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• Trends, Directions, Legislative Efforts: the Abolition of the Civil Servant Status

  179-195

  Bence Havas

  Zoltán Petrovics

  Views:

  161

  One of the most spectacular changes to the Hungarian employment system in recent years is that many former civil servants (‘közalkalmazott’) have lost their status and come under the scope of the Labour Code or have been subject to newly created status laws. As the Act on Civil Servants (‘Kjt.’) applies now only a few groups of civil servants,  having been emptied out by successive reforms, it is not surprising that the future existence of the Act and of the autonomous status of civil servants is being called into question. But what factors have led to the gradual, and in recent years accelerating, decline of the Kjt.? Is the 'disappearance' of civil servants the result of internal processes that rationally follow from the development of the law, or is it the result of independent economic and political considerations? What was the original role of the Kjt. in the system of employment relationships and how can its ‘emptying’ be understood in an international and historical context? The study argues that this process is not an inevitable consequence of legal doctrinal developments, but rather the result of legislative efforts to abolish the uniform legal status of human service providers. Hungarian legislation is no exception to the neoliberal and neo-Weberian trends, while the comparative advantages previously enjoyed by civil servants are eroding and the regulation is becoming highly fragmented.

• The General Theory of the State and the Relativity of the Force of Law – Comment on the Theory of Georg Jellinek

  53-72

  Péter Sólyom

  Views:

  172

  This paper makes an in-depth examination of the theory established by Georg Jellinek who – extending the perspective of the jurisprudence of state law based on legal methods – was concerned with issues of public law within the frames of general theory of the state. The author will demonstrate the claim that the special concepts of Jellinek’s general and descriptive theory – like the „presupposition of factual validity” or the idea of the „state’s self-obligation to law” – are the results of Jellinek’s idea that there were no alternatives to the institutional system of the constitutional monarchy.

• Is the New Regulation Justified? Applicability of the New Rules of Self-defense in Case-law

  129-147

  Viktória Deák

  Views:

  288

  In the history of the regulation of self-defense, Act C of 2012 has resulted in the most substantial change. The greatest innovation in the act is the introduction of the situational self-defense, which creates an irrebuttable presumption that the unlawful attacks carried out under certain circumstances shall be considered as attacks against life. The new regulation has been criticized a lot, mostly because there are fears that the new rules of law will be misused. Through the case-law of the Supreme Court relating to self-defense in the last ten years, this study intends to reveal whether it was justified to include the situational self-defense in the new law or whether the concerns in connection with situational self-defense can be considered legitimate.

• The Ecclesiastical Percentage(s)

  62-79

  Bernadett Szilágyi

  Views:

  117

  Church financing is a multiple system. One of its elements, introduced in 1997, consists of taxpayers’ offer which is a determined part of their personal income tax. The study examines the regulation of tax management from the perspective of taxpayers and beneficiaries. This method of financing has an important budgetary consequence, i.e. the budget completes the sum of the allocation of personal income tax for Churches to a specified extent. The study examines several contradictions with respect to the application of this financing method.

• Rule of Law – Active State: Reconstructing the Conception of the Rule of Law in Zoltán Magyary’s Theory

  9-26

  József Szabadfalvi

  Views:

  194

  Zoltán Magyary was an internationally recognised Hungarian professor of law who carried out research in modern theories of administration and state theories. Defending the values of the rule of law and taking action against the anomalies of legal formalism were among his major scientific goals. According to him, one of the most important functions of a legal system is the protection of human rights, therefore he accepted the view that courts must have the authority to review administrative decisions. At the same time, he stated that the effective and productive functioning of administrative institutions and the executive power is a priority in a legal system. Due to the fact that he did not provide a complete analysis of the correlation between the rule of law and the effective functioning of administrative institutions, he opened the possibility for posterity to give various and different interpretations of the issue.

• The Relationship Between Psychoactive Substance Users and Animals

  Szilvia Vetter

  Anita Paulovics

  Views:

  30

  The purpose of the study is to present the wide-ranging relationship between psychoactive drug use and animal welfare based on a literature review. The relationship between drug users and animals is on the one hand under-researched, and on the other hand there are no developed protocols regarding the issue, even though the issue has significant human health and animal welfare effects. There is little awareness of how the positive health and psychological effects of animal keeping could be properly applied to the recovery of people suffering from addiction. There are encouraging initiatives, but there is a lack of a systemic approach to the issue from the side of academic life, professionals and the state, from the protocols, and from the training of people in the helping professions. In Hungary, both psychoactive drug consumption and animal keeping have a detailed and developed legal background, however, the mapping of their connections is still pending. While the literature focuses more on the aggressive actions that addicts may be prone to, practitioners tend to emphasize the supportive force that a companion animal can provide in recovery. In light of all of this, further studies on the subject are recommended, and it would be worthwhile to consider the systematic, more consistent and conscious integration of the use of animals at the legislative level and into some therapeutic protocols.

• The Role of the Local Goverments in the Changed System of Environmental Public Administration

  79-93

  András Bencsik

  Attila Barta

  Views:

  211

  This study investigates the transformation of environmental protection as a specialized administrative duty in Hungary, with special attention on the (changing) roles of local self-governments in this area. Following the outline of the general correlations within the topic, the study inspects several individual administrative fields, with attention given to the relationship with environmental protection policies. Our plan is to extend this analysis in the future, in hopes of covering additional specialised administrative areas as well. Our firm opinion is that the solutions provided by the sectorial approach inherent in our administrative system proved to be ineffective insolving today’s global issues. To ensure an effective environmental protection strategy, the organizations of public administration must be involved with larger roles assigned to them. Although the methods of regulation in this area are diverse, the most widespread approach proves to be the direct administrative intervention, even nowadays.

• Smart Contracts, Blockchain Technology and the Formulation of a Proposal for Their Application in Public Administration

  56-73

  Zsolt Czékmann

  László Kovács

  Eszter Czibrik

  Views:

  220

  The study focuses on smart contracts, emphasizing the opportunities provided by blockchain technology. The main research method used is an examination of relevant domestic and foreign sources on the topic, such as studies and legislation. In addition, we formulate a proposal on how smart contracts and blockchain technology could be applied in public administration, focusing on the real estate registration procedure.

• The Responsibility of the State in the Prevention and Management of Environmental Damage with Regard to Spatial Planning

  156-174

  Ilona Agócs

  Views:

  271

  The study aims to examine the constitutional responsibility of the State for environmental damage from a specific new perspective; it analyses its constitutional framework with regard to recent regulatory tools on spatial planning of the contaminated areas. To this end it briefly outlines the history of the remediation of areas falling within the State’s responsibility, its different regulatory and institutional models to date and the extent to which the newly introduced legal instrument in the act on formation and protection and of the built environment of brownfield action areas reflects this quarter-century process.

• Collection of Annotated Bibliographies (2011. Nr. 2)

  137-190

  Colleagues and students of the UD Faculty of Law UD

  Views:

  190

  An annotated bibliography of recent Hungarian legal science books is published regularly (twice a year) in our journal. The annotation is a short, factual description of the usefulness of the book, which, in addition to bibliographic information, defines the genre and briefly outlines the subject matter and the results presented. The authors of the annotations are members of the Faculty of Law of the University of Debrecen (lecturers, PhD students or gradual students). The current issue presents the second part of the book descriptions of books published in 2011.

• EU Case Law Guidelines on Registering Three-Dimensional (Shape) EUTM in the Light of the Trademark Reform

  128-142

  Beáta Vigh

  Views:

  101

  The case-law developed by the European Court of Justice aims to ensure consistency and legal certainty in the registration of EU three-dimensional trademarks. It interacts closely with the legislative amendments introduced by the trademark reform, which aim to make the registration procedure for EU trademarks more flexible and transparent, thanks to the European Court of Justice's work in interpreting and developing the law. The problem of the definition and registration procedure of three-dimensional marks is an important issue in EU trademark case law, as this category of marks is the most popular of the non-traditional marks for which the trademark reform provides a legal framework, but also overlaps with other forms of intellectual property protection.

• The Practice of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights concerning the Rights of the Indigenous Peoples, with special regard to the Ogoni Case

  127-143

  György Marinkás

  Views:

  187

  The aim of the current article is to analyse the protection of indigenous peoples’ rights offered by the African human rights mechanism by introducing its institutional framework and jurisprudence. The author has the opinion that the African mechanism has followed in the footsteps of the Inter-American system and has interpreted the already existing substantial norms in an evolutive manner; thus achieving tremendous results in the acknowledgement and protection of indigenous rights. They did so with such success that now the “master” – namely the Inter-American Commission on Human rights – is quoting the student. It follows from the above mentioned lines that – according to the firm opinion of the author – the African mechanism worth the attention both present time, both in the future, due to the simple fact that new trends regarding indigenous rights may arise from the practice of the African Commission.

• A mozaik színes üvegkockái: Recenzió Józsa Zoltán „Közigazgatás a 21. század elején” című kötetéről

  107-112

  Tamás Antal

  Views:

  219

  Sokszor ismételt – jóllehet kevésszer átgondolt, s inkább politikai felhanggal, mintsem szakmai megfontolás nyomán hangoztatott – közhely, hogy adott ország gazdaságának teljesítőképességét, versenyképességét döntő módon meghatározza, más hasonlóan fontos tényezők mellett, a közigazgatásának színvonala. A jó állam, jó kormányzás, jól működő gazdaság – legalább is a formál logika szerint – egymást feltételező fogalmak, jóllehet inkább normatív tartalmat sugallnak, mintsem tényszerűen bizonyított összefüggések láncolatát. 

  Van-e egyáltalán tértől és időtől (kontextustól) független ismérve a jó államnak, s a jó kormányzásnak? Ha van, mennyire univerzális ez a modell, s mennyiben szolgálhat útmutatásként az egyes – merőben eltérő adottságokkal és sajátosságokkal bíró – országok számára? Úgy véljük, az univerzális ideáltípus kergetése helyett meg kell elégednünk a realitással – s ez sem kevés.  

  Az egyes országok történeti múltja, alkotmányos berendezkedése, intézmény- és szervezetrendszere alkotja azt a vizsgálati terepet, melynek elemzése, ha nem is végleges, de viszonylagos érvényességű válaszokat adhat a kormányzás, a közigazgatás, a gazdaság és más társadalmi alrendszerek kapcsolatára.  

  Mi jellemzi tehát a 21. század közigazgatását? Milyen új célok, értékek, módszerek állnak az európai országok közigazgatásának működése középpontjában? A nemzeti sajátosságokon túl kirajzolódnak-e azok a tendenciák, melyek az eltérő jegyek mellett közös kihívást jelentenek az egyes országok számára? Van-e olyan elméleti vagy gyakorlati hozadék, amely a hazai közigazgatás szellemi hátterét erősíti, vagy gyakorlati működését javíthatja?

  Hosszan sorolhatók még az összehasonlító vizsgálatok szükségességét és indokoltságát alátámasztó érvek, melyek megerősítik a komparatisztika alkalmazásának rohamosan terjedő népszerűségét, szinte divattá válását. A szellemi profit nyilvánvaló, válasz adható a magát valamire is tartó tudomány alapkérdésére: mennyiben szolgálja a közigazgatás a társadalmi, gazdasági, kulturális jólét előmozdítását, a közérdek, a közjó érvényesülését, az egyének boldogulását?

  A Józsa Zoltán új kötetébe foglalt tanulmányok e kérdésekre keresik a választ, nemzetközi és hazai példák elemzése, feldolgozása révén.

• The Types of Government-Organized Non-Governmental Organizations: The GONGO Phenomenon

  141-158

  Izabella Deák

  Views:

  251

  My study describes the conceptual dividing lines and differences between one of the most important actors in civil society, the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government-organized non-governmental organizations (GONGOs). Furthermore, it classifies the different types of GONGOs (professional, diffuse, “democratizing”, “lobby”). Following the classification, it becomes clear that to various degrees, the different types of GONGOs are excellent tools in the hands of governments to reshape the structure of the civil society which articulates critical views of the government.

• Decentralization of Welfare Services in France

  65-80

  Zoltán Józsa

  Views:

  135

  The principle of decentralization is widely applied in public administration. Despite the conceptual insecurity decentralization is often linked to the principles of democracy, participation, efficiency providing a normative value for the principle. Practical experiences, however, show that the advantages and disadvantages of decentralization are influenced by historical, economical, social, institutional and cultural context. Decentralization policy to increase the effectiveness of French welfare services could not change the institutional structure with strong historical roots and to improve the service quality. The strengthening of task and competences of the county level led to the failure of decentralization due to the lack of funding, personal and coordination problems.

• Book review: Csaba Fenyvesi–Csongor Herke–Flórián Tremmel (eds.): Forensic Science (’Kriminalisztika’)

  196-202

  Krisztián Szabó

  Views:

  206

  Although the prosecution of crimes dates back to the creation of the human society, the „science” of investigation in the modern sense, i.e. forensic science, appeared only in the 19th century, and the first comprehensive university textbook on forensic science was published in Hungary in 1965. In the 60 years since then, thanks to the explosion of scientific and technical knowledge, forensic science has undergone radical changes. Edited by Csaba Fenyvesi, Csongor Herke and Flórián Tremmel, the book on Forensic science provides a comprehensive introduction to the concepts of forensic science, the most important elements of criminal technique and criminal tactics. The book is a valuable contribution to the field of forensic science and provides a realistic picture of both the present and the possible future of forensic science. This book review discusses the importance of the book for forensic science, based on certain specific institutions of forensic science.

• A Bécsi Vételi Egyezmény Tanácsadó Testületének a vevő megvizsgálási és értesítési kötelezettségének határidejével, az általános szerződési feltételekkel, valamint a kamattal kapcsolatos véleményei és a nemzeti bíróságok gyakorlata

  67-78

  Zoltán Víg

  Views:

  516

  A standardizációnak a gazdasági hatékonyság szempontjából egy globális világban óriási jelentősége van. Ez igaz a jogtudomány területére is, és főleg a nemzetközi kereskedelmi jogra. Ugyanakkor, nemzetközi jellege ellenére, ezen a jogterületen is meglepően kevés olyan mintatörvény vagy nemzetközi egyezmény született, amelyek megpróbálták volna egységesíteni az ide vonatkozó anyagi jogot. Ezek közül a legfontosabb az Egyesült Nemzeteknek az áruk nemzetközi adásvételi szerződéseiről szóló, Bécsben, az 1980. évi április hó 11. napján kelt Egyezménye (a továbbiakban: Egyezmény), melyet Magyarországon az 1987. évi 20. törvényerejű rendelet hirdetett ki. Az Egyezményt eddig 89 állam ratifikálta, ami jelentős sikernek számít.

  A gyakorlatban a legnagyobb problémát egy ilyen jellegű egyezménynél az egyes rendelkezések egységes értelmezése és alkalmazása jelenti. Az Egyezmény 7. cikkének (1) bekezdése foglalkozik az egységes alkalmazás követelményével, amit némelyek úgy értelmeznek, hogy a bíróságoknak és választottbíróságoknak az Egyezmény alkalmazása során precedensként figyelembe kell venniük más nemzeti bíróságok korábbi döntéseit. Ez az álláspont annyiban problematikus, hogy a precedens rendszer a bíróságok közötti hierarchián alapszik, és ebben az esetben az egyes nemzeti bíróságok vagy választottbíróságok között ilyen nem létezik. Sajnos a szerződést kidolgozó Nemzetközi Kereskedelmi Jogi Bizottság (UNCITRAL) nem foglalkozik az Egyezmény gyakorlati alkalmazása során felmerülő kérdések megválaszolásával. Mivel egyre több kérdés merült fel az utóbbi évtizedekben, 2001-ben magánkezdeményezésre, elismert nemzetközi szakértők, jogtudósok létrehozták az Egyezmény Tanácsadó Testületét (CISG Advisory Council). A Testület feladatának tekinti az Egyezmény egységes értelmezésének elősegítését, és e célból tanácsadó testületi véleményeket fogalmaz meg. A gyakorlatban ezek a vélemények elősegíthetik az Egyezmény világszerte egységes alkalmazását, habár semmiféle kötőerővel sem bírnak.

  Ugyanakkor, mivel ilyen sok különböző jogrendszerben alkalmazzák, érdemes folyamatosan nyomon követni, hogy az egyes nemzeti bíróságok az Egyezmény egyes rendelkezéseit hogyan értelmezik a gyakorlatban, és hogy figyelembe veszik-e a Tanácsadó Testület véleményeit. A jogegységesítés folyamata ugyanis nem áll meg az Egyezmény elfogadásával, hanem a joggyakorlat közös mederben tartására is kiterjed, ennek pedig a legjobb módja a folyamatos „kommunikáció” biztosítása a bíróságok között, azaz az egyes nemzeti bíróságok ítéleteinek az elérhetővé tétele, elemzése. Ezt a feladatot szeretné betölteni a jelen tanulmány is, amely a különböző nemzeti bíróságoknak az utóbbi néhány évben született döntéseit, valamint az Egyezmény Tanácsadó Testületének véleményeit vizsgálja három témakörben: a vevő megvizsgálási és értesítési kötelezettségének határideje, az általános szerződési feltételek, valamint a kamat kérdése.

• Social Psychology of Law

  158-162

  Angéla Gábri

  Views:

  248

  Book review on the book Hunyady György–Berkics Mihály (szerk.): A jog szociálpszichológiája – A hiányzó láncszem. ELTE Eötvös Kiadó, Budapest, 2015. 

   

• Freedom of Speech and Inclusive Society

  9-32

  Gábor Attila Tóth

  Views:

  151

  This article deal with the most actual theme of the limitation of the freedom of speech the hate speech.

• The Importance of the Wage Guarantee Fund in the Framework of Labour Law Protection

  177-192

  Péter Sipka

  Dóra Varga

  Views:

  218

  Act LXVI of 1994 on the Wage Guarantee Fund and the guarantee system regulated by it, is especially topical nowadays, as more and more employers in Hungary have become insolvent in connection with the crisis caused by the coronavirus epidemic. In many cases, the employers subject to the procedure are not able to meet their wage obligations to their employees, so the state must guarantee the values ​​that can be expressed in exact monetary terms – the work performed and its  financial compensation – and at the same time the social security of employees. In the present study, we examine the applicability of the Wage Guarantee Fund, which serves to cover the wages to be paid by insolvent employers, from the perspective of the social security and the enforcement of employees’ claims.

• New attempts in EU law for the improvement of the consular protection of EU citizens in third countries

  9-23

  Adrienn Becánics

  Views:

  145

  The right of EU citizens to consular protection in third countries, where their Member State is not represented, is one of the most significant rights attached to the European citizenship. With the existing legal basis laid down in the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the right to consular protection of EU citizens has all the conceivable chances to be established uniformly by union actions and under the supervision of the European Court of Justice. The aim of the Council Directive (EU) 2015/637 is to lay down the cooperation and coordination measures necessary to further facilitate consular protection to unrepresented citizens of the European Union. Nevertheless the directive does not affect consular relations between Member States and third countries. The present paper focuses on the actions had been taken in this field from the treaty establishing the European Economic Community until the achievements of the Treaty of Lisbon and the aforementioned Council Directive.

• The Role of the New Territorial Waste Management Authorities in the Eradication of Abandoned Waste

  Brigitta B. Gyurkó

  Views:

  19

  In March 2021, the Government further transformed the organizational side of environmental protection and created new waste management authorities. The national and regional waste management authorities are embedded in the county government office system.  The responsibilities of the waste management authorities are multifaceted, however, implementing regulations are not available in all cases. Regional waste management authorities play a significant role in the elimination of abandoned waste. In recent years, in compliance with European Union regulations, landfills operating without a permit have been abolished. Sanctions imposed by the authorities in the case of illegally abandoned waste contribute to reducing the amount of illegally disposed waste. The new waste management authorities can promote the creation of a circular economy, but only if the legislator creates the missing legal and technical conditions.

• On the Nature of Political Corruption

  87-97

  Emese Szilágyi

  Views:

  118

  This article summerize the essay of Samuel Issacharoff (Harvard Law Review , 124. 1/2010. (November), 119-142.)

• International and Regional Fight Against Climate Change and its Economic Impacts

  84-98

  Zsuzsanna Putnoki

  Views:

  221

  The climate change represents one of the greatest challenges nowadays. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol tried to attend the problem in international level. However the Kyoto Protocol’s first commitment period will be finished in 2012 and a new international framework needs to have been negotiated and ratified that can deliver the stringent emission reductions. When it will be contracted, the European Union defends against the climate change with regional instruments, like EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). The ETS tries to manage the problem by financial method.

  The Copenhagen Accord declared that scientific view: the increase in global temperature should be below 2 degrees Celsius. The question is now, what the world and the EU should do for this goal. What is the expected global and EU emission in 2020? The EU has two kind of mitigation pledges: the 20% or 30% reduction. How EU achieves expectations and what kind of tools could help about this? The Europe­an Commission made several documents about this problem and the ways of mitigations.

• Protection of Marriage and Family in Central Europe

  7-31

  Tímea Barzó

  Views:

  273

  It is no exaggeration to say that family plays a prominent role in our daily lives. This study therefore examines the constitutional and family law foundations of family protection in seven Central European countries. The study describes, among other things, the nature of family law legislation, the conceptual approach to family and marriage, the legal protection and solution of extramarital partnerships, such as de facto partnerships and registered partnerships, and the status of children in the countries studied.