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• Factors affecting the thousand-grain weight of three grass cultivars

  15-21

  Anita Lepossa

  Adrienn Halasz

  Laszlo Menyhart

  Views:

  97

  We analyzed the effects of temperature, precipitation and the age of the mother plants on the change of an important seed quality parameter, the thousand-grain weight (TGW) in the case of three Hungarian cultivars of different grass species (’Tomaj’ red fescue, ’K-50’ tall fescue and ’K-51’ smooth brome). Examining the seed samples of six years from the stocks maintained at the MATE Georgikon Campus (Keszthely), we found that the age of the stocks did not affect the value of TGW. The age of the stocks did not affect the TGW. Only the heat sum lower than average showed negative effect to the TGW in the linear model applied the heat sum and total precipitation calculated between 1st of May to the harvest date, and the age of the stocks as independent factors. Precipitation had a positive but weak effect, the amount of precipitation calculated from 1st of November of the previous year to harvest correlated better with TGW. We also found that proper purification and the TGW-data correction for the same moisture content are necessary in such a comparative study of TGW values of grass seeds.

• Biomass of the sandy grasslands along the Danube

  31-35

  Brigitta Racz

  Attila Furesz

  Norbert Peter

  Ferenc Stilling

  Ferenc Pajor

  Views:

  136

  Festuca taxa are important grassland species in the pannonian vegetation, and are defining members of it where conditions are too extreme for most plants. Based on grassland management surveys, habitats of narrow-leaved or small Festuca species are an indicator of poor productive capacity, but are important in terms of nature conservation. The significance of these grasslands are likely to be increasing in line with climate change and expanding dry habitats.

• Vegetation investigation of cattle pastures in the Ipoly Valley, Dejtár

  53-54

  Ildiko Turcsanyi-Jardi

  Karoly Penksza

  Eszter Salata-Falusi

  Views:

  134

  The most natural and appropriate way to preserve the biodiversity of grasslands is the utilization, which is confirmed by current research. Conservation management requires intensive cooperation between nature conservation and intensive grassland utilization. Therefore, we investigated the effect of extensive grassland utilization on the outskirts of Dejtár.

• Spring phonological development of grasses

  89-93

  Geza Nagy

  Views:

  121

  The paper starts with those arguments which underline the scientific importance of the research program entitled “Factors determining forage quality of grasses”. It summarizes the maint features of spring grass development based on the international scientific literature. It describes the methods and material of the research program.
  Based on the results of the 2004 research it presents data for tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), brome grass (Bromus inermis), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and thimothy (Phleum pratense) on
  - number of active leaves, at given dates,
  - the sum of the length of active leaves per shoot at given dates,
  - total number of leaves/per shoot developed until the end of the investigations,
  - crude protein and netto energy content of the grasses in the beginning in the middle and in the end of investigation period.
  Conclusions from the research results:
  - the phonological development of grasses is species-specific,
  - after the start of the generative development the active leaf area per shoot is declining,
  1 A dolgozat az MTA Gyepgazdálkodási Bizottságának 2005. július 09-én Beregszászon (Ukrajna) rendezett tudományos előadás bővített változata
  decline in crude protein content of grasses between middle April and June is continues while netto energy content declines between middle April and middle May, but it does not change after words.

• The effect of fertilization on the feeding value and nutrient yield of artificial grasslands 2.

  46-56

  Imre kadar

  Zoltan Gyori

  Views:

  76

  The effect of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations on the nutritional values and nutrient yield of an established all-grass sward were examined in 28th year of a long-term fertilization field experiment set up on a calcareous chernozem loamy soil. The fertilizer responses on the development, hay yield and N-uptake were published elsewhere (Kádár, 1994). The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 5% CaCO₃, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4Nx4Px4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. In 2001, however, the area had a satisfactory amount of 621 mm precipitation with fairly good distribution. The grass was established on 21. September 2000. The main results and conclusions can be summarised as follows:
       1. While the grass herbage yield was determined by the NxP supply levels, the nutritional values were influenced by the NxK interactions. As a function of NxK treatments, the N-free extract decreased from 532 g/kg (control) to 390 g/kg (N₃K₃), Crude-protein increased on the same plots from 64 g/kg to 183 g/kg, so the ratio of N-free extract/Crude-protein tightened from 8.3 to 2.1. Compared to the unfertilized control, the Crude-ash enhanced with 26%, while the N-dependent Metabolic Protein (MFN) with 286% on the N3K3 levels.
       2. The maximum nutrient yields were measured at the first cut on the 100 kg/ha/yr N-treatment with 150 mg/kg ammoniumlactate soluble P-supply soils for Crude-fibre, Neutral and Acid Detergent Fibres (NDF, ADF) N-free extract, Crude-ash and Nettoenergy (NE) parameters. The Crude-fat and the Energy Dependent Protein (MFE) yields gave maximum surpluses using 200 kg/ha/yr N-rate with high level of 333 mg/kg AL-P2O5 supply in plow-layer. Highest crude-protein and the N-dependent Metabolic Protein (MFN) yields were connected, however, to the highest N3P3 levels, where the yield increased 5-times compared to the control.
       3. At the 2nd cut, both the nutritional values and the nutrient yields changed only as a function of N-supply. Maximum nutrient yields were obtain generally at the 300 kg/ha/yr treatment. Assessing the 1st and 2nd cuts together, the 200 kg/ha/yr treatment seemed to be the best fertilization practice. Among the different NPK treatments developed extreme differences. The unfertilized for 28 years plots (N0P0K0 ) gave small nutrient yields. The moderate N-fertilization alone (N1P0K0) enhanced the yields 2-3 times. The moderate balanced fertilization (N1P1K1) gave further dramatic surpluses. The N-dependent Crude-protein and the protein fractions (MFE, MFN) as well as the Crude-fat yielded maxima values at the highest (N3P3K3) treatment.
       4. Summarizing above, we can state that the satisfactory or abundant fertilization on such soil poor in NPK and in a favourable year can increase the Crude-fibre, the fiber fractions (NDF, ADF), N-free extract, Crude-ash, Crude-fat and Nettoenergy (NE) yields 3-5 times, while the N-dependent Crude-protein and protein-fractions (MFE, MFN) even 7-8-times.

• Botanical investigation of goats pastures on natural and replanted grasslands

  49-51

  Ferenc Stilling

  Peter Poti

  Ferenc Pajor

  Sandor Hajnaczki

  Views:

  123

  There are new challenges for global agriculture due to the changing circumstances in natural and economical world. Many professionals mentioned that our current agricultural methods not suitable to produce proper amount and quality foods. We have to change from the conventional farming to a sustainable agriculture to reach a well performing global agriculture what consist local viable agro systems. The organic farming as one type of sustainable agriculture, is a developing sector where the market and economical competition is growing. There is an opportunity to produce high quality food without additives in Hungary based on the climate, good quality soil as well traditional plant and animal species. The hungarian government set better balance between animal husbandry and arable farming as target and focusing on family farming and organic farming.

• The modification of natural lawn types from the effect of utilisation and cultivation in Barót mountains – Kovászna county

  80-81

  Magdolna Szakacs Nagy

  Views:

  53

  In the last decade the animal stock decreased to half couldn't optimally utilise the disposable natural lawns. Through the changed ownership's the utilisation of the natural lawns also changed. The areas near settlements are overladed and at the same time the big distant areas are only temporally or not at all utilised. On the places in use usually the fertilisation and maintenance work are cancelled. What kind of effect has the changed utilisation and cultivation on natural lawns, do they provoke modifications on it? Looking for an answer for these questions in 2002 a lawn typological measurement was started in two separated areas in Barót Mountains.
  This publication is about the observations during this monitoring work. The measurement has been made with the system of lawn typological classification of Tucra-Kovács and collaborators (1987). This classification analyses 3 factors: plant composition, facilities at production site, and the necessary technology for rising the crop. The one year long monitoring is not enough to make conclusions regarding the modification of lawn types, but the changed relations of last decade determined the natural lawn. On the places exposed to exaggerated tread the Dechampsia caespitosa is spreading, on acid soils the Nardus stricta, showing the formation of significant subtypes inside of Agrostis tenuis- Festuca rubra lawn type significant for beech tree zone.
  The spreading of woody plants is much significant. The shrubs are spreading showing that the lawn areas withdrew from cultivation is progressing to natural estate, to forest.

• magyar

  55-58

  Péter Pál Dr. Mikó

  Views:

  68

  A cikk a gyepalkotók 2021-2023. évi vetőmagárainak növekedését hasonlítja össze a Magvas Vetőmag Kft. árai alapján.

• A növényfajok együttélését és fajgazdagságát befolyásoló biotikus tényezők száraz szikes gyepekben.

  5-12.

  Nóra Balogh

  Views:

  82

  A növényfajok közötti kölcsönhatások egyik meghatározó eleme a facilitáció, emiatt ennek a növények közötti pozitív kölcsönhatás típusnak a vizsgálata a növényökológiai kutatások frontvonalába tartozik. A legtöbb kutatás szerint a pozitív biotikus kölcsönhatások jelentősége stresszelt környezetben a legnagyobb és az abiotikus stressz csökkenésével egyre inkább a fajok közötti versengés válik jellemzővé. Egy adott növényközösségben jelenlévő fajoknak el kell viselniük az adott élőhely környezeti feltételeit, amelyekhez gyakran hasonló alkalmazkodási stratégiákat fejlesztenek ki, ami miatt ezek a fajok bizonyos jellegeikben hasonlóak lesznek egymáshoz. Emellett működik egy másik hatás is, amely az együtt élő növények morfológiai különbözősége, és ezáltal eltérő forrásfelhasználása által teszi lehetővé a fajok együttélését. Kutatásunk célja az volt, hogy megvizsgáljuk a biotikus interakciókat, és a funkcionális jellegek fajok közötti hasonlóságait, illetve különbségeit abiotikusan stresszelt szikes gyepekben, mely során főleg a domináns faj (Festuca pseudovina) többi fajra gyakorolt hatására voltunk kíváncsiak. Vizsgálatainkat cickórós szikes puszta (Achilleo setaceae-Festucetum pseudovinae) 9 állományában végeztük, mely során 20×20 cm-es kvadrátokban begyűjtöttük a teljes földfelszín feletti fitomasszát (összesen 270 fitomassza mintát). A mintákat kiszárítás után szétválogattuk avarra és élő fitomasszára, ez utóbbit fajonként tovább válogattuk, majd a száraz tömegüket lemértük. A jellegalapú elemzések során a következő faji jellegeket használtuk: magasság, klonális terjedés, gyökerezési mélység és magtömeg. A főbb fitomassza frakciók (domináns faj fitomasszája, avar, alárendelt fajok élő fitomasszája) között, és ezek, illetve a fajgazdagság között kizárólag pozitív kapcsolatokat mutattunk ki. A domináns faj fitomasszájának növekedése pozitív hatással volt a funkcionális diverzitásra is. Eredményeink alapján elmondhatjuk, hogy a stresszelt környezetben egy nagyobb termetű faj jelenléte kedvezőbbé teszi a mikrokörnyezetet, ezáltal több faj kisléptékű együttélését teszi lehetővé, és hogy ez az együttélés leginkább egymástól eltérő tulajdonságokkal rendelkező fajok között valósul meg. 

• The effect of fertilization on the yield and N uptake of artificial grasslands 1.

  36-45

  Imre Kadar

  Views:

  67

  The effects of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations on the development, yield and N-uptake of an established all-grass sward were examined in the 28th year of a long-term fertilization experiment set up on a calcareous chernozem soil. The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4Nx4Px4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, super phosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. In 2001, however, the area had a satisfactory amount of 621 mm precipitation with a fairly good distribution. The grass was established on 21. September 2000. The main results and conclusions can be summarised as follows:
       1. Grass herbage had a very favourable wet year in 2001 with over 700 mm rainfall during the total vegetation period. The hay yield of unfertilised control plots was by the 1st cut 1.7 t/ha, by the 2nd cut 1.2 t/ha, while the N3P3K3 treatment gave 8.8 t/ha and 4.2 t/ha resp., so NPK fertilization increased the air-dried hay yield from 3 t/ha to 13 t/ha (1st+2nd cuts together).
       2. The N-requirement of the young grass was moderate while the P-response significant by the 1st cut. The optimum P-supply was at the 150 mg/kg ammonium lactate soluble AL-P2O5 in the plow layer. There were no K-responses on this soil with 135 mg/kg AL-K2O values.
       3. There were no P responses any more by the 2nd cut even on the low P-supply soil, with 66 mg/kg AL-P2O5 value, while the applied N increased the hay yield 4 times. The optimum N content in the hay, leading to maximum yield, amounted 2% by the 1st cut and 2.5-3.0% at the 2nd cut. Applied N decreased air-dried content at the 1st cut from 33% to 31%, at the 2nd cut from 27% to 21%.
       4. On the soil, well supplied with PK, the 100 kg/ha/yr N treatment gave the maximum hay surpluses: at the 1st cut 61 kg, at the 2nd cut 14 kg, that is a total of 75 kg hay/kg N applied. The 200 kg/ha/yr plots yielded 43 kg, 300 kg/ha/yr yielded 34 kg hay/kg N applied. The primary sward hay had 0.34% NO3-N in the 300 kg/ha/yr treatment, which was over the allowable 1.25% NO3-N limit for animal foodstuff. The NO3-N content in the N-control plots amounted 0.06%, in the 100 kg/ha/yr treatment 0.10%, in the 200 kg/ha/yr treatment 0.22%. At the 2nd cut the hay had generally, half as high NO3-N content as in the 1st cut hay in all treatments.
       5. The apparent recovery of applied N, using difference method, was even more than 100% on the well supplied with PK soil suggesting that in these instances grass herbage could make a good use of soil NO3-N pool accumulated in soil during the previous period and not used by the crops.

• Az időjárási tényezők és a hasznosítási rendszerek hatása a terméshozamra és a minőségre néhány pázsitfűfaj esetében

  43-56

  Gábor Török

  Márta Bajnok

  András Béres

  Zsuzsanna Harkányiné Székely

  Julianna Tasi

  Views:

  101

  A hazai és európai védettség alatt álló gyepes területek, illetve az AKG Programba bevont gyepek nagy aránya miatt az extenzifikáció előrehaladott állapota jellemzi a hazai gyepterületeket. A különböző korlátozások gyepeink mintegy felén nem teszik lehetővé a szakszerű tápanyag-gazdálkodást, a felülvetést, vagy pl. az öntözést sem. Az egyre sűrűbben előforduló szélsőséges időjárási hatások ellen a hasznosítás gyakoriságának és idejének megválasztása, valamint az eltérő tulajdonságú pázsitfőfajok telepítése vagy felülvetése kínálnak alternatívát. A gyepgazdálkodás feladata kettős, részben felelni kell az – egyre szélsőségesebb – időjárási kihívásokra, és ezt olyan technológiákkal kell megvalósítani, ami egyben megfelel a korlátozásokat meghatározó jogszabályoknak és törvényeknek is. Ez a kettőség vezérelte kísérletünket is. Különböző főfajok (4 szálfű, 4 aljfű) esetén vizsgáltuk meg az egyes hasznosítási változatokat, és a kapott eredményeket az időjárási tényezők viszonylatában elemeztük. Kísérletünk a Szent István Egyetem Növénytermesztési Tanüzemének Szárítópusztai telepén volt, ahol kaszálással szimuláltuk a gyepnövedékek betakarítását, a gyep hasznosításának intenzitását. A hasznosítási gyakoriságot évente három változatban állapítottuk meg: 2×-i, 3×-i és 4×-i. Az értékelt adatok alapján, hasonló száraz ökológiai körülmények között kizárólagos kaszálónak egyfajú telepítésre vagy felülvetéses gyepjavításra ajánljuk a Festuca arundinacea fajt. Rét és legelő hasznosítás esetén az Agropyron cristatum fajt javasoljuk, amellyel sikeresen lehetne a leromlott állapotú legelők és rétek felülvetéses javítása. 

• Comparative phytosociological study of long-term on Tihany Peninsula of the Balaton Uplands National Park, Hungary

  37-38

  Gabor Szabo

  Veronika Magyar

  Szilard Szentes

  Karoly Penksza

  Views:

  157

  Phytosociological samples were collected in two territories of the Balaton Uplands National Park (Hungary) dominated by grassland habitats. Samples in the Tihany Peninsula had been taken in a pasture of Hungarian Grey Cattle. We evaluated the changes of species composition and ground cover, the measure of possible regeneration or degradation, and the changes of these factors from the viewpoint of feeding value.

• Effect of fertilization on the mineral element uptake of an established all-grass sward 4.

  3-10

  Imre Kadar

  Views:

  57

  The effects of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations were examined on the mineral element uptake of an established all-grass sward with seed mixture of eight grass species in the 28th year of a long term fertilization field experiment set up on a calcareous chernozem loamy soil. The lay-out and method of the trial as well as the fertilizer responses on the hay yield, nutritional values and element content were published elsewhere (Kádár, 2005, 2005a; Kádár és Győri, 2005). The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally, moderately well supplied with available K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4Nx4Px4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m, the area was prone to drought. In 2001, however, the area had satisfactory amount of 621 mm precipitation with a fairly good distribution. The grass was established on 21. September 2000. The main results and conclusions can be summarised as follows:
       1. As a function of NxP positive interactions the element uptake of the 1st cut hay expressed as mean of K treatments increased between the N0P0 control and the maximum N3P3 levels as follows: K 62-190, N 45-218, Ca 16-51, S 5-24, P 4-24, Mg 4-16, Na 0.5-5.0 kg/ha; Mn 282-968, Sr 35-170, Zn 32-73, Ba 29-55, B 18-44, Cu 8-40 g/ha. The uptake of Ba increased from 23 to 62 g/ha, that of Ni from 1.5 to 8.9 g/ha as a result of KxP positive interactions. Uptake of Mo measure on K0P0 soil, however, dropped from 1.6 g/ha to 0.4 g/ha on the K3P3 soil as a function of negative KxP interactions.
       2. The 2nd cut hay harvested on 9th October 2001 showed only N-effects. The hay yield measured on N-control soil was 1.0 t/ha while on 300 kg/ha/yr N-treatment 3.9 t/ha. The uptake of Fe, Ba and Mo increased 2-fold; uptake of Ca, S, P, Sr, Zn and Co 3-4-fold, uptake of K, N, Mg, Mn, Ba and Cu 5-6-fold, while uptake of Na 33-fold with the maximum N-rate, compared to the N-control and as means of PK treatments.
       3. The 2 cuts together gave on the unfertilised control 3 t/ha, while on the N3P3K3 maximum supply level 13 t/ha hay yield. The uptake of Fe, Cr, B, Ni, Mo and Co increased 2-3 times, uptake of Ca, Mg, Mn, K, Zn, Ba and Cu 5-6 times, uptake of S, Sr and P 7-8 times, uptake of N 10 times, while uptake of Na 16 times on the maximum N3P3K3 supply levels, compared to the unfertilised control. The maximal mass of uptaken K and N made up 388 kg/ha, Ca 80 kg/ha, S 49 kg/ha, P 42 kg/ha (96 kg/ha P2O5), Mg 24 kg/ha in 2001.
       4. To have 1 t of air-dry hay it was used by grasses as a mean of 25 kg K (30 kg K2O), 20 kg N, 6 kg Ca (8-9 kg CaO), 2-3 kg S, 2 kg P (5 kg P2O5) and 2 kg Mg (3-4 kg MgO). For microelements: 300 g Na, 200 g Fe, 120 g Mn, 100 g Al, 16 g Sr, 13 g Zn, 8 g Ba, 5 g B, 5 g Cu, 1-2 g Ni, 1 g Mo, 0.2 g Cr and 0.1 g Co. The As, Hg Cd, Pb and Se were under detection limit of 1 g. Data may serve for assessing the nutrient demand of all-grass sward.

• A tájhasználat hatása a Naszály hegylábi gyepek fajösszetételére

  11-19

  Zsófia Fehér

  Péter Szőke

  Eszter Saláta-Falusi

  Zsuzsanna Fürjes

  Barnabás Wichmann

  Views:

  98

  A munkánk során különböző tájhasznosítással rendelkező  Naszály hegylábi gyepterületeket vizsgáltunk. Arra kerestük a választ, hogy milyen változásokat okoz a kaszálás felhagyása, a turisták jelenléte, miben különbözik egy fás legelő és egy kaszáló fajösszetétele, és a környező erdőterületek gyepek felé való múltbeli kiterjedése igazolható-e. Ehhez hét vizsgálati területen, területenként 10 db 2×2 m-es kvadrátban felmértük a fajok jelenlétét és feljegyeztük a borítási értékeket. A terepi munkát 2013-ban három alkalommal, április, május és október hónapokban végeztük. Az adatokat klaszteranalízissel és ordinációs eljárással vizsgáltuk, valamint ökológiai mutatók alapján is összehasonlítottuk a vizsgálati területeket. A klaszteranalízis és az ordinációs elemzés szerint elkülönültek a kaszált és nem kaszált területek, valamint a kaszált és a kaszálás mellett turisták látogatta területek is. A hajdani erdőterületek kvadrátjai a fás legelőn és az egyik kaszált és turizmussal is érintett területen ugyancsak külön egységet alkottak. A vizsgálat kimutatta, hogy a kaszálás elmaradása az Arrhenatherum elatius, a Dactylis glomerata, a Trifolium montanum, a Salvia pratensis és a Viola hirta elszaporodásának kedvez. A kísérő fajok aránya a nem kaszált területeken alacsonyabb, emellett a kaszált területen nagyobb a gyomok és ruderális kompetítorok mennyisége. A kaszált gyepekben a Festuca valesiaca válik uralkodóvá. A vizsgált fás legelő az Alopecurus pratensis és védett növények nagyobb számával jellemezhető, a régmúltban feltételezhetően erdőterület hasznosítású gyepben a Potentilla alba gyakori. 

• Study on the changes of vegetation composition of the wood pasture near Cserépfalu, Hungary

  43-45

  Karoly Penksza

  Denes Salata

  Views:

  152

  The wood-pastures were important elements of the landscape, moreover had apprecieable act in the agriculture. This type of management belongs to the ’agroforestry’ systems which are really ancient agricultural land uses, but nowadays endangered woody habitats in Hungary. The aim of our study was to collect, data about the appearance and traceability of different factors on the vegetation at different parts of a wood pasture.

• Verges as fragments of loess grasslands near Kondoros

  43-47

  Zsuzsanna Sutyinszki

  Views:

  49

  Loess vegetations of the Carpathian Basin have been ploughed for a thousand years. Therefore, in Hungary, it is also important to find out the composition of loess vegetation. Therefore, loess steppes of verges of the Transdanubia have nearly disappeared.
  The extent of the loess bedrock and its vegetation were significant in the Pannonian area, but nowadays (Zólyomi, 1936, 1958; Zólyomi et al., 1997), they have been left in only fragments, mainly because of intensive agricultural activities and expansion of agricultural areas (Rákóczi and Barczi, 2014; Barczi et al., 2004a, b; Penksza et al., 2011; Deák et al., 2016a; Valkó et al., 2018). Therefore, the patches are very important, extending mainly over the central plain of the Pannonian area, but also spreading up to the foothills (Bíró et al., 2018; Penksza et al., 1994, 1996). Thus, several researchers have investigated these remnant vegetation patches in the central Carpathian Basin, Szerényi and Kalapos (2000), Csontos and Tamás (2007), Csontos et al., (2022). However, most of the studies were made in the Great Hungarian Plain, where the role of the Cumanian mounds was also significant from among the remnants. These patches of loess remnants are considered as hot spots for vegetation (Deák et al., 2016b, 2022; Dembicz et al., 2018, 2020). In addition, verges alongsideagricultural areas and roads, where the vegetation has been reduced, are also very important as relics of the former vegetation (Csathó, 2008, 2011; Szentes et al., 2022; Bajor et al., 2016).

• Festuca pseudovina anyatövek termésképző paramétereinek vizsgálata

  57-62.

  Krisztina Varga

  István Monori

  István Csízi

  Views:

  102

  Tiszántúl természetközeli gyeptársulásaiban gyakori sovány csenkesz – általunk begyűjtött és három év szelekció során kiválasztott – 10 db anyatövén vizsgáltuk a morfológiai, illetve termésképző jellemzőket. A fűfaj tradicionális termőhelyi viszonyaitól televényebb termőhelyen végzett kísérlet célja adatbázis létrehozása a sovány csenkesz jövőbeni perspektivikus hasznosítási lehetőségeinek pontosítása céljából. 

• The effects of fertilization on 2 year old established swards. Quality and nutrient yields 8.

  119-128

  Imre Kadar

  Views:

  61

  The effects of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations were examined on the quality nutritional values and nutrient yield of an established 2 year old all-grass sward in the 29th year of a long-term fertilization field experiment set up on a calcareous chernozem soil. The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 3-5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available N, K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4Nx4Px4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. In 2002, the area had 401 mm precipitation and gave 2 cuts of grass. The 1st year results of the trial were published earlier (Kádár, 2005a, b). The main conclusions can be summarised as follows:
  1. The N-responses were decisive for both the hay quality and the hay and nutrient yields. The N-fertilizer increased the crude protein content and diminished the same time the crude fibre, crude ash and total sugar contents in the hay. The P-responses were not significant while the K-fertilization stimulated the crude ash accumulation in both cuts.
  2. The hay yield of 2 cuts in 2002 amounted to 1,7 t/ha on the N0P0K0 plots not receiving any fertilizer during the 29 experimental years, while on the maximum N3P3K3 supply levels figured out 8.7 t/ha. The same time here the crude fibre increased from 532 kg/ha to 2876 kg/ha, crude protein from 113 kg/ha to 1100 kg/ha, crude ash from 132 kg/ha to 672 kg/ha, crude fat from 39 kg/ha to 173 kg/ha, while the crude fibre/crude protein ratio dropped from 4.7 to 2.6.
  3. After 3 years storing the decisive part of carotine decomposed in the hay and gave as little as 0.9 mg/kg average value. The N-control gave 0.6 mg/kg, the 200 kg/ha/yr N-treatment resulted in 1.3 mg/kg, than the N-excess 300 kg/ha/yr plots showed again significantly less 0.9 mg/kg.
  4. The 2nd cut hay had a little yield however, was rich in crude protein and crude ash having 50-70% higher average content compared with the primary hay. The crude fat content was 3-times higher in the 2nd cut hay, while the crude fibre about 20% less. The ratio of crude fibre/crude protein figured as an average 1.9, while in the low-quality primary hay amounted 4.2.
  5. The N-fertilization depressed the content of N-free extract and acid detergent fibre (ADF) and enhanced the content of energy dependent protein (MFE), N-dependent metabolic protein (MFN) and nettoenergy (NE) parameters. The P fertilization did not cause any changes, while the K-fertilization decreased the N-free extract and the nettoenergy parameters (NE) and slightly stimulated the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) synthesis in the 2nd cut hay.

• Gyeprekonstrukció fű- és kétszikű magkeverékek vetésével

  61-67

  Krisztina Varga

  Réka Kiss

  Views:

  98

  Napjainkban világszerte jellemző az alacsonyabb termőképességű szántóterületeken a művelés felhagyása. A parlagok gyepesítése megfelelő megoldás lehet a gyepterületek növelésére, ami mind természetvédelmi, mind gyepgazdálkodási szempontból kiemelt fontosságú. Vizsgálatunkban két elterjedt gyepesítési módszert (fűmag-vetés és kétszikű magkeverékek vetése), illetve ezek együttes alkalmazását teszteltük. Eredményeink alapján a fűmag és a kétszikű magkeverékek együttes vetése bizonyult a legjobb megoldásnak, mert megfelelően ötvözte a két módszer előnyeit: mind a vetett veresnadrág csenkesz, mind a vetett kétszikűek nagy borítással voltak jelen, és ebben az esetben volt a legjobb a gyomelnyomó-képesség is. 

• The effects of fertilization on 2 year old established swards. Mineral uptake 7.

  107-118

  Imre Kádár

  Views:

  52

  The effects of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations were examined on the mineral element uptake of an established 2 year old all-grass sward in the 29th year of a long-term fertilization field experiment set up on a calcareous chernozem soil. The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 3-5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available N, K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4N×4P×4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. In 2002 the area had 401 mm precipitation and gave 2 cuts of grass. The lay-out and method of the trial as well as the fertilizer responses on the hay yield and element content were published earlier (Kádár 2006). The main conclusions drawn as follows:
  1. While the hay yield was basically determined by N-fertilization which lifted the hay mass 5 times compared to the N-control, the uptake of elements was drastically modified through the N×K and N×P synergistic and antagonistic interactions.
  2. As a function of N×K treatments the uptake K changed for example at the 1st cut between 23-198 kg/ha, at the 2nd cut between 9-80 kg/ha. At the same time the uptake of Na fluctuated between 0.05-7.15 kg and 0.4-4.4 kg/ha, that of Mo 0.4-3.2 g/ha and 0.2-2.3 g/ha resp. As a function of N×P treatments the uptake of P changed at the 1st cut between 3-14 kg/ha, Sr between 12-388 g/ha, Mo between 0.5-4.5 g/ha. The nutrient accumulation at the 2nd cut showed an analogical picture.
  3. The K-fertilization stimulated accumulation of K and Ba, while inhibited the antagonistic metal cations’ uptake of Ca, Mg and Na. The increased P-supply rose the absorption of P, S, Sr and Ba while diminished the extracted amount of Mo, which dropped down by 1/3rd compared with the control. The liberal N-supply stimulated the incorporation of N, K, Mn, Sr and Cu resulting an increase of an order of magnitude.
  4. Between the two extreme supply levels (N0P0K0 and N3P3K3) there were found extreme differences in element uptake in 2002 as follows: 34-302 kg/ha K, 15-168 kg/ha N, 8-35 kg/ha Ca, 5-22 kg/ha S, 4-22 kg/ha P (9-51 kg/ha P2O5) and 3-14 kg/ha Mg. The incorporated Mn, Sr, Zn and Cu enhanced an order of magnitude on N3P3K3 plots compared to the N0P0K0 absolute control. Uptake of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Pb and Se left behind the detection limit of 1 g/ha.
  5. To have 1 t air-dry hay it was used by grasses 17-35 kg K, 9-19 kg N, 3-5 kg Ca, 2.0-2.5 kg S, 1.3-2.5 kg P (3.0-5.7 kg P2O5), 1.4-1.9 kg Mg, 170-980 g Na, 90-170 g Fe, 60-120 g Mn and Al, 10-50 g Sr, 7-25 g Zn, 3-6 g Ba, B and Cu, 0.3-1.3 g Mo and 0.4-0.9 g Ni. Data illustrate the nutrient turnover of a grassland and may be used for assessing the nutrient demand of all-grass sward.

• Dunaújváros környéki rekultivált felszín és természetes löszterület gyepeinek összehasonlító vizsgálata

  19-29

  László Mészáros

  Barnabás Wichmann

  Anita Nagy

  Károly Penksza

  Views:

  105

  A Dunaújvárostól délre található rekultivált hulladéklerakón és az annak szomszédságában lévő természetes löszterületen négy mintaterület gyepvegetációját vizsgáltuk: I: természetes löszgyep (kontroll terület), II: 5 éve rekultivált terület, amelyet fűmagkeverékkel felülvetettek, III: 5 éve rekultivált terület, mely spontán gyepesedett be, IV: 3 éve felhagyott terület, ami spontán gyepesedik. Az előzetes várakozásoknak megfelelően a vizsgálat során az I-es mintaterület kvadrátjai különültek el leginkább és mutattak természetes állapotot, de a rekultivált terület növényzete is jelentős botanikai értékeket képviselt. Ehhez hozzájárul, hogy sikeres gyeptelepítés zajlott, illetve hogy spontán is megindult a begyepesedés. Az I-es mintaterületen volt megtalálható a legtöbb növényfaj, köztük védett taxonok is. Természetvédelmi szempontból szintén ez utóbbi mintaterület bizonyult a legértékesebbnek, ugyanakkor jelentős veszélyeztető tényezőként jelentkezett az erős cserjésedés, ami az eredeti gyepfoltokat visszaszorítja. A rekultivált területeken elsősorban a gyomok mennyisége volt kiemelkedő, főleg a spontán gyepesedő térszínen, viszont a természetes zavarástűrők mellett a természetes vegetációra jellemző fajok is megjelentek, már 3 év után is. 

• The effects of fertilization on a 6 years old established grassland

  19-30

  Imre Kadar

  Imre Vinczeffy

  Peter Ragalyi

  Views:

  67

  The effect of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations were examined in the 33rd year of a long-term fertilization experiment on the yield and mineral element content of a 6 years old established all-grass sward in 2006, with seed mixture of eight grass species. The trial was established on a calcareous chernozem soil. The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4N×4P×4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, super phosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. The 1st cut was made on 08th June, the 2nd one on 11th September. During the vegetation period of 8.5 months in 2006, the site had a total of 397 mm precipitation. The lay-out, method and main results of the trial were published earlier (Kádár, 2004, 2008; Kádár és Győri, 2004, 2005). Main conclusions of this study are as follows:

  1. The 1st cut hay yield gave the ¾ of the total yield. Highest yields were reached with the 200 kg/ha/year N-fertilization on soil well supplied with P (Ammonium-lactate soluble P2O5: 214 mg/kg). The yield of NP control plots increased from 1.5 t/ha to about 7.5 t/ha as a function of the N×P positive interaction. The rising P supply alone was not able to enhance the yield, however the N fertilization gave 3.5 t/ha hay surplus even in the P-control treatments. N and P fertilization together resulted in 6.0-6.5 t/ha yield surpluses. The effect of K fertilization also reached 1 t/ha on the NP levels where the ammonium-lactate soluble K2O content fell below 150 mg/kg.
  2. The 2nd cut hay gave 0.5 t/ha on the NP-control plots unfertilized for 33 years, and 2.5 t/ha on the 300 kg/ha/year N treatment with well P-supply. The two cuts together resulted in yield levels between 2-10 t/ha according to the extreme NPK supply. In this year, with relatively good amount of precipitation, the hay yield surpluses for 1 kg N were 47-33-23 kg for the 100-200-300 kg/ha treatments.
  3. The C/N ratio of the 1st cut was narrowed (from 52 to 24) with N-supply and the concentration of N as well as most of the cations increased with the rising N fertilization. In the low yield of the 2nd cut the elements, metals were accumulated. The P, S and Sr were enriched in hay as a result of rising P supply, as superphosphate contains these elements. Antagonistic effect of P predominated in the uptake of other elements, metals (Na, Zn, Cu, Mo, Cr, Co). K content of the hay was lifting while other elements were dropping with the increasing K fertilization partly as a result of dilution effect (N, P, S) and mainly because of cation antagonism (Ca, Mg, Na, Sr). K-B antagonism also appeared.
  4. The N×K interactions resulted in 2-fold Sr and 18-22 fold Na content changes while N×P caused 18-22 fold changes in Mo contents, especially at the 2nd cut. As it can be seen, fertilization can have drastical effects on soil and crops. The induced element deficiencies or oversupplies can lead to diseases, disturbances in the metabolism of animals, so the soil and fodder analyses are necessary.
  5. Considering the leaf diagnostical data, the satisfactory level will be at 200 kg/ha/year N supply and 150 mg/kg ammonium-lactate soluble P2O5 and K2O level or above. The S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn supply were satisfactory even at the control plots, while the Zn, Cu and B levels showed deficiency. The P/Zn and K/B ratios became adversely wider in some treatments, as well as the narrowing of the Cu/Mo ratio denotes Cu deficiency and Mo oversupply.
  6. The amount of elements uptaken by hay as a sum of the two cuts and as a function of the supply/yield varied between the following values in kg/ha: 17-163 N; 36-122 K; 9-48 Ca; 6-17 P; 4-15 S; 3-14 Mg; 0,3-8,0 Na; 0,2-1,4 Fe; 0,2-0,9 Al and Mn. The other elements showed the following uptake: Zn 33-194, Sr 28-141, Ba 5-46, Cu 5-39, B 5-26, Mo 3-6 g/ha.
  7. The botanical composition was drastically modified by the aging of the grass and the nutrient supply. Only three species remained out of the eight sown species and one immigrated. Coverage of the tall fescue was between 21-70% according to the N×P supply and 44% as average; coverage of cocksfoot varied between 4-24% depending on the treatment and 18% as an average; coverage of crested wheatgrass was between 0-28% and 9% as an average; the immigrant smooth brome covered 0-24% and 9% as an average; Weed cover was 3-4% as an average at the 1st cut. Weeds thrived mainly on those areas where the grass thinned away (extreme NP-deficiency or oversupply). The total plant coverage on NP-deficient soil was about 50%, while on treatments well supplied with NP it amounted 95-97%.

• Morfometriai adatok Lolium, Festuca és Poa fajok vetőmagtisztításához

  56-61.

  Krisztina Varga

  Eszter Murányi

  Gergely Pápay

  István Csízi

  Views:

  97

  Morfológiai méréseket végeztünk karcagi természetközeli és vetett gyepekből begyűjtött négy pázsitfűfajról. A külső toklász hossz- és szélességi paramétereit, valamint a négy faj ezerszem tömegét mértük meg. A külső toklászok paramétereinek a vizsgálata a virágtakarók szélességi méreteire is kiterjedtek. A szélességre vonatkozón nagyon kevés irodalmi adat áll rendelkezésre, mert a fajjellemzések a hossz értékekkel foglalkoznak csak, és a szálka hosszával vagy arányával a külső toklászok méretéhez viszonyítva. Az irodalmi adatokkal összehasonlítva a saját gyűjtésünk méréseit, megállapítottuk, hogy az olaszperje esetében a külső toklászok hossza, valamint az ezerszem tömeg tekintetében találtunk lényeges különbségeket. A jelen eredmények arra mutatnak rá, hogy a vetőmagtisztításkor gondot jelentő angol-, illetve olaszperje szétválasztása nem méretbeli, hanem tömeg szerinti tisztítástechnikai módszerekkel lehet eredményes. 

• The effects of fertilization on 2 year old established swards. Yield and mineral content 6.

  94-106

  Imre Kadar

  Views:

  58

  The effects of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations were examined on the hay yield and mineral element content of an established 2 year old all-grass sward in the 29th year of a long-term fertilization field experiment set up on a calcareous chernozem soil. The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 3-5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available N, K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4N×4P×4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. In 2002, the area had 401 mm precipitation and gave 2 cuts of grass. The 1st year results of the trial were published earlier (Kádár, 2005a, b). The main conclusions can be summarised as follows:
  1. As a function of N×P fertilization the two cuts of the hay yield made up 1.4-8.0 t/ha while the green herbage 5.0-24.0 t/ha. The N-fertilization was of vital importance, which increased the hay mass 5 times. The P-response was moderate in the 1st, cut while there were no K-responses at all on this soil with 135 mg/kg ammoniumlactate (AL) soluble K2O values in plough layer.
  2. On those plots well supplied with PK the 100 kg/ha/yr N-treatment gave a total of 48 kg surplus hay/kg N applied. The 200 kg/ha/yr N-treatment yielded 11 kg, while the 300 kg/ha/yr N-treatment yielded 4 kg surplus hay/kg N applied. The NO3-N content of the 1st cut hay increased over permitted 0.25% level when using the maximum N-rate and made up this NO3-N form 26% of the total-N pool. The optimum PK-supplies in this site seems to be about 130-150 mg/kg AL-P2O5 and AL-K2O in plow layer with 200 kg/ha/yr N applied.
  3. N-fertilization enhanced the content of N, K, Mg, Na, Mn, Cu and NO3-N, while the concentration of S, P, Al, Fe, B and Mo dropped in the primary hay. The increasing P-supply stimulated the uptake of P, Ca, Mn, Sr and Ba, while hinderned the uptake of S and Mo. The K-fertilization rose the content of K and Ba and diminished the concentration of Mo and the antagonistic metal cations like Ca, Mg and Na.
  4. The NPK fertilization-induced Mo-deficiency can first of all jeopardized the fodder quality in this site. On the unfertilized plots the hay showed around 1.0 mg Mo /kg D.M., while on the N3P3K3 plots 0.1-0.2 mg/kg D.M. The P/Mo ratio lifted from 2-4 thousand up to 20 thousand. In the 2nd cut this phenomena partly disappeared, while developed the P-Zn antagonism. On P-control plots measured 15 mg/kg Zn
  94
  GYEPGAZDÁLKODÁSI KÖZLEMÉNYEK, 2006/4.
  dropped to 10 mg/kg while the P/Zn ratio rose from 167 up to 364.
  5. The 2nd cut hay had a little yield, yet was rich in minerals having 30-50% higher average element content compared with the primary hay. However the N, Al, Fe and Mo showed 2-times higher concentrations in the 2nd cut hay. There were found extra large, 25-fold differences in hay Na content as a function of N×K supply levels under synergetic effect of N and antagonistic effect of K treatment.
  6. Summarizing the above we can state that the long-term fertilization may drastically change the content and ratios of elements built in hay through synergetic or antagonistic effects. In the air-dried 1st cut hay for example, the minima-maxima concentrations of measured elements varied as follows: N 0.7-3.0%, K 1.3-3.0%, Ca 0.3-0.5%, Mg 0.13-0.21%, S 0.15-0.32%, P 0.10-0.32%; Na 50-1400, Mn 60-120, Al 50-120, Fe 70-140, Sr 8-170, Zn 6-40, Ba and B 3-6, Cu 2.5-5.5, Ni 0.4-1.4, Mo 0.1-1.0 mg/kg.

• The effect of fertilization on the mineral contant of artificial grasslands 3.

  57-66

  Imre Kadar

  Views:

  83

  The effects of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations were examined on the mineral element content of an established all-grass sward with seed mixture of eight grass species in the 28th year of a long term fertilization field experiment set up on a calcareous chernozem loamy soil. The lay-out and method of the trial as well as the fertilizer responses on the hay yield were published elsewhere (Kádár 2004). The effect of fertilization on the nutritional values and nutrient yield also described earlier (Kádár and Győri, 2005). The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally, moderately well supplied with available K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4Nx4Px4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m, the area was prone to drought. In 2001, however the area had a satisfactory amount of 621mm precipitation with a fairly good distribution. The grass was established on 21. September 2000. The main results and conclusions can be summarised as follows:
       1. As a function of N-fertilization the element content of the 1st cut hay usually increased, except for Al and Mo, which showed dilution effects. The concentration of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, P, Sr, B, Ni enhanced with 25-50%, S and Co with 60-70%, N and Cu 2-times, NO3-N and Na about 5-times compared to the N-control. The P-fertilization stimulated uptake of Mn and Mg for 10-20%; S, NO3-N and Co for 40-50%, Na and for Sr 60-70%, P for 90%, however, inhibited the uptake of Zn and Co for 20-40%, Al and Fe for 50-60%, Mo for 70% compared to the P-control.
       2. The P/Zn ratio showed on P-control soil optimal values of 118, while on highly P-supplied soil 278 P/Zn ratio, so indicating Zn-deficiency. As a function of PxK negative interactions, concentration of Fe dropped from 307 to 105 Al from 206 to 60, Mo from 0.44 to 0.05, Cr from 0.33 to 0.12 mg/kg in air-dry hay. The Cu/Mo ration on N-control soil showed the optimal value of approx. 10, while on heavily fertilized with N soil that of 40-80, indicating extreme Mo-deficiency.
       3. The 2nd cut hay contained about 20% more N, K, Ca, Mg, Na, 40% more Cu, 70-80% more S and Mn, 90% more Fe and P, 140% more Al and nearly 5-times more Mo. The content of B did not changed, while NO3-N dropped about 40% . The Cu/Mo ratio showed value of 2.6 on N-control soil, while on heavily fertilized with N soil ratio of 7.8. The P/Zn ratio indicated on P-control soil optimal value of 150, while on overfertilized with P soil value of 269. So, the P-induced Zn-deficiency could also be proven in the 2nd cut hay, while the Cu-induced Mo-deficiency disappered.
       4. The N-fertilization stimulated in the 2nd cut hay also the accumulation of elements N, K, Mg, P, Mn, Cu and Ni with 20-50% compared to the N-control. The NO3-N increased 4-times, while Na content 10-times. However the elements Fe, Al, B, Mo and Cr showed a dilution effect with 20-60%. The P-fertilization increased the concentration of Mn, Sr, Cd, Co, S and P, while decreased the content of Na, NO3-N, Cu and Zn. As a general rule, the K-fertilization hindered the accumulation of metal cations. The P-induced Cd accumulation was fully counterbalanced by increasing K-supply of soil.
       5. Summarizing above we can state that the long-term fertilization can drastically (in some cases with an order of magnitude) change the concentrations and ratios of elements built in hay through synergetic or antagonistic effects. In the 1st cut hay, for example, the minima-maxima contents of measured elements varied in air-dry hay as follows: N 0.90-3.02, Ca 0.4-0.7, S 0.14-0.32, P 0.12-0.30, Mg 0.10-0.24%; Na 70-700, Fe 100-288, Al 45-250, Mn 71-130, Sr 10-22, Zn 7-14, Ba 6-11, B 3.6-8.1, Ni 0.3-1.6, Cr 0.1-0.4, Mo 0.04-0.44, Co 0.04-0.12 mg/kg.