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Controlling Methods for SMEs’ Risk Reduction
23-30Views:344A substantial proportion of entrepreneurs strive to reduce the risk of their activity, which means they refer to a number of methods known, but rarely applied by them. Risk reduction activities can be totally interconnected with the ‘controlling’ approach and methods that are still not well known to a lot of company executives, but the introduction and application of those methods provide tangible results for business decision-makers within a relatively short period of time. The paper presents the size, activity, financial process characteristics, planning features, suppliers and buyers' evaluation practices of the investigated SMEs using correlation analysis methods. The study is a continuation of a research topic that has been going on for many years and is based on data collection from the years 2015 and 2016. We have evaluated the planning and management features of a total of 53 micro, small and medium-sized enterprises by questionnaire processing.
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Credit papers in Hungary. An overview
17-22Views:240The study focuses on the credit paper market’s revival and its development after the change in the political system. The bond appeared as early as the beginning of the 80s in the years of socialism. Its basic mission was to rearrange the household savings, making them available for the corporate and municipal sphere. These investments were basically risk-free. The change in the political system reshaped this market fundamentally. The government papers became dominant and, in addition to bonds, treasury bills entered the market. Its main function, even today, is to finance the budget and pay the instalments and interests in relation with the already accumulated debts. In 2010 perhaps a new age started: two corporate bonds entered the market. Both of the two corporations have realised another issue since then and they seem to have followers as well. The economic slowdown and the low rate of bank crediting may help to boost this market.
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Agricultural Insurance Market a New Solution of Marketing and Environment Protection
125-133Views:326The agricultural mitigation fund operating deficit expanded in 2012 to a price support for agricultural insurance business helped construct. (Figure 1). The legislai on aims to provide a wide range of farmers’ risk community to organize and strengthen the aff ected self-care responsibility. The new extended two-level agricultural risk management system in 2012 and 2013 were not used in the full amount. Further disseminai on of this 2014 novel possibility of a major issue in the insurance market. We have to examine how market pari cipants are informed and how to better disseminate of marketing solutions?
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Start-up Soluti ons in the Field of Product Liability, Insurance, and Agribusiness
123-128Views:167Many companies do not realise even today that the acquisiti on of adequate insurance cover has become a separate profession. The largest companies employ a special, so-called ‘risk manager’, who has extensive experti se and considerable experience on the basis of which he considers, analyses, compares various opti ons and makes decisions bearing in mind the interests of his company. The three quarters of agricultural products are semi-fi nished products or processed food products; therefore the Product Liability Act can be interpreted more easily in the case of agricultural products. I am convinced that preference is given to those companies and products that meet the strict criteria and have been given a clean product certi fi cati on, which means that they are polluti on-free products and have a product liability insurance.
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Rotary-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
88-98Views:326The weight of these flying devices ranges from some dekagrams to ten tons. They can be used even in cases when the mission is too dangerous to risk the life of human beings, so the main field of their application is the military aviation (reconnaissance, observati on, and even armed att ack). The practical solutions of their airframe structure are more colourful than that of the traditional manned aircraft airframe structures. It is understandable considering that even extraordinary soluti ons can be tried with relati vely small financial risk. The airframes of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are smaller and their designers are not so keen for conventional solutions. By their airframe structure, three diff erent categories can be separated: fi xed wing, rotary wing and hybrid. By the takeoff and landing solutions, also there are three categories: Horizontal Take Off and Landing – HTOL), Vertical Take Off and Landing – VTOL) and their combination. The objective of this paper is to introduce the performance of VTOL types and to present their possible applicability as well as their limitations.
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THE ECONOMIC CULTURE OF SECURITY
7-21Views:269There is an old advertising slogan: ‘Insurance is security’. This is a watertight establishment both from an economic-philosophical and an insurance-theoretical view. Those who strive for security, insure themselves. The mountaineer acts this way if he or she takes a security rope with himself or herself or the acrobat who has a security net stretched under himself or herself before his or her ‘death leap’. The businessman does the same who insures not only his dangerous deals but also his seemingly safe transactions to the necessary degree. He strives for security, he is fully aware that he has to manage risk; his civilization in this field leads him to the culture of insurance and security, so much so that nowadays the need for security has been associated with every success-oriented economic and financial transaction. The study gives a historical account of the development of insurance and security and the culture of security from ancient times to the present complemented with the corporate circle, with the central problems of health insurance.
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Tracebility in vojvodina's spice prepper production
208-214Views:267The spice paprika production has a tradition in our region; however there is a risk that due to the price competition products with dubious origin or lower quality might be included into the supply chain. This could be resolved using product-traceability in the most effective way, which is also supported by legislation. Processing plants operate such food safety and quality management systems that are strongly committed towards implementation of the product traceability systems. However, we have experienced that some spice paprika processors operate their management system an “island-like” manner: there is no cooperation with other spice paprika processing companies in the field of procurement and transparency. We believe that could be beneficial to establish a public traceability system/database for buyers in order to prove the product origin in a transparent manner. It would be worth for spice paprika producers the LocalG.A.P program/standard issued by the Food Plus to be revised for spice paprika cultivation, with this standardized and comparable food-safety and traceability criteria could be reached for producers. There is a need for such an independent, non-profit association in order to realize all of that, which could elaborate and continually develop the production criteria by experts, as well as could be overseen and managed the traceability related database.
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The DON-Toxin Content Analysis of the Milling By-Product
271-278Views:219Thanks to the favourable impact of the vintage effect occurring in recent years the Fusarium contamination of wheat and consequently a high DON toxin concentration has often caused a problem. The DON toxin in terms of human and animal health is a serious food safety risk factor. Therefore, it is important that there be methods during the wheat milling process, which reduce the level of the toxin. We proved in our earlier examinations that with the help of a modern colour sorting machine the DON toxin content of wheat items can be significantly reduced. The question is how the mycotoxin content of the by-product produced in parallel during the process changes, which is used primarily as animal forage. The authors present an analysis of these relevant experimental data. The results show that the toxin content of the by-product exceeds the toxin content of the initial wheat item.
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The entrepreneurial willingness and motivations of university students
90-102Views:342In recent decades, the concepts of creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship have become key players in modern economic development and have received increasing attention both in the European Union and in our country. At present, the SME sector accounts for more than half of the workforce, which is why it is important to monitor their development and performance, as they have a significant impact on the performance of the domestic economy, and thus entrepreneurship and the promotion of entrepreneurial activities are a priority economic policy issue, and can contribute significantly to economic growth, job creation and the competitiveness of the country. As a result of our research on entrepreneurship and its determinants, it can be concluded that entrepreneurship depends on a number of factors, including personal characteristics, attitudes, motivations, educational and cultural background, economic and legal environment, market opportunities and challenges. The results show that more than 90 percent of university students have a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship and nearly 10 percent of them already have a business during their university years. Among the personal motivational factors, the most common responses from those surveyed were financial security, self-fulfilment and social recognition and challenge. This suggests that university students perceive self-employment as more stable than employment. The high influencing factors of self-fulfilment and challenge factors clearly show that university students are not self-employed by necessity, but would start a business for a good business opportunity, to achieve their own plans and goals. The most negatively influencing factors for starting a business according to respondents are financial risk, lack of start-up capital and lack of information, all of which could be addressed by government grants and start-up tenders and other funding opportunities. Despite the fact that the vast majority of students are open to starting a business, very few are aware of the public grants and other funding opportunities available to support entrepreneurship. When asked whether they would like to receive information on starting a business or developing a business idea in the future, nearly 90% of students would like to receive information in the context of compulsory university courses, optional courses and dedicated events.
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Controlling characteristics of SMEs in the Észak-alföldi Region
259-263Views:321Since the regime change in Hungary, the main federal task has been to strengthen the small and medium-sized ventures. The size of the category plays an important role in the employment as well as in the GDP production. Those areas that make businesses strong and reduce the risk of their activities are in the center of attention in this hardly predictable economic era. One of those areas is the views and methods of controlling which is still hardly adoptable to most of the CEOs in businesses. The introduction and the use of these operations give concrete results within a relatively short period of time, making the decision makers’ job easier at the companies. The study includes the examined SMEs, the design of business characteristics, the valuation of suppliers and customers, the production and the prime costs of the service. The vision of SMEs that characterizes the application of the tools and methods of controlling are also included.
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Examining the Leverage and Capital Structure of the Quasi Fiscal Sector in Hungary
129-138Views:230As regards the selection of the tasks of the municipality sector, the local authorities have freedom both according to the former and the current legislation. The advantages of performing tasks through companies owned by the municipality include the flexible adaptation to market conditions and integration into the relation network of the economy. Some research works have proved, however, that their operation is rather risky. In the frames of the research I reviewed the reports of companies and compared the indices formed, evaluating primarily the profitability, indebtedness, asset structure and solvency. In regard to the liabilities of the examined companies, the dominance of short-term liabilities, increasing receivables and the profitable management were clear phenomena in most cases within the sample.
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AZ INFLUENZA ELLENI VÉDŐOLTÁS HATÁSA EGYES MÁS EGÉSZSÉGÜGYI TÉNYEZŐKRE
Views:283Összefoglalás
A jelenlegi koronavírus világjárvány bebizonyította, hogy mennyire sérülékeny az emberi populáció a fertőző betegségekkel szemben. Az emberiség történetében az egyik legrégebben jelenlévő, számos nagy járványért felelős vírus az influenza. Alapbetegségként is, illetve a hozzá társuló másodlagos fertőzések okán is az egyik legnagyobb fertőzésveszély-forrás, amely hosszú története során több millió ember haláláért felelős. Korábbi kutatásaim során sikerült bizonyítanom a beadott influenza elleni védőoltások és az influenza megbetegedések előfordulása közötti összefüggéseket. Jelen tanulmány célja annak bemutatása, hogy a Magyarországon alkalmazott influenza elleni védőoltások milyen kapcsolatban vannak, illetve milyen hatást gyakorolnak az egészségügy egyéb területeire és ezáltal hogyan hatnak az életminőség alakulására. A felhasznált adatok egzakt statisztikai forrásokból származnak, a felhasználásukkal elvégzett számításokból levont következtetések pedig bizonyítják, hogy az influenza elleni átoltottság mértéke kimutathatóan pozitívan befolyásolja a különböző betegségtípusok előfordulásának gyakoriságát, illetve lefolyásának súlyosságát. Ezen kívül szignifikáns hatással bír a várható élettartam alakulására is.
Abstract
The current coronavirus pandemic has demonstrated the vulnerability of the human population to infectious diseases. Influenza is one of the oldest viruses responsible for many major epidemics in human history. It is one of the greatest sources of risk of infection, both as a basic disease and as a result of secondary infections, which has been responsible for the deaths of millions of people throughout its long history. In my previous research, I have been able to demonstrate correlations between administered influenza vaccines and the incidence of influenza. The aim of the present study is to present the relationship between influenza vaccines used in Hungary and their impact on other areas of health care and thus on the development of quality of life. The data used are from exact statistical sources, and the conclusions drawn from the calculations performed using them prove that the degree of influenza vaccination has a demonstrably positive effect on the frequency and severity of different types of disease. It also has a significant effect on life expectancy.
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The Typical Features of the Regional Specialization in Poultry-Farming in Hungary Today
34-42Views:231The territorial location issues of livestock in the European Union and also in our country have got into the focus over the past few years. There are different animal structures in the regions of our country and different animal species have become dominant. The location and the development of certain animal types are affected by a number of socio-economic factors (the history of breeding, ownership, labour and capital assets, etc.). In the case of the spatially differentiated species-structure we have to reckon with a variable profitability, human resources, technical standards, different risk factors and market opportunities in the different regions. The topicality of the research theme is enhanced by the fact that nowadays the spatial structure of animal production has become a key issue. That is why more and more research is needed in Hungary, primarily research studying and analysing the structural changes and principals of animal production (poultry production) in order to ensure that each region would have a rational and efficient breed-structure. In addition, it is expected in modern market economies that the various regions should specialize in animal species, for which they have the most favourable breeding conditions. In order to follow the poultry stock changes (spatial and structural) in the last decade, it was important to consider the spatial specialization of different species over time.
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE TOP 9 FITNESS SERVICE COMPANY IN DEBRECEN: -
Views:501There are 11 larger fitness clubs in Debrecen, where group training also appears as a service. These fitness centers can be identified as the leading fitness providers in the city based on this services, their area size and their machine park. We performed an economic analysis of these fitness providers based on their annual report data. Finally, the data of the balance sheets and income statements of 9 fitness service providers were collected, with the help of these statements we analyzed the wealth, financial and income situation of the examined organizations. It can be stated that the balance sheet of the examined fitness clubs is in line with their profile, ie investments in real estate and machinery dominate, which can often be realized by relying on external sources. In this context, there is a risk of indebtedness, which calls the attention of these large fitness centers in Debrecen to take the necessary steps to improve both their profitability and financial stability in the future.
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The Auditing System in Hungary
21-30Views:428The auditing work goes back several decades in Hungary. Following the change of the political and economic regime the professional auditing of tax returns of companies and the discovery of mistakes and deliberate errors became necessary in the emerging market economy. Auditing - apart from the supervision of enterprises - includes the examination of the utilization of competition resources and the authentication of accounts. The auditors strive to ensure the purity
of entrepreneurial public life. It is an important fact from the point of view of judging this work that the auditors are not official people, they do their work as entrepreneurs and are liable for its accuracy with all their assets. -
Financing SMEs – Prospects in Hungary
74-90Views:1324After joining the EU, micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises came to the focus of attention in Hungary for their grandiose role in both employment and producing added value. Due to their flexibility, creativity and adaptability SMEs find new market opportunities easier. Also, SMEs can find their way and seize appearing opportunities more quickly under rapidly changing, insecure and high-risk circumstances.When analysing the sector, besides the investigation of the external environment, it is also important to focus on internal factors. The success of businesses is not only influenced by their access to financial resources, but also by their internal organisational structure and the standard of their organisational culture. In the present phase of world economy, when
transports are delayed, credits are harder to obtain and companies downsize, leaders have to make careful and considerate management and operational decisions. Thus financial decisions have considerable short and long-term effects on the success of business operation.This research paper aims at a comprehensive study of the present situation of the Hungarian SME sector, some of its financing opportunities, as well as factors that hinder its development. Another purpose of the present writing is to lay the theoretical foundations for a primary questionnaire research exploring the financing characteristics of SMEs in Hungary. -
Practical experiences of business performance measurement in Hungarian e-commerce
58-75Views:168In E-commerce is gaining ground all over the world, and its role in the global economy is growing. However, it is important to note that the current inflationary environment puts e-commerce at a disadvantage compared to traditional sales. Rising prices for food and everyday goods have been reflected in consumers' shopping baskets, while e-commerce has seen increased demand for cheaper substitute products. This has reduced basket value and made it difficult to meet performance targets. As traditional stores have grown in importance, e-commerce's share of total trade has fallen from a record high of 10.4% in 2021 to 9.6% in 2022. It is forecast that, within ten years, 30% of retail sales will be made online. These changing shopping habits will present challenges for business leaders. The research aims to determine the extent to which e-commerce businesses in Hungary are influenced by performance measurement tools and systems, how these tools and systems are used, how they improve performance, and their impact on the achievement of corporate performance objectives. It is particularly important to examine which areas can be improved and which pose barriers or risks to achieving targets. In order to make key decisions, business leaders require information on the most impactful factors and those that will help them to achieve their goals. To achieve this, it is necessary to assess companies' current performance improvement and measurement practices and the results achieved, as well as identifying the interrelationships between the different factors. This research was conducted through a questionnaire survey of e-commerce businesses. Based on the responses, the factors that contribute most to effective management were investigated, highlighting the performance improvement and measurement tools on which these businesses should focus.
The questionnaire-based survey comprised a total of 24 items, organized into two main sections. The first section focused on collecting general background information, while the second section aimed to assess practices related to performance measurement and evaluation. This latter section included questions concerning performance objectives, performance-inhibiting and risk factors, the tools and methods used for performance measurement, operational, financial, and market-based performance outcomes, as well as the evaluation of measured performance.
A total of 224 valid responses were collected. During the data analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to reduce the dimensionality of the variable groups. Closely related variables were grouped into single components based on their intercorrelations. Subsequently, a dependent variable was defined, and the Backward elimination method was applied to identify those principal components that best explained the variance in the dependent variable. Cluster analysis was conducted to form distinct groups, and the financial, asset-related, and income-related indicators of the resulting clusters were examined. These clusters were later utilized in hypothesis testing. Improved profitability, increasing returns, and enhanced financial performance were observed in Cluster 2. For enterprises within this cluster, the introduction of new products, the establishment of long-term growth objectives, and the monitoring of website visits and customer complaints were considered particularly important. These findings suggest that such factors should be given special consideration by enterprises operating in online marketplaces.
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Philosophical Subversion and Political Risk – The Role of the Demystificati on and Subversive Thought in Nietzsche’s “Machiavellian” Spinoza-interpretation
57-67Views:221In my paper I attempt to introduce the main points of Nietzsche’s inconstant Spinozainterpretations. According to my concepti on Nietzsche in his affirmative period regarded Spinoza as a subversive thinker who was committed to demystification. I analyse the rotational acts used by the two philosophers and show the limits of this subversive acti vity. I demonstrate the politi cal aspects of the subversion and try to detect the infl uence of Machiavelli’s “virtù”- conception in Nietzsche’s affirmative interpretation.
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The Characteristics of Airport Security Devices in Connection with Terrorist Attacks
341-350Views:209Terror organizations threat those huge places and buildings which are used by a big mass of people. Public transportation hubs such as airports are most preferred places of terrorist attacks. If we prepare a small explosive device, we can cause a huge harm in the aircraft killing a lot of people. Security regulations have been improved to create new methods to prevent terrorist attacks. The main targets are at the airport the airplanes on the runway and already in the air, the arrival and departure halls, and the air traffic control and radar systems. To protect human life and airplanes in the airport security they check the passengers, their handluggage, their registered baggage and the cargo. I would like to show you how we can avoid the terrorist attacks and this present article gives an overview of the application of such equipment, their types and the working principles of the devices of airport security systems.
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Examination of the Notes to the financial statement through the example of enterprises engaged in sports activities
61-66Views:473In the globalized and accelerated world of our time, it is essential that enterprises have up-to-date information. Only a company that is in possession of the necessary information is able to meet the challenges of business life. One source of public information might be the annual statement prepared and published in accordance with the stipulations of Act C of 2000. The annual statement consists of three parts: the balance sheet, the profit and loss account and the notes to the financial statement. The text-based information of the notes to the financial statement are for the more accurate interpretation of numerical data. The notes to the financial statement of certain market participants (consumers, suppliers, competitors, etc.) might support efficient operation of companies, their proper decision-making and risk assessment. In present study, the notes to the financial statement of companies identifying sports activities (Hungarian NACE 931) as their primary activity were utilized. By means of text mining, it was examined what information these notes to the financial statement include from amongst the mandatory information required by the Accounting Act.
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Mapping online shopping and electronic payment behaviour with the UTAUT model - literature review
115-125Views:535The literature identifies several theories and frameworks for assessing user acceptance and adoption of new technologies, of which the TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) and its extensions, and the UTAUT (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology) are the most popular. Several studies confirm that the UTAUT model has proven to be effective in investigating the causal relationships between behavioral intentions. In the literature review, we aimed to explore, alongside specific parameters, which dependent and independent variables are relevant to investigate individuals' attitudes towards online shopping and electronic payments. In addition, we aimed to explore how the basic UTAUT model could be complemented to increase the effectiveness of the study. By acquiring the relevant literature background, we laid the foundation for the implementation of our primary research, which aims to map the online shopping and electronic payment behavior of university students using the UTAUT model. The literature review concluded that the variables of the basic UTAUT model should be extended to include perceived trust and risk, as well as service quality and awareness. If users believe that a technology will improve their performance, they are more likely to adopt and use it. Individuals are more likely to adopt a new technology if it is easy to use. This is determined by user interfaces, user-friendliness, the complexity of the tasks required to use the technology, and the perceived ease of interaction. The way in which individuals relate to a new technology or system is also influenced by the social circles in which they participate.