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DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL COMPETENCE OF CHILDREN FROM AN UNDERPRIVILEGED BACKGROUND
87-94Views:254In September 2010, by the introduction of the educational reform in Serbia, namely the introduction of inclusion, the number of children from disadvantaged backgrounds and multiple disadvantaged backgrounds has significantly increased. From September 2013, the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Education in Hungarian Language, Subotica and University of Szeged, Gyula Juhász Faculty of Education, Institute of Adult Education worked out a program, in which the students of these two Universities participated as mentors in the compensatory education of disadvantaged children. The purpose of the present study is to introduce the structure of the Student Mentoring Program that serves as an excellent example for other schools. According to in-service teachers, one of the long-term positive outcomes of the mentoring program is the development of the social competencies of disadvantaged children.
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SURVEY OF THE SOCIAL COMPETENCES ABOUT THE DISADVANTAGED PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN THE COUNTIES BORSOD-ABAÚJ-ZEMPLÉN, HAJDÚ-BIHAR AND SZABOLCS-SZATMÁR-BEREG
51-63Views:125Between 2017 and 2020, we participated in a national project led by the Education Office, called „Support for social inclusion and integration measures in public education” (EFOP-3.1.3-16-2016-00001), which we simply called "Kindergarten for Opportunities". The aim of the project was mainly to help kindergartens educate and develop disadvantaged and multiply disadvantaged Roma and Gypsy children. An important phase of the work was the survey, in which a specific assessment of skills was carried out with the active participation of the institutions, adapted to life in the kindergarten and based on the observations of the kindergarten teachers. In the present study, we focus on an important aspect of the survey, the study of social competencies. Results were obtained in three categories (self-images, social relations, and emotional-willing qualities), in five dimensions per category, from the kindergartens participating in the project in the three selected counties. In the total survey, the kindergartens provided information on a total of 1112 children, of which the number of responses received in the three counties analyzed by us was as follows: 259 in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, 178 in Hajdú-Bihar county and 271 in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county. So kindergarten teachers' statements regarding n=708 children were analyzed in this study. No significant difference can be observed in the results: only in a few cases did we experience a negative deviation in social competences in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county.
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TEACHERS IN A DISADVANTAGED POSITION
39-50Views:127The writers of this study will use the expression ‘disadvantaged’ in a broader sense. The first part of the study deals with teachers and teacher trainees who are in a disadvantaged position because they have got a physical disability. Structured interviews were made with 8 persons. The interviews focused on their educational experiences and also their experiences in the labor market. The key question of the interviews was whether the interviewees had experienced negative discrimination or not. The other part of the study written by Noémi Csilla Borsodi deals with teachers who are in a disadvantaged position because they are working in a vocational school. Many times, a lot of people have written about pedagogical success, its determination, and the grouping of its indicators. First, pedagogical success will be discussed from a different perspective, then the working conditions at a vocational school will be mentioned. Furthermore, the reasons for why the traditional concept cannot be ’substitute’ into the ’equation of success’ for vocational school. Finally, some good practices will be shown that could help motivate students.
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RECRUITMENT AND FUTURE ORIENTATION OF DISADVANTEGED CHILDREN
21-38Views:330In Hungary, many children live in state care. In order to curb its social reproduction, it is important to see recruitment: Who are they? Where and why did they get into state care? We have to deal with the future vision, motivation, self-efficacy, cause-attribution, social integration of young people, and their ideas about them. The aim of our research is to explore the differences in the future orientation of disadvantaged young people living in orphanages and families, which were measurable by analyzing their study average, by using a vision questionnaire and a self-report questionnaire to reveal family background, and by using the Tenessee self-image scale. The study involved 60 children and young adults living in an orphanage and 60 children and young adults living in a family. Both groups consist of young people aged between 15 and 20, born between 1999 and 2004. The aim of the study was to compare the future orientation of the disadvantaged children living in an orphanage with the also disadvantaged children attending Arany János Talent Care Program but living in a family, and also to identify the differences or similarities between them. The statistical analysis found that there was a positive correlation between the vision questionnaire and the background questionnaire. Most of the questions in the two questionnaires are related.
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THE STATE OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN'S
77-88Views:628The study addresses the language problems of children with socio-cultural background problems. Children from the environment using a limited language code are more likely to start with a language disadvantage or language delay, and these ability deficits do not or only moderately decrease during the years of institutional education. In the presented pilot study, n = 20 people from Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, disadvantaged Gypsy / Roma children living in three villages and their parents were analyzed. In the study, the Parental Treatment Questionnaire (H-PBI, Gordon, 1979), the LAPP Active Vocabulary Survey (Lőrik et al., 2015), and the speech of children with delayed/impeded speech developed by Dr. Ágnes Juhász and Tiborné Bittera (1995) and its language development was examined. The results were interpreted according to the small sample on the basis of simple statistics, and the drawing of conclusions is also treated sparingly.
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CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS EMPLOYEES WITH DISABILITIES
7-17Views:1427Since the annexation to the European Union, exceptional attention has been directed to equal opportunities and equal treatment of disadvantaged social groups in Hungary too. The Hungarian state tries to ensure the first and foremost with legal tools. It is, however, not enough to result in lasting changes in the attitude of society. Personal experiences, as well as, positive messages transmitted by others can produce a positive effect on the development of inclusive approaches. With respect to sociodemographic characteristics (e.g. gender, age, school qualification) investigations into this field suggest different research results. The questionnaire data collection took place in three districts of Hungary. The research was aimed at questioning two test groups, on one hand, the employees of social institutions who mainly deal with disadvantaged persons, on the other hand, the residents of the given districts, who have the knowledge and approach of an average citizen. The ingenuity of the research is put down to the fact that in Hungary there had never been researching to explore the attitudes of social employees. A total of 747 persons filled in the questionnaires, out of which 408 employees in social institutions and 339 district residents. This present study discloses the deeper connections of the research results which are observable between the two test groups’ attitudes to persons with disabilities and sociodemographic characteristics. Its significance is crucial in identifying the characteristics of the colleague playing an actual role in the integration who, as a reference person, with his own personal involvement can promote the integration of disabled persons into workplace communities. In the research of attitudes three well-distinguished clusters were outlined, which were named as follows: accepting, uncertain/indifferent, rejecting. The study investigates what kind of sociodemographic characteristics the residents, and social workers who belong to the three clusters have. Do people who belong to the same cluster posses similar attributes in both test samples? What kind of attributes has the residents and social workers got who show a higher level of acceptance? According to the findings of the research, the attitudes of the district residents differ in age, school qualification, and personal experience, whereas in the case of the social workers the difference in attitudes depends on age and school qualification.
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EDUCATION FOR MULTIPLE DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS IN ISRAEL
31-40Views:189Because of the three religions are involved in the social life in Israel, not only the society and everyday life are very complex, but its educational system as well. The religious, political, cultural, and economic diversity of society has left a strong impression on education, including the educational provision of minority students. The topic of the writing is the education in Israel, including the most disadvantaged group, the past of the Bedouin pupils and their current situation. Nowadays, Bedouins make up one-third of the Negev population (210,000 people) who have been constantly turning from semi-nomadic lifestyles into living in the past decades. About 90,000 people live in unknown villages and camps, which in itself poses serious difficulties for Israeli education policy. The article gives an overview of the changes in Bedouin's social situation in the past 60-70 years, the circumstances of the first school, the effectiveness of the Bedouin pupils, their opportunities for further education, and its characteristics. In order to understand the functioning of the education system, it is essential to know about teacher training and the characteristics of the teachers who work in Bedouin schools.
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THE SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND ACADEMIC PREPAREDNESS OF STEM STUDENTS IN HUNGARY
73-86Views:170Although the dropout behavior and labor market opportunities of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) students and the masculinization of STEM fields are all well-researched topics in STEM research, there is a very limited body of literature focusing on the social background and academic preparedness of STEM applicants. Thus, in this research, we compared STEM and non-STEM students based on their type of settlement, type of secondary school program, the rate of students coming from a disadvantaged background, extra points given for academic accomplishments, and total application score. To identify variables that significantly predict getting admitted to a STEM field, we conducted binary logistic regression. During our research, we conducted the analysis using the 2017 Hungarian Admission Database. Our sample consisted of those who got admitted to a full-time BA/BSc or undivided course (N = 41324). According to our results, STEM students cannot be identified as a disadvantaged group either in terms of their social background or their lack of academic preparedness. According to the results of the binary logistic regression, the main predictors of getting admitted to a STEM field are gender (male), having a language certificate, and having a vocational training certificate. The main goal of our research was to explore whether the individual characteristics of STEM students can be the reason behind the high attrition rates specific to STEM fields. Since our results did not support this conclusion, we suppose to further investigate the role of institutional variables (such as climate, the selective approach of college teachers, and high academic expectations) in dropouts.
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CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROCESSES OF NAGYECSED, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE SITUATION OF THE ROMA POPULATION
45-57Views:181Our research carried out in Nagyecsed is part of a longer series of research consisting of ten items, in which we primarily seek to map the main social characteristics and current social processes of settlements with the lower populations in the less-favoured regions of the country. In the course of the research, our goal is basically to get to know and present the perspectives of the local residents. A crucial consideration in the selection of the research sites was that smaller settlements in these peripheral regions are experiencing rather unfavourable socio-demographic trends, including in particular the declining population, aging, and the growing proportion of disadvantaged populations, including disadvantaged Roma. These processes - if no significant changes take place - project an even more unfavourable vision than at present. The unfavourable socio-demographic tendencies can be clearly seen in Nagyecsed. In connection with this, the main goal of the research is to explore the situation of the Roma, as well as the local community relations, especially the coexistence characteristics of the Roma and non-Roma population.
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ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE SPORT OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, I. E.: IS THE SPORT IMPORTANT IN THE LIVES OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES?
19-34Views:541The equal opportunities approach of the second half of the 20th century emphasizes the social inclusion of disadvantaged groups, including persons with disabilities. Education and employment play a key role in achieving integration. Nevertheless, other fields such as leisure time and sporting activities also contribute positively to the social involvement of persons with disabilities. At present nearly 7,000 persons with disabilities are registered in Hungary who pursue sports competitively, of whom approximately 5,000 persons with intellectual disabilities (Regényi et.al, 2017). The study discloses the partial results of a research aimed at revealing the awareness of the Hungarian population regarding the sport of people with disabilities. As such research has never been carried out in Hungary before, it can fill in a niche. The results of our exploratory research may be the starting point for further investigations. The importance of the topic is given by the fact that thanks to the sport the focus is on the outstanding performance of the social group concerned rather than on their limitations and deficiencies, which therefore reinforces the positive and accepting attitude of citizens. Previous research findings have highlighted that the nature of disability-related knowledge influences the way the members of society think about persons with disabilities, i.e. when it is possible to provide information and gain experience focusing on the existing abilities and strengths of the above -mentioned group, attitudes become more positive as well. The findings of the research reveal that respondents consider it important to pursue sport within an integrated framework, at the same time they feel it is justified to do segregated sports with a view to persons with disabilities. Based on the results we can state that the media coverage of achievements in sports competitions of persons with disabilities is perceived as low level, but apparently it is not considered to be a key area in the lives of persons with disabilities.
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CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROCESSES IN HAJDÚDOROG
33-50Views:531Our research conducted in Hajdúdorog is a part of a longer, multiple part research series, in which we will identify the main social features and map the current social processes in the less populous settlements of the more deprived regions of the country in particular. Basically, the aim of our research is to understand and present the perspective of the local people. The decisive criterion for the selection of research sites was that the smaller settlements of these peripheral regions are subject to rather unfavorable socio-demographic processes, including in particular the decline in the population, aging, and the increase in the share of the disadvantaged populations. These processes – unless there are significant changes – project an even more unfavorable vision of the future. The adverse socio-demographic processes described above are definitely observable in Hajdúdorog. Related to this, the primary objective of the research was to understand the opportunities, goals, and vision of the local youth most affected by migration, as well as to recognize the local community relations and the characteristics of cohabitation of the Roma and non-Roma population in particular.
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THE SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND SOCIAL MOBILITY: AN EXAMPLE FROM HODÁSZ
Views:124The paper examines the social mobility process of Romani youngsters in a settlement that is in one of the most disadvantaged regions of Hungary. Hodász became the centre of interest due to the relevant research concerning the mobility issue, because here, just contrary to the communities have similar sociocultural features, there are number of young Romani who could stand out by learning. The author interprets in wider aspects the determinative local norms, and the scale of values of local Vlach Romani community make possible for lots of local youngsters, that they can be graduated. In the second part of the paper the reader can understand the intellectual career by three studies, and consequently the social integration doesn’t automatically yield social mobility. In the situational analyses of Hodász example can be circumscribed the specific preconditions of intellectual career in the case of the young Romani and disadvantageous.
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HR TOOLS SUPPORTING EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
7-17Views:211Hungarian statistical surveys, as well as previous research, point out the disadvantages experienced by persons with disability and a reduced work capacity on the labour market, due to which their employment falls behind the employment of the average population. In the background of these drawbacks, there are partially negative attitudes in the society and among employers which are based on prejudices. On the other hand, in the course of the integration and permanent employment of persons with disability and a reduced work capacity not only the accepting attitude of employers but also that of employees is essential. Employment policy instruments may facilitate the economic activity of the disadvantaged labour market groups but they may need their employers to help them further with employment, integration and work. The expected or received help of the open labour market or its degree do not always meet. No empirical research has been done into this topic yet. The aim of my research is to explore the attitude, approach, and knowledge of workers in social institutions in three districts of Hajdú-Bihar county and of the inhabitants in these districts regarding persons with disability and reduced work capacity. Questionnaire research was conducted, and altogether 747 persons (408 workers at social institutes and 339 citizens) were interviewed. The present study focuses on the exploratory-like results of the research which reveal the test groups’ familiarity with and knowledge of the application of those HR management tools that can further the employment of persons with reduced work capacity. The study assesses the results based on the following variables: sex, school qualification, position, previously gained knowledge about the reduced work capacity and work experience with persons with reduced work capacity. The results of the research suggest that for persons with a reduced work capacity the organisations mainly ensure the personalised field of work, preferential working hours, and accessible work environment, but it is not certain to be enough for the permanent employment of the target group as due to their mobility difficulties they would really need support to get to their work as well.
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THE "INSTITUTIONALIZATION" OF THE LOVARI LANGUAGE FROM THE ASPECT OF SOCIAL INNOVATION
85-93Views:118In this current paper we intend to reflect upon the historicity and social impact of Lovari language education from the perspective of social innovation. Our starting point is that the process of the acceptance of the Lovari language and its recognition in the educational palette of foreign languages is a „bottom-up” initiative that developed mainly from the work of Romani intellectuals. The focus of our interest is, among others, the following questions: Who invented it? Who supported it? Who prevented it? What language learning methods are used by people teaching Lovari language who are originally not language teachers? The „institutionalization” of language education in Lovari and the state-recognized language exam certificate that can be obtained in this language have a serious social impact, for example, it helped disadvantaged and/or Roma students to obtain a university degree. From this point of view, we also consider this phenomenon as an innovation. Besides the secondary sources, we tend to map the topic with the help of primary, qualitative data. In addition to interviews with Lovari language teachers (N=3) who have been teaching for several decades, we would like to put our own perceptions in a narrative.
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MOTIVATIONS OF MENTOR CANDIDATES PARTICIPATING IN THE LET’S TEACH FOR HUNGARY MENTOR PROGRAM’S PREPARATION COURSE
21-41Views:440The present study focuses on the role of mentoring in education. The topic of mentoring has increasingly got into the focus of researchers in recent years (Bencsik és Juhász, 2017).In accordance with international practice, the role of mentors in Hungarian public education institutions has become more valuable. In proportion to recognizing its role in education, different mentoring programs have emerged in each type of school. In the present study, our orientation is specifically aimed at the students of the Teach for Hungary Mentoring Program in Debrecen, in order to map the aspects of the motivations of the student mentor candidates in Debrecen. Among other things, we are curious about their emotional and cognitive attitude toward mentoring, and we are interested in the extent (or lack thereof) of their commitment to mentoring. Our aim is to explore, what influences the final decision among students to become a mentor (material, mental resource, etc.) and how these factors interact/relate to each other. In the spring semester of the 2018/2019 academic year, we conducted our research with 151 young students who took part in a theoretical course to become a mentor. The foundation of our research is the questionnaire created by Ceglédi, Szűcs, Hüse, and Berényi (2019), and that form was filled in by a student who applied for a TMO1 course at the beginning of the 2019/20 academic year. Nearly 50% of respondents decided to commit themselves to mentoring, and the other 50% did not undertake mentoral activity for some reason. Based on our results, it can be said that assistance and financial support in the form of scholarship were the main motivating factors for mentors, but the latter was important mainly for male students, nor had the financial aspect primary importance for students with a disadvantaged background in the development of motivation. According to our conclusions, commitment and strong internal motivations play an important role in mentoring, while financial benefits in the form of external motivation can be secondary, but also play an important role in motivation.
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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LET’S TEACH FOR HUNGARY MENTORING PROGRAM
87-101Views:337The disadvantaged situation has been a problem in the field of education for decades, and several disadvantage-compensation programs have been set up to reduce it. This includes the mentoring process, the primary purpose of which is to provide support and assistance to a younger individual. The subjects of the research are the students participating in the Let’s teach for Hungary mentoring program. The questionnaire survey was conducted in the autumn of 2019 (n=585), during which we focused on the children's expectations of the mentoring program, their learning difficulties, learning motivation, and their plans for further learning. Students can be classified into clusters based on their motivations, which highlights that the range of participants is not homogeneous from this aspect either. The coronavirus epidemic has posed a significant challenge to traditional education, and the opportunities offered by personal mentoring have been pushed into the background over the past year and a half. Educators and students have faced numerous challenges in the transition to digital education (Kristóf, 2020). Attendance mentoring could continue in the form of distance mentoring. In our current research, we examine the existence of distance mentoring, the exploration of experiences, and the preparedness of the participants in the Teach for Hungary program. Data collection began in December 2021, and the query process is still ongoing. We carry out the survey using a mixed method. We collect quantitative data among students with the help of questionnaires, which focus on the experiences, opinions, and readiness of the children. In addition, we use a qualitative, interview-based research method that provides an understanding of more comprehensive experiences. We conduct interviews with educators, mentors, and mentored students. The subjects of the research are primary school students, mentors, and teachers of a small settlement in Hajdú-Bihar county and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county (n=60 people).
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EFFECTS OF LABOR MARKET INTEGRATION, IN PARTICULAR CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR AND QUALITY OF LIFE
33-49Views:124The program you want to show is novel because it provides assistance to job seekers who face mental, social, or health problems, it also provides a complex service package that includes labor market, social and health services. The program can respond individually to the existing difficulties, thus improving the quality of life of the participants. The aim of the study is to examine the factors that determine the behavioral changes and the quality of life quality among the job seekers who can't be included in employment for mental, social, or health reasons. Methods: In our study, we monitored changes in general well-being, livelihoods, financial backgrounds, family backgrounds, health problems, work-related problems, social services, and healthcare services during the five months of the program, and analyzed the results obtained by quantitative and qualitative methods. Conclusion: Well-being has a positive effect on both the subjective emotional experiences of employees, their work performance, and their workplace behavior. We think that society should pay attention to sensitizing employers, develop insurance programs for complex packages of support, to ensure workplace factors influencing the improvement of the quality of life for workers' attention. The quality of life of our study confirmed that adequate support (mentoring, counseling, through programs supporting), to increase job satisfaction, workplace, which has many advantages in terms of not only the individual, but employers and society: improving the quality of work, the Workplace behavior and morale, less absenteeism, lower sickness, and fluctuation rates, and employment rate increases.
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NEW APPROACH TO ANALYSIS OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED YOUNG WORKERS: THE PRECARIATE
7-17Views:196The study focuses on the labour-market situation of young graduates utilizing the database of the Hungarian Graduate Tracking System. The purpose of the research is to map certain characteristics of the precarious situation posed by the labor market on this group which is in a rather favorable labor market position in comparison to other groups. The concept of the precariat is defined as a type of labor-market uncertainty, in which unfavorable working conditions, like insecure short-term jobs, fixed-term employment contracts, low wages, etc. are concentrated. In addition to the lack of financial security, these characteristics may lead to general insecurity and in some cases to labor market and social exclusion (LaVaque-Manty 2012, Standing 2012). This analysis focuses on the presence of a precarious condition that creates an insecure labour-market situation among young graduates and it attempts to find the main explanatory variables in the interpretation of this phenomenon. In addition, it investigates whether socio-demographic, socio-cultural characteristics, like gender, marital status, type of qualification (BSc, MSc, or Ph.D. degree), and the type of settlement (village, town, city, etc.) affect success in the labour-market. Preliminary results support previous studies that found women in the labor market were disadvantaged. For example, the proportion of women with a fixed employment contract is higher than men, and the interruption of a labor market career is more characteristic of women. More women gave a positive answer to ”I am not working at the moment although I have previously had a workplace”. This suggests that women are more affected by a less stable and less secure labor market than men.
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CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROCESSES IN SÁP
49-56Views:98Our research conducted in Sáp is a part of a longer, multiple-part research series, in which we will identify the main social features and map the current social processes in the less populous settlements of the more deprived regions of the country in particular. Basically, the aim of our research is to understand and present the perspective of the local people. The decisive criterion for the selection of research sites was that the smaller settlements of these peripheral regions are subject to rather unfavourable socio-demographic processes, including in particular the decline in the population, aging, and the increase in the share of the disadvantaged population. These processes – unless there are significant changes – project an even more unfavourable vision of the future. The adverse socio-demographic processes described above are observable in Sáp. Related to this, the primary objective of the research was to understand the opportunities, goals, and vision of the local youth most affected by migration, as well as to recognize the local community relations and the characteristics of cohabitation of the Roma and non-Roma population in particular.
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CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL PROCESSES IN TISZALÖK
95-104Views:165Our research conducted in Tiszalök is a part of a longer, multiple part research series, in which we will identify the main social features and map the current social processes in the less populous settlements of the more deprived regions of the country in particular. Basically, the aim of our research is to understand and present the perspective of the local people. The decisive criterion for the selection of research sites was that the smaller settlements of these peripheral regions are subject to rather unfavorable socio-demographic processes, including in particular the decline in the population, aging, and the increase in the share of the disadvantaged populations. These processes – unless there are significant changes – project an even more unfavorable vision of the future. The adverse socio-demographic processes described above are definitely observable in Tiszalök. Related to this, the primary objective of the research was to understand the opportunities, goals, and vision of the local youth most affected by migration, as well as to recognize the local community relations and the characteristics of cohabitation of the Roma and non-Roma population in particular.
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GIPSY CHILDREN AT THE DEBRECEN FOOTBALL ACADEMY–RESULTS OF A QUALITATIVE STUDY
39-50Views:157One of the aims of the present study is to briefly outline the issues related to gipsy and sportsmen in the literature, and to interpret the main challenges and potential barriers that arise in this context (Bailey, 2005; Sütő-Gabóda, 2013; Kovács, 2016; Faragó and Konczosné, 2017). We also aim to review the most important contexts related to the social background of athletes and, more narrowly, football academics as a possible option for breakout opportunities, based on the football academy system that has been operating in Hungary since 2001 (Rábai, 2021), and to examine specifically how the Debrecen Football Academy can help young people of gipsy origin to break out. The focus of our study is qualitative research, during which we interviewed the leaders of the Debrecen Football Academy in order to get answers to our questions about the gipsy children in the academy. During the interviews, the interviewees provide an overview of the recruitment, social background and typical career paths of gipsy children who have attended the academy so far, as well as a general discussion of their situation and opportunities. Based on our results, the children studying and developing at the football academies have a stable social background, and the Debrecen Football Academy also offers scholarship-like support opportunities that can help children from lower social status in the institution receive significant support. Academy leaders emphasized during the interviews that, although gipsy children often drop out of education, they have a number of successful careers behind them, suggesting that they too have every opportunity to break through the academy. Interviewees also said that they do their best to support gipsy children so that no one is disadvantaged because of economic or social deprivation.