Biosimilars have been used for the treatment of chronic diseases since 2006 in the EU but only since 2015 in the U.S. Despite high market potentials and presumed positive macroeconomic effects in the health care sector, widespread usage is strongly confronted with the opposition of physicians and pharmacists. However, biosimilars are supposed to reform health care financing, alter market positions of pharmaceutical companies and amend informational triangle among physicians, patients and insurance companies in the near future. The use of biosimilars is supposed by experts to reach extra health related savings even if doctors and pharmacists are averse to offer these products to patients in a certain therapeutic area. Governments have currently found no unique way of regulating the marketing, substitution and price regulation of biosimilars. The aim of this study is to discuss the macroeconomic possibilities and barriers incarnated in the usage of biosimilars in developed countries.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes: H51, I11, I12, J18

Our analysis has focused on the network structure of the credit default swap (CDS) market because relatively few publications have appeared on this segment of the financial market. The article puts emphasis on a proposed new supervisory tool which uses network science in market surveillance of the Hungarian financial market. Our research results are compared to those of a previously published ESMA analysis, where the writers applied network science to analyze financial market contagion risks. As a result, the article concludes that the Hungarian sovereign CDS market network structure is similar to the European one in the sense that it is highly concentrated.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes: G14, C45

In connection with the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Brexit) a little-known episode of the European Union history became particularly interesting and timely: Greenland entered the European Community in 1973 together with Denmark, and later it left in 1985. This study provides an overview of the accession and withdrawal of Greenland to and from the European Communities and then it is put into a comparative context. On the one hand Greenxit is examined in the light of the planned withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union, on the other hand it is compared with the almost-entry of Iceland. The study concludes that considering the key aspects of the case of Greenland it does not resemble that of the Brexit. However, the differences between the sovereignty and economic, political weight of the two territories explain the attitude of the EC/EU to the withdrawal. The comparison with Iceland highlights the importance of fisheries.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) codes: F53, P52

Fair trade is a civil initiative aiming to provide fair conditions to the poor producers of the Third World and enable them to follow a sustainable model of development. This realigned commercial partnership is to modify the rules of traditional international trade between the producers of the southern nations and purchasers of the northern hemisphere and replace them with a novel alternative. Fair trade has unified techniques of labeling and a well-established institutional system in order to change the rules of the game that have controlled the dominant economic model. The main tool of the movement is the engagement of conscious and socially responsible consumers towards the topic. This review summarizes the Hungarian reports and studies done about the issue so far and introduces the present circumstances in Hungary.

Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) code: F13, F18, J81, P45

Az Egyesült Királyságban 2017. június 23-án megtörtént az, amire az Európai Unió hatvan éves történetében tagállamok szintjén még nem volt példa. Egy ország
állampolgárai népszavazáson úgy döntöttek, el kívánják hagyni az integrációt. Természetesen az EU-ból való kilépésre az első precedenst 1985. február 1-én
a Dániához tartozó Grönland kilépése szolgáltatta, ám az Egyesült Királyság lesz az első tagállam, amely elhagyja az integrációt.