formerly was as vineyard. 5-5 replicates of 2 by 2 m coenological quadrates were monitored on each sample area. Sward composition was investigated by Braun-Blanquet method (1964) in the grazing season of 2008. Ground cover (D) species composition and species number (n) were evaluated as analytical parameters. Relative nitrogen demand (NB), social behavior types (SBT) (Borhidi, 1995) and nature conservation value categories (TVK) (Simon, 2000) were also analyzed. At the LTS of the slope near Nemesgulács we could find species with bigger proportions indicating nutrient rich production sites and N indicating Artemisia vulgaris, characteristic species of manured sites appeared, too. At the UTS their proportion was smaller. The reason for this difference is the nutrient run off the slope and its accumulation at the LTS. The reason for the low nutritive value of the grassland are the lack of valuable Poaceae and pulses species and the low total cover. Valuable plant species were grazed out of the sward and negative effects of trampling could have been observed. Concerning the selective grazing preference of horses, the species composition of this area is not suitable for horse grazing. Instead of horses the area could be more suitable for sheep grazing. Pasture near Köveskál had extremely high proportion of species requiring nutrient rich conditions that can be probably due to frequent depositions of excreta and urine by grazing horses. Both control and pasture areas has the highest (approx. 35% absolute) cover of natural species with disturbance tolerance. The biggest difference in nature conservation value categories was the decrease of association composing species on the pasture. This was mainly caused by the grazing out of Poa angustifolia that was the most valuable species in the association. Overgrazing and grazing method applied caused very low plant cover on the grazed pasture.
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Cönológiai adatok kisalföldi és csallóközi homoki mintaterületek vegetációjának ismeretéhez
25-30.Views:116Vizsgálatunkat nyílt és záródó, homoki sztyepprétekhez tartozó gyepek állományaiban végeztük a Kisalföldön (Győrszentiván, Gönyű) és Csallóközben (Čenkov). A vizsgált természetes nyílt gyepekben az uralkodó faj a Festuca vaginata volt, a záródó gyepekben pedig a F. rupicola dominált. A csallóközi mintaterületen F. javorkae alkotta gyepet is el tudtunk különíteni. A győrszentiváni állományok a gyeprestaurációs munkának köszönhetően maradtak meg, regenerálódtak. Minden mintaterületen és vegetáció típusban 6-6 db cönológiai felvételt készítettünk 2×2 m-es kvadrátok használatával. A F. rupicola dominálta gyep fajszáma és a diverzitás értékei is magasabbak voltak; a F. vaginata gyeptípusok hasonló fajösszetétellel és diverzitás értékkel rendelkeztek. A F. javorkae gyep diverzitása volt a legkisebb, de bizonyos fajok csak ebben a vegetációban jelentek meg. Új eredmény, hogy a potenciálisan csak a Kárpát-medencében előforduló bennszülött faj állományát el lehetett különíteni, és cönoszisztematikai szempontból is eltérést mutatott. A nyílt gyepekben, valamint a F. javorkae gyepben is a Festucion vaginatae elemek domináltak. A Festucetalia valesiacae és a Festuco-Brometea elemek a homoki sztyeprétben fordultak elő nagy arányban. Új eredmény, hogy a F. wagneri, a pannon homokpuszták bennszülött, domináns, társulásképző faja nem csak a Duna-Tisza közén, hanem a vizsgált területen is megtalálható. A győrszentiváni F. vaginata gyep fajösszetétele és diverzitás értékei alapján a restaurációs munkák természetvédelmi és gyepgazdálkodási szempontból is sikeresnek mondhatók.
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Hucul lólegelők botanikai és természetvédelmi szempontú vizsgálatai az Öreg-Bakonyban
55-65Views:68Az Öreg-Bakonyban, Bakonybél határában található Vániklegel ő botanikai, természetvédelmi értékeit vizsgáltuk. A mintaterületeken a cönológiai felvételek a 2013-as és 2014-es évben készültek, 2×2 m-es kvadrátokat alkalmazva, ahol a fajok borítása lett megadva. A húszhektáros legelőterület mozaikos élőhely, ami a különböző legeltetés előtti kezelésekből fakad, ezért nyolc mintaterületet különítettünk el. A mintaterületek cönológiai adatait Borhidi-féle szociális magatartási formák és Simon természetvédelmi értékkategóriái alapján elemeztük. A teljes adatstruktúra elemzéséhez főkomponens elemzést (PCA) és detrendált korreszpondencia elemzést (DCA) alkalmaztunk. Jellemeztük mind a 8 mintaterület vegetációját és részletesebben elemeztük a mindkét évben legelőként alkalmazott részterületeket. Az eredmények alapján a különböző kezelés és azt követő legeltetés során a kézi erővel és már 10 éve cserjeirtott területen regenerálódott a gyep leginkább, és vált gyepgazdálkodási szempontból is értékessé. Az V-ös mintaterületen 5 éve gépi erővel történt a cserjeirtás, de a gyep már szintén jól regenerálódott. A két éve cserjeirtott (VI. mintaterület) vegetációja még nem regenerálódott, sok a gyom és a zavarástűrő faj. Az I-es mintaterületen gépi kaszálást is végeztek, emiatt is a gyep nagyon degradált.
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The effects of fertilization on a 6 years old established grassland
19-30Views:67The effect of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations were examined in the 33rd year of a long-term fertilization experiment on the yield and mineral element content of a 6 years old established all-grass sward in 2006, with seed mixture of eight grass species. The trial was established on a calcareous chernozem soil. The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4N×4P×4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, super phosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. The 1st cut was made on 08th June, the 2nd one on 11th September. During the vegetation period of 8.5 months in 2006, the site had a total of 397 mm precipitation. The lay-out, method and main results of the trial were published earlier (Kádár, 2004, 2008; Kádár és Győri, 2004, 2005). Main conclusions of this study are as follows:
- The 1st cut hay yield gave the ¾ of the total yield. Highest yields were reached with the 200 kg/ha/year N-fertilization on soil well supplied with P (Ammonium-lactate soluble P2O5: 214 mg/kg). The yield of NP control plots increased from 1.5 t/ha to about 7.5 t/ha as a function of the N×P positive interaction. The rising P supply alone was not able to enhance the yield, however the N fertilization gave 3.5 t/ha hay surplus even in the P-control treatments. N and P fertilization together resulted in 6.0-6.5 t/ha yield surpluses. The effect of K fertilization also reached 1 t/ha on the NP levels where the ammonium-lactate soluble K2O content fell below 150 mg/kg.
- The 2nd cut hay gave 0.5 t/ha on the NP-control plots unfertilized for 33 years, and 2.5 t/ha on the 300 kg/ha/year N treatment with well P-supply. The two cuts together resulted in yield levels between 2-10 t/ha according to the extreme NPK supply. In this year, with relatively good amount of precipitation, the hay yield surpluses for 1 kg N were 47-33-23 kg for the 100-200-300 kg/ha treatments.
- The C/N ratio of the 1st cut was narrowed (from 52 to 24) with N-supply and the concentration of N as well as most of the cations increased with the rising N fertilization. In the low yield of the 2nd cut the elements, metals were accumulated. The P, S and Sr were enriched in hay as a result of rising P supply, as superphosphate contains these elements. Antagonistic effect of P predominated in the uptake of other elements, metals (Na, Zn, Cu, Mo, Cr, Co). K content of the hay was lifting while other elements were dropping with the increasing K fertilization partly as a result of dilution effect (N, P, S) and mainly because of cation antagonism (Ca, Mg, Na, Sr). K-B antagonism also appeared.
- The N×K interactions resulted in 2-fold Sr and 18-22 fold Na content changes while N×P caused 18-22 fold changes in Mo contents, especially at the 2nd cut. As it can be seen, fertilization can have drastical effects on soil and crops. The induced element deficiencies or oversupplies can lead to diseases, disturbances in the metabolism of animals, so the soil and fodder analyses are necessary.
- Considering the leaf diagnostical data, the satisfactory level will be at 200 kg/ha/year N supply and 150 mg/kg ammonium-lactate soluble P2O5 and K2O level or above. The S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn supply were satisfactory even at the control plots, while the Zn, Cu and B levels showed deficiency. The P/Zn and K/B ratios became adversely wider in some treatments, as well as the narrowing of the Cu/Mo ratio denotes Cu deficiency and Mo oversupply.
- The amount of elements uptaken by hay as a sum of the two cuts and as a function of the supply/yield varied between the following values in kg/ha: 17-163 N; 36-122 K; 9-48 Ca; 6-17 P; 4-15 S; 3-14 Mg; 0,3-8,0 Na; 0,2-1,4 Fe; 0,2-0,9 Al and Mn. The other elements showed the following uptake: Zn 33-194, Sr 28-141, Ba 5-46, Cu 5-39, B 5-26, Mo 3-6 g/ha.
- The botanical composition was drastically modified by the aging of the grass and the nutrient supply. Only three species remained out of the eight sown species and one immigrated. Coverage of the tall fescue was between 21-70% according to the N×P supply and 44% as average; coverage of cocksfoot varied between 4-24% depending on the treatment and 18% as an average; coverage of crested wheatgrass was between 0-28% and 9% as an average; the immigrant smooth brome covered 0-24% and 9% as an average; Weed cover was 3-4% as an average at the 1st cut. Weeds thrived mainly on those areas where the grass thinned away (extreme NP-deficiency or oversupply). The total plant coverage on NP-deficient soil was about 50%, while on treatments well supplied with NP it amounted 95-97%.
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Parádóhuta melletti cserjeirtott mintaterületen kialakult gyep növényzetének változása vadrágás hatására 2012 és 2019 között
43-49.Views:118A természetvédelmi kezelések alkalmával a hegyi réteken leginkább a cserjésedés visszaszorítása a cél. E feladatot 2012-ben több Parádóhuta melletti gyepfolton a Bükki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság látta el. A vizsgált foltok közül a mintaterületünkön 2012 óta viszont nem történt beavatkozás, a vegetáció kialakításáért és a benne történő változásért kizárólag a vadak a felelősek. A cönológiai vizsgálatokat 2×2 m-es kvadrátokban végeztük, ahol a fajok borítási értékei lettek megadva. A vegetációs adatokat klaszteranalízis és detrendált korreszpondencia-elemzés (DCA) alkalmazásával értékeltük. A mintaterületen csak a vadrágásnak köszönhetően 6 éven keresztül (2012-2017) a természetes fajösszetételű vegetáció alakult ki. Ez alatt az időszak alatt a fásszárú fajok nem váltak dominánssá, mint az várható lett volna, hanem stagnált, sőt egyes pontokon jelentősen csökkent a borításuk. Itt a magára hagyott területen potenciálisan a cserjésedés által veszélyeztetett gyeptársulásokban a nagytestű vadak szabályozták a fásszárú fajok borítását, ezzel jelentős szerepet játszhattak a természetközeli állapotok fenntartásában. Az utolsó két évben (2018-2019) jelentős változás történt. 2018-ban közel 10 ha-on cserjeirtást végeztek, így a vadállomány „legelő” területe több, mint a kétszeresére nőtt. A vadállomány ekkor már a kiterjedt területen nem tudta visszaszorítani a cserjésedést. 2019-re az évelő lágyszárúak fajösszetétele nem változott jelentősen, de a borításuk jelentős mértékben csökkent, és a cserjék törtek előre. 2018-ig az inváziós fajok (I) borítása viszonylag állandónak mondható, a 2019-es évben viszont a borításuk növekedni kezdett. A gyep diverzitási értéke is csökkent a 2019-es évre. A vadhatás elmaradásával a gyep fajösszetéte, ha még nem is változott jelentős mértékben, de a borítási értékek jól jelzik, hogy a becserjésedés erősödni fog, és várható, hogy a lágyszárú fajok nagy része is vissza fog szorulni.
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Effect of organic fertilisation on yield and soil factor values of extensive grassland
23-28Views:55The effect of different rates of organic fertilizer was investigated on a natural grassland with solonyec soil conditions at the Karcag Research Institute in the second year after application. Of the mature sheep manure treatments applied at 0-10-15-20 t/ha, the 20 t/ha dose was shown to result in higher dry matter yields. In addition, the 20 t/ha dose of organic manure was shown to stimulate soil life, as supported by measurements of carbon dioxide emissions, and to help better conserve soil moisture.
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Investigation of carbon dioxide emissions from underutilized grassland
15-25Views:268Climate change-induced extreme changes are making phytomass yields of extensive grasslands in continental areas increasingly dependent on the season. This situation is exacerbated, inter alia, by the decline in grazing livestock production due to a lack of quality labour, and thus by an increase in the proportion of unused or under-utilised grassland. In our experiments, we have refined the effects of a decade of zero, mulch, mowing and meadow utilisation on carbon emissions, soil moisture and soil temperature during two different types of years. We found that zero tillage with accumulated duff in the absence of utilization had the highest carbon dioxide emission values in different years, even at lower soil moisture values. Our results confirm the fact that fallow grasslands can be considered a source of risk due to their increased greenhouse gas emissions.
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Degradation degree evolution under different grassland management
35-44Views:121The objective of this manuscript is to clarify the changes in vegetation structure of an extensively managed grassland association under different land use practices. In the grasslands of the Hungarian Great Plain, the westernmost part of the Eurasian steppe, the largely decreasing grazing livestock numbers and the almost disappearing pastoral grazing make the topic very topical. We analysed the last 4 years of the study period 2009-2020 and found that the lowest degradation rates were measured in the meadow utilisation management, with values ranging from 0.277-0.463 in the 11th year of the experiment. And the highest degradation values were measured in the treatment with the overgrazing mode, with degradation degrees 3.43-5.0 in the 11th year of the experiment. In the treatment demonstrating the effect of overgrazing, we measured a high increase in the cover value of the weed Hordenum murinum, which is very dangerous for sheep, between 2017 and 2020, with an average of 107.6%.
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Effect of fertilization on the aminoacid content and aminoacid yield an established all-grass swarde 5.
11-20Views:79The effects of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations were examined on the amino acid content and yield of an established all-grass sward with seed mixture of eight grass species in the 28th year of a long term fertilization field experiment set up on a calcareous chernozem loamy soil. The lay-out and method of the trial, as well as the fertilizer responses on the hay yield and quality parameters, were published elsewhere (Kádár, 2005; Kádár and Győri, 2005). The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4Nx4Px4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. In 2001, however, the area had a satisfactory amount of 621mm precipitation with a fairly good distribution. The grass was established on 21. September 2000. The main results and conclusions can be summarised as follows:
1. The content of GLU, ASP, HIS and ARG increased in the crude protein of the 1st cut hay as a function of N-fertilization up to 12-19%. The same time the content of PRO decreased up to 23%, CYS up to 25%, TRY up to 42% and ALA up to 48% compared to the N-control. The P fertilization raised the concentration of ASP, LEU, GLY, HIS, PHE and CYS, while the content of ALA dropped down to 41% that of P-contol.
2. As a function of NxP positive interactions the content of ASP rose from 7.2 to 10.3%, HIS from 3.8 to 5.8%, ARG from 3.2 to 4.2% compared to the NP control, while the content of ALA diminished from 5.8 to 2.2%, TRY from 1.3 to 0.6%. The K fertilization also depressed the TRY synthesis. The N0P0K0 plots showed 1.59% TRY in protein, while the N3P3K3 maximum supply plots only 0.35%.
3. The yield of amino acids was enhanced 3-4 times by N fertilization, 2.0-2.5 times by P fertilization and 20-30% by K fertilization. The amino acid yield increased on the N3P3K3 plots, compared to the N0P0K0 plots, in the case of ALA and TRY 3-4 times. Most of the other amino acids yielded 8-12 times more, HIS 14 times, PRO 16 times, GLY 18 times and CYS 20 times more. The maximum yield of essential amino acids made up 774 kg/ha, the total amino acid yield 1552 kg/ha and crude-protein 1779 kg/ha in the 1st cut hay.
4. As a result of NxP interactions the ratio of ASP/ALA changed from 1.2 to 4.7, that of ARG/TRY from 2.5 to 6.3, that of HIS/TRY from 2.9 to 9.7 with the increased NP supply. Thus, fertilization can induce an imbalance of amino acids and so change or deteriorate the biological quality of protein. In similar circumstances the forage may require a TRY supplement to restore the imbalance of amino acids. -
Természetvédelmi kezelések hatása gyepterületek vegetációjára a Gyöngyösi Sár-hegy TT mintaterületein
37-46.Views:131Az antropogén eredetű gyepes területek Magyarország leginkább fajgazdag élőhelyei közé tartoznak, ami különösen érvényes a hegyi rétekre, de a középhegységi szárazabb lejtők gyepeire is. Fennmaradásukat több tényező veszélyezteti, így a természetes szukcesszió is. A természetvédelmi kezelések egyik feladata a cserjésedés visszaszorítása, vagy cserjeirtással újabb élőhely-foltok kialakítása. A sár-hegyi mintaterületeinken cserjés, száraz-tölgyes, pionír rezgőnyár dominálta vegetáció típusban kialakított, különböző módszerrel kezelt gyepfoltok vegetációját hasonlítottuk össze 2×2 méteres kvadrátok alkalmazásával. A jelen munkában a 2013. és a 2017. évi adatokat közöljük. A felvételeket természetvédelmi mutatók (szociális magatartásformák, természetvédelmi értékkategóriák, Pignatti- és Raunkiaer-féle életformák), valamint statisztikai módszerek (klaszter- illetve DCA-analízis) segítségével elemeztük. Eredményeink egyértelműen rámutattak a természetvédelmi kezelés szükségességére a gyepfoltokon. A már 2013-ban is rezgő nyár (Populus tremula) csemeték által dominált területet a fásszárú fajok 2017-re teljesen összefüggően borították, a lágyszárú gyomokat is kiszorítva, így itt a gyep kialakítására rendszeres beavatkozás nélkül nincs lehetőség. A kezelt (cserjeirtott és kaszált), majd 2012-ben felhagyott gyepeken is megindult a cserjésedés, ami a 2013-ban még tömegesen jelen levő védett árvalányhaj-fajok (Stipa spp.) szinte teljes eltűnéséhez vezetett. Ezzel szemben a vizsgálatunk időtartama alatt is, és mintegy 20 éve folyamatosan kaszálással kezelt területek vegetációja nem változott lényegesen, a zavarásra, illetve természetességre utaló fajok borításának aránya stabil maradt. Az eredmények alátámasztják, hogy a jövőben továbbra is szükség van a száraz tölgyes, bokorerdő, cserjés helyén kialakított gyep fenntartásához a rendszeres kaszálásra, illetve esetenként cserjeirtásra is, így stabilizálva az élőhelyek magas fajdiverzitását.
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The effects of fertilization on 2 year old established swards. Yield and mineral content 6.
94-106Views:58The effects of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations were examined on the hay yield and mineral element content of an established 2 year old all-grass sward in the 29th year of a long-term fertilization field experiment set up on a calcareous chernozem soil. The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 3-5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available N, K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4N×4P×4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. In 2002, the area had 401 mm precipitation and gave 2 cuts of grass. The 1st year results of the trial were published earlier (Kádár, 2005a, b). The main conclusions can be summarised as follows:
1. As a function of N×P fertilization the two cuts of the hay yield made up 1.4-8.0 t/ha while the green herbage 5.0-24.0 t/ha. The N-fertilization was of vital importance, which increased the hay mass 5 times. The P-response was moderate in the 1st, cut while there were no K-responses at all on this soil with 135 mg/kg ammoniumlactate (AL) soluble K2O values in plough layer.
2. On those plots well supplied with PK the 100 kg/ha/yr N-treatment gave a total of 48 kg surplus hay/kg N applied. The 200 kg/ha/yr N-treatment yielded 11 kg, while the 300 kg/ha/yr N-treatment yielded 4 kg surplus hay/kg N applied. The NO3-N content of the 1st cut hay increased over permitted 0.25% level when using the maximum N-rate and made up this NO3-N form 26% of the total-N pool. The optimum PK-supplies in this site seems to be about 130-150 mg/kg AL-P2O5 and AL-K2O in plow layer with 200 kg/ha/yr N applied.
3. N-fertilization enhanced the content of N, K, Mg, Na, Mn, Cu and NO3-N, while the concentration of S, P, Al, Fe, B and Mo dropped in the primary hay. The increasing P-supply stimulated the uptake of P, Ca, Mn, Sr and Ba, while hinderned the uptake of S and Mo. The K-fertilization rose the content of K and Ba and diminished the concentration of Mo and the antagonistic metal cations like Ca, Mg and Na.
4. The NPK fertilization-induced Mo-deficiency can first of all jeopardized the fodder quality in this site. On the unfertilized plots the hay showed around 1.0 mg Mo /kg D.M., while on the N3P3K3 plots 0.1-0.2 mg/kg D.M. The P/Mo ratio lifted from 2-4 thousand up to 20 thousand. In the 2nd cut this phenomena partly disappeared, while developed the P-Zn antagonism. On P-control plots measured 15 mg/kg Zn
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dropped to 10 mg/kg while the P/Zn ratio rose from 167 up to 364.
5. The 2nd cut hay had a little yield, yet was rich in minerals having 30-50% higher average element content compared with the primary hay. However the N, Al, Fe and Mo showed 2-times higher concentrations in the 2nd cut hay. There were found extra large, 25-fold differences in hay Na content as a function of N×K supply levels under synergetic effect of N and antagonistic effect of K treatment.
6. Summarizing the above we can state that the long-term fertilization may drastically change the content and ratios of elements built in hay through synergetic or antagonistic effects. In the air-dried 1st cut hay for example, the minima-maxima concentrations of measured elements varied as follows: N 0.7-3.0%, K 1.3-3.0%, Ca 0.3-0.5%, Mg 0.13-0.21%, S 0.15-0.32%, P 0.10-0.32%; Na 50-1400, Mn 60-120, Al 50-120, Fe 70-140, Sr 8-170, Zn 6-40, Ba and B 3-6, Cu 2.5-5.5, Ni 0.4-1.4, Mo 0.1-1.0 mg/kg. -
Effects of organic fertilization on the structure and yield of extensive grassland plant populations
3-8Views:119The effects of different organic fertilizer inputs were investigated on natural grassland with solonyec soil conditions at the Karcag Research Institute. Mature sheep manure applied at 0-10-15-20 t/ha at single irrigation in early spring induced positive changes in stand structure and yield even in the semiarid spring of 2022. In the non-irrigated part of the experiment, the difference in the rates of organic manure was hardly affected.
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Degradáció mérése alulhasznosított természetes gyepen
47-54.Views:115Az állattartást kiszolgáló gyep művelési ág szerepe jelentősen hanyatlik a hazai legeltetett állatlétszám csökkenésével, ennek következtében növekszik az alulhasznosított, illetve az egyáltalán nem hasznosított gyepek területe. A Debreceni Egyetem, Agrár Kutatóintézetek Tangazdaság, Karcagi Kutatóintézetében négyféle gyephasznosítási módot vizsgáltunk három ismétlésben egy ecsetpázsitos sziki réten. Vizsgálatunk során meghatároztuk a kísérleti terület növényszerkezet összetételét, illetve meghatároztuk a talaj szén-dioxid-emisszióját, a talaj hőmérsékletét és a talaj nedvességét.