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TEACHER’S PERCEPTION ABOUT THE SCHOOL PERFORMANCE OF ROMA STUDENTS
139-146Views:74The current paper aims to shed light on the problem of Roma students' school performance through the perception of teachers. We examine the phenomenon at the level of locality, relying on qualitative research methodology. The empirical data collection was carried out at the István Király Baptist Primary School in Kótaj, in the county of Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, during which semi-structured interviews were recorded (N=15).
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TEACHERS OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS: WHERE WE ARE COMING FROM AND WHERE WE ARE GOING TO?
25-40Views:173In this article, we focus on special educational needs teacher training, geographical differences, and labor market features. Sources are the admission database of 2014, n = 965), and the Hungarian Graduate Tracking System (HGTS) of 2012 and 2013; n = 567). Result: the situation of special education teachers is very good in the labor market, they are very successful because their unemployment rate is lower than average, and their job is in connection with their university studies.
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HISTORY OF LANGUAGE LEARNING AT AN EARLY AGE ON NYÍREGYHÁZA
7-18Views:169In our paper, we deal with the significance of learning languages at an early age. While going through the literature of the topic, we draw attention to the importance of age in learning a language, as well as the basic differences between language learning and language acquisition. In the following, we present the options outside the family (such as language schools and family creche 'családi bölcsőde') for learning a language at an early age in Nyíregyháza in 2017. In our research, we also wanted to find out what differences can be seen in terms of the methodology of early foreign language activities in kindergartens/preschools between the activities held during the change of the political regime in Hungary (1989/1990) and today. We chose the interview as a research method because in this way we can get a picture of the foreign language activities in kindergartens/preschools and their first steps in the 1990s when they were first available to children. We made eight interviews in spring 2017, asking kindergarten pedagogues/early childhood educators and language teachers as well as who had held English activities in kindergartens/preschools. Based on the information we received from the informants, we can say that early English activities were available in 23 kindergartens/preschools out of the 34 kindergartens/preschools (68%) operating in Nyíregyháza, Hungary in 2017. In some kindergartens/preschools children can also take part in early French and German activities. We have also realized that the number of those kindergartens/preschools which organize playful foreign language activities on a weekly basis has been increasing since the 1990s. From the recollections of the informants, it has also been revealed to us that during the change of the political system providing personal criteria (that is finding qualified teachers) was the most difficult task. Nowadays, several kindergartens/preschools employ kindergarten pedagogues who are able to take part in the language development of children in a foreign language as they are competent users of it. Playfulness, using audiovisual devices, and a lot of props have been highly important since the very beginning in the kindergartens, and pedagogues have also been doing their best to use and try different methods in order to develop the foreign language competence of children aged 4-7.
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Theory of the Diversity of Alternative Music Pedagogy Methods
67-75Views:82Our music education is based on the concept of Zoltán Kodály and the methodological guidance of Katalin Forrai in early childhood, which is an indispensable foundation and support for Hungarian music education. The method uses fundamental values to develop children's musical skills and abilities. At about the same time, music teachers throughout Europe were engaged in reforming the structure and methodological tools of music teaching. Among these music teachers, I would like to highlight the pedagogy of Dalcrose, Orff, Willems and Freinet, who successfully applied early childhood music education and the development of children with special educational needs in their programmes. Based on their pedagogy and methods, they agreed on the following principles: musical education should start as early as possible, continuous musical activity (singing, rhythm, listening, movement, improvisation, instrument, listening) should be given priority, and in addition to age-specific characteristics, adequate emphasis should be given to individual talents, since the uneven development of psychic abilities can lead to differences in levels within a single age group over several years. Music can develop empathy and social skills. Through rhythms and harmonies, the development of large and fine movements can be achieved. It is beneficial for thinking, creativity, self-expression and the development of the sense of self. Music improves well-being, concentration and actively helps to develop attention. It leads to openness and flexibility. It also has a powerful effect on speech, imagination and improvisation skills. That is why we can use music for healing and developmental purposes. There is a long line of research that proves that the earlier in life you start to develop, develop or correct your personality through music, the earlier you should start.
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A CASE STUDY OF TEACHING ENGLISH IN KINDERGARTENS SINCE 1989 – A NORTH-EAST HUNGARIAN CITY
127-137Views:83In our paper, we deal with the significance of learning languages at an early age. The research aimed to explore how the teaching methods employed in kindergartens have altered with the change of the political regime in 1989–90. A case-study was conducted using semi-structured interviews (n=7) with early childhood educators and language teachers in 2016/2017. Oral history method was used because no written material was produced. Based on information we received from the informants and local authorities, early English activities were available in 68% of kindergartens in the North-East Hungarian city when the research was undertaken. The number of kindergartens which organize playbased foreign language practices has been increasing since the 1990s. In the beginning, providing educational personnal was the most difficult task. Using audio-visual devices and props has been highly important, and Early Childhood Educators have been doing their best when working with children aged 4–7. However, there are differences too, due to the development of technology.
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THE SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND ACADEMIC PREPAREDNESS OF STEM STUDENTS IN HUNGARY
73-86Views:170Although the dropout behavior and labor market opportunities of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) students and the masculinization of STEM fields are all well-researched topics in STEM research, there is a very limited body of literature focusing on the social background and academic preparedness of STEM applicants. Thus, in this research, we compared STEM and non-STEM students based on their type of settlement, type of secondary school program, the rate of students coming from a disadvantaged background, extra points given for academic accomplishments, and total application score. To identify variables that significantly predict getting admitted to a STEM field, we conducted binary logistic regression. During our research, we conducted the analysis using the 2017 Hungarian Admission Database. Our sample consisted of those who got admitted to a full-time BA/BSc or undivided course (N = 41324). According to our results, STEM students cannot be identified as a disadvantaged group either in terms of their social background or their lack of academic preparedness. According to the results of the binary logistic regression, the main predictors of getting admitted to a STEM field are gender (male), having a language certificate, and having a vocational training certificate. The main goal of our research was to explore whether the individual characteristics of STEM students can be the reason behind the high attrition rates specific to STEM fields. Since our results did not support this conclusion, we suppose to further investigate the role of institutional variables (such as climate, the selective approach of college teachers, and high academic expectations) in dropouts.
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF YOUTH'S HEALTH-RISK LIFESTYLE IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THEIR CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
7-20Views:246Health-related, primarily lifestyle-associated activities are increasingly emphasized in the lives of young people and their cultural communities. The aim of the research is to explore behavioral strategies that maintain health and to understand those societies and the environmental factors that predispose risk behaviors. The questionnaire includes items about demographics, lifestyle, family and school environment, and health risk factors. Participants are 280 youngsters from the 11-12th graders of Târgu-Mureş and Eger. The study was conducted in February 2011 on a stratified sample using a self-completed questionnaire method. Our results showed significant differences between the two groups in terms of life satisfaction, frequency of alcohol consumption, but also in terms of family support, school acceptance, and teachers' attitudes toward students. We found gender differences in health-related self-esteem, subjective body image, body weight control, frequency, and amount of alcohol consumption, but also in school attitudes, time spent with friends.
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The First Steps of the Auxiliary School at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries in Hungary
111-118Views:84Among the public education efforts at the end of the 19th century, the compulsory school attendance. There were a significant number of compulsory school children whose physical and mental condition did not allow them to attend public schools. For them, they also looked for opportunities at the international level that would help them become useful members of society. This was provided by the auxiliary school for disabled children. At the turn of the century, the need for this became clear not only to professionals, but also to the government. The pedagogical press of the turn of the century also dealt with the admission possibilities of these students, the training of their teachers, their teaching methodology, and their future employment opportunities.
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIAL COMPETENCE OF CHILDREN FROM AN UNDERPRIVILEGED BACKGROUND
87-94Views:254In September 2010, by the introduction of the educational reform in Serbia, namely the introduction of inclusion, the number of children from disadvantaged backgrounds and multiple disadvantaged backgrounds has significantly increased. From September 2013, the University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Education in Hungarian Language, Subotica and University of Szeged, Gyula Juhász Faculty of Education, Institute of Adult Education worked out a program, in which the students of these two Universities participated as mentors in the compensatory education of disadvantaged children. The purpose of the present study is to introduce the structure of the Student Mentoring Program that serves as an excellent example for other schools. According to in-service teachers, one of the long-term positive outcomes of the mentoring program is the development of the social competencies of disadvantaged children.
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CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION THE CASE OF REGGIO EMILIA APPROACH IN DUBAI
71-80Views:191Although the term “culture” is a controversial term and there is no unified meaning that is accepted by all, societies deal with culture in every aspect of day-to-day life and interactions. The dilemma of how to introduce or accept a culture or cultural norm in a society, especially a society that is regarded as multicultural, is felt more intensely. Within international schools and specifically, in the multicultural society of countries such as the United Arab Emirates, this cultural diversity is clearly visible. On the other hand, the world-known and famous Reggio Emilia approach which has been successful in numerous Western countries has found its way to pre-primary education in the UAE. This paper will look into the implementation of the Reggio Emilia approach in the culturally diverse society of the UAE compared to Italy and other Western countries. The aim is to see if the important aspects of the Reggio Emilia approach such as teachers as researchers, children as citizens with rights, the role of the environment, curricula as long-term projects, and finally, parents as partners in education enterprise, are indeed implemented in the Reggio Emilia nurseries in the UAE. Or could it be the case that due to the cultural diversity of the UAE this implementation in its full and exact sense is not possible and nurseries in the UAE are only inspired by the approach?
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EXPERIENCES AND SUPPORT NEEDS OF CHILDREN WITH BROTHER OR SISTER WITH DISABILITY
69-81Views:446There are many children with special needs whose siblings play an important role in their lives for a longer time than other family members. Longer life expectancy and the deepening of disabilities bring along a higher need of being taken care of. When the parents grow older it is often the siblings who become the caretakers. Meyer & Vadasy (2007) found that if siblings of children with SEN get proper support and information while growing up, the well-being of siblings with special needs also increases. Relationship with a sibling with special needs influences development of adaptability and self-esteem, this influence can be positive or negative (Burke, 2008). The parents of the children with SEN have many ways to receive information or help from the family – doctors, therapists, consultants, teachers, books, etc. The siblings in their turn usually get their information from the parents. (Conway & Meyer, 2008) Family members of different ages need different information. Therefore, there should be research on what kind of experiences do the siblings of the disabled child need, how their needs and well-being are guaranteed, and what kind of support they need. The aim of this study is to describe the experiences of brothers and sisters with siblings with special needs, try to understand their need for support, and find out the need for support groups and camps.
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FROM THE EXPERIENCE OF A TALENT MANAGEMENT ‒ GOOD PRACTICE AT THE ÁRPÁD VEZÉR PRIMARY SCHOOL IN DEBRECEN
117-127Views:197Talent management is a very important area in the pedagogical program of schools. Examining children’s interests or raising their interest can provide students with a learning motivation that allows talent to unfold or help the process of becoming a talent which the joint coordinated work of the teacher-student-parent can make the most effective. In our article, in the care of the talents of the students of the Árpád Vezér Primary School in Debrecen, Elektra Tóth (class 5B) we present the project presented by Ildikó Czeglédi and the process and participants of talent management as a good practice. The topic of the research was space exploration and astronomy, which could be a very interesting topic for other students. It deals with objects that seem to motivate children in the process of cognition, seeming a bit mystical and unreachable at light-years away. It was prepared for the VI. Debrecen City Talent Care Student Conference event was on March 10, 2022. The project consisted of a 3-page dissertation and a 5-minute presentation. The survey (N = 357) was completed by upper-elementary students who study in the Northern Great Plain region. The questionnaire found answers to the question of whether children are interested in space research, where they can get information about it, and what kind of school program they should be involved in related to this topic. The results of the questionnaire were processed using SPSS software, and we calculated basic statistics (mean, standard deviation) and correlation analysis (independent t-test, chi-squared distribution) too. The research confirmed that children are interested in the topic, but we were able to show a significant difference in the motivation of boys and girls during school programs. These are worth considering for teachers who organize school programs so they can reach children even more effectively in this topic. Girls can be addressed with the utility of space exploration, drawing and crafts classes, and lectures, while boys can be addressed with online games.
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DIDACTIC GAMES TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS IN KINDERGARTEN
83-93Views:315Children with developmental disorders do not acquire the same way as do children with an age-appropriate intellectual level, so it needs to be carefully chosen what kind of methods to use and in what way to teach the children. For preschool children, the most efficient and simplest method of teaching mathematics is a playful approach to learning activities. The purpose of this work was to create a set of materials to support the teaching and learning of mathematical concepts for preschool-age children with special needs. There were created learning materials such as Train, Shelves, Long and short, Butterflies and cars, Wide and narrow road, and board game Owls. All the learning materials, including a board game, are laminated and most of them are provided with velcro strips to stick different parts. All the learning materials are tested on preschool-age children and asked specialists and teachers, who work with children with special needs, to give their expert evaluation. Learning materials support teaching mathematical concepts for preschool-age children with special needs.
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HYPERACTIVE CHILD IN THE CLASS
49-58Views:291In the last decade, the issue of school education of children struggling with learning and behavioral disorder has come to the front in domestic as well as foreign pedagogies. The recognition and judgment of hyperactivity are characterized by uncertainty and extremes since increasingly all lively kids with excessive movement are labeled hyperactive. In turn, early detection of the disorders would enable children to get appropriate help. The following study consists of two main parts: a theoretical and a practical one. The practical part introduces concrete case studies assisting the early detection. The behavioral forms of three hyperactive children and their characteristic symptoms are explicated more broadly taking into consideration the family and school circumstances. It also aligns the forms of assistance and help in schools and gives concrete ideas and advice to teachers.
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ASSESSMENT OF THE ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONING LEVEL OF STUDENTS WITH MODERATE INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY USING THE VINELAND SOCIAL MATURITY SCALE
25-38Views:207Background and aim: Individuals with intellectual disability are expected to have significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviour, which affect the individual's ability to cope with social and practical situations. The present study is concerned with the assessment of the adaptive functioning of young people with moderate intellectual disability, which is part of a more complex study (this study will investigate the impact of adaptive functioning levels of students with moderate intellectual disability on parents' subjective perceptions). Method: the study presents the results of the assessment of adaptive functioning of students with moderate intellectual disability (n=9) using the Vineland Social Competence Scale. Results: the social age of the students in the study is significantly below their age, especially in the areas of communication, socialisation, and self-management. The study confirms previous findings (Hatos, 2008; Radványi, 2001) and highlights the need for teachers of students with moderate intellectual disabilities to develop these skills.
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FACTORS OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN RELATION TO CHILDREN’S BEHAVIORAL SYMPTOMS
7-25Views:154In our study, the features of contact between parents and teachers and the particular patterns they take were examined in connection with children’s behavioral symptoms. With cluster analysis, seven clearly analyzable patterns of contact were identified, the two most frequent of which (unifacial and formal) do not favor problem solving, nor provide parental satisfaction.
Two patterns (flexible and adaptive) proved to be the most satisfying and the most effective. Children’s symptoms (social problems, anxiety, somatization, attention deficit, deviant behavior, aggressivity) are significantly related to the quality of parent-teacher contact. In the case of the less favorable and less effective contact forms, parents report more behavioral symptoms, while in the case of the flexible, adaptive, emotionally satisfying, and effective problem-solving contact forms, there are fewer symptoms. These results draw attention to important tasks on many levels: to work out operable patterns of parent-teacher contact, to better understand the role and tasks of teacher training, and the need to involve experts to assist in developing parent-teacher contact, which is also indispensable in terms of helping and developing children and their mental health.
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VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS PROVIDING SPECIAL TASKS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ITS DOCUMENTS IN REGIONS WITH DIFFERENT ECONOMIC STATUS
19-31Views:181Vocational schools providing special tasks comparative analysis of its documents in regions with different economic status. The study deals with the examination of dropout reduction strategies of vocational schools in the regions of Northern Hungary, Northern Great Plains and Western Hungary. We are looking for the answer to what pedagogical methods are used by vocational schools and the teachers who teach there to reduce dropout. Our research was a document analysis, which included an overview of the pedagogical/professional programs of vocational schools based on specific criteria. We are looking for an answer to the question, how does disadvantage compensation appear in the pedagogical and professional programs of vocational schools.
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SPECIAL TREATMENT IN HORSE ASSISTED EXERCISE
79-89Views:271According to decision No. 1061/2012 (III.12), the Hungarian Government is dedicated to National Equestrian Programme. Riding has been an optional subject in the frame of everyday physical education for all schoolchildren in 3-4-5 classes in Hungary since September 2013. The present study gives an overview of different types of horse activities focusing on approaches that are extremely suitable for teachers, trainers, therapists, and other specialists in the course of educational, pedagogical, and developmental improvement of children. The presentation of methodology is complemented by case studies.
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THE EXPERIENCES OF PHYSIOTHERAPY IN PRESCHOOLS IN THE LIGHT OF A KINDERGARTEN RESEARCH IN HAJDÚBÖSZÖRMÉNY
27-34Views:193The literature and research on physiotherapy in Hungary are not as complete as the research on physical education, so this article is also incomplete. Our research aimed to report on the experiences of physiotherapy sessions for preschool children within the physical education sector, as this area is less researched. Our research presents the experiences of children and their parents who have participated in pre-school physiotherapy in a sample of children attending the Good Shepherd Reformed Kindergarten in Hajdúböszörmény. The results are presented based on the analysis of a questionnaire filled in by 50 parents and an interview with the physiotherapy teacher who teaches in the kindergarten. The survey shows that 8% of parents of preschool children did not know that their child was attending such sessions, 92% of parents were informed, but 20% did not know how many development sessions their child was attending. The majority of parents follow up on their child's development, but consider the information provided by the teacher to be insufficient. The vast majority of parents were also aware of their child's diagnosis. Parents' opinions showed that they consider the existence of physiotherapy sessions important, as they consider it essential for the effective development of a growing organism. Parents also noted positive effects of physiotherapy sessions, such as improved posture, flexibility, reduced orthopaedic deformities, increased endurance, or improved dexterity and hand-foot coordination. Another important aspect, according to parents, is that these sessions are free of charge, take place during nursery school hours and they are playful. According to the physiotherapy teacher, the number of sessions is not sufficient to achieve optimal improvement, given that the vast majority of children only receive development in kindergarten. These results are useful and can be used in the training of kindergarten teachers or further training courses.
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ANALYSIS OF THE SPEECH PERCEPTION AND READING TECHNIQUES OF 3 AND 4 GRADE CHILDREN WITH LEARNING DISABILITY
87-107Views:312The current study focuses on the outstanding role of speech processing in the processes of reading and learning of reading. Its importance and actuality are the shaping attitudes of the special needs teachers because the study shows the causes of certain symptoms. We searched for the answer to the relationship between the speech and reading processes of 3rd and 4th-grade children with mild intellectual disabilities. We touched upon the aspects of perception, the functioning of text comprehension compared with sentence comprehension, and the different levels of reading. The experimental group consisted of 26 pupils and the control group consisted of 25 children. Both of the researched areas were studied by standardized methods: the speech process was studied by GMP-diagnostics and the reading by the reading paper of Meixner. The results show the serious delay of development of every studied level of speech processing which causes remarkable difficulty in the quality of reading and reading comprehension. All this information draws attention to the necessity of prevention and the development of speech perception in education.
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POSSIBILITIES OF INTEGRATING CAREER ORIENTATION INTO TEACHER TRAINING
135-140Views:208The evolution of the teaching profession is closely related to social expectations and the professional expectations toward career guidance counseling professionals are complex and thorough. It is important to have an interdisciplinary approach and to have the appropriate social competencies! In this study, we strive to present the career orientation that promotes the development of appropriate competencies further teacher training, and career guidance opportunities in basic teacher training. To have an effective school career guidance procedure it's necessary to integrate this activity into the system of the “every day” pedagogical tasks. Therefore, it is important that teachers be aware of the training opportunities where career guidance is prioritized.
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Supporting Students with Anxiety in Their Studies
83-98Views:65Anxiety is a prevalent mental health issue among children and adolescents, which can have a detrimental impact on their personal relationships and academic performance. This study aimed to identify the manifestations of anxiety in educational settings, the effects of anxiety on educational activities, and the types of support that should be provided to students with anxiety. The following research questions guided this study: 1) How is anxiety expressed among 13-14-year-old students when in school? 2)How does anxiety affect the 13-14-year-old students' educational activities? 3) What kind of support should be provided to students with anxiety at school? The participants were 26 students aged 13-14 from various Estonian schools. The data was gathered for analysis via interviews and a questionnaire. A mixed-methods approach was employed. According to the research, children experience anxiety both before and during a test or presentation. It appears that each student expresses fear at school in a different way. Students who learn remotely report feeling less anxious during class activities. This is because they do not have to answer in front of the class or turn on the camera when participating in online lessons. Furthermore, students aged 13-14 prefer to talk to their friends who are also experiencing anxiety than to adults who do not understand their anxiety. Finally, the students' answers revealed that the teacher should ask all the students with equal frequency to present their homework. It is also recommended that anxious students be supported by helping them recall what they have learned and use different methods to assess their knowledge. The students stated that they require a quiet and safe place to be alone at school. There is a need to raise awareness about anxiety symptoms and ways for teachers to support students.
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KNITTED MOVEMENT ACTIVITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS
125-132Views:136It is a generally accepted fact that every child follows a different pace of development. The main protagonists of participation in physical education and physical activity are the children and the teacher. Active participation in physical education and physical activity can be a challenge for children with special educational needs (SEN), and adapted physical education and maintaining physical activity can be a challenge for teachers. The focus of the article is the physical activity of children with special needs and the methods that help them develop an active lifestyle. The study emphasizes the importance of adapting physical education and using individualized programs in order for all children to successfully participate in physical education activities. However, the topic is not new, and the author points to foreign and domestic research that examines the importance of regular physical activity for children with special needs. What is new, however, is that the article examines the topic from the child's perspective and focuses on solutions. The announcement highlights a permanent process to ensure that all children can successfully participate in physical education activities. The article discusses in detail the possibilities of adapting physical education and physical activity, which satisfy the unique needs of children with SEN, which affect the following topics: characteristics of children with SEN, the importance of physical activity, adapted physical education programs, treatment of problems in the psychomotor area, ensuring successful participation, as well as modification options and suggestions.
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COOPERATION OF ROMA COLLEGES FOR ADVANCED STUDIES IN HAJDÚ-BIHAR COUNTY WITH SECONDARY SCHOOLS
27-41Views:149The main objective of the paper is to present students who are members of those kinds of Roma Colleges for Advanced Studies which headquarters can be found in Debrecen. This is framed by a 2019 research that consisted of three parts. Based on the results of a questionnaire survey of the students of the three Roma Colleges for Advanced Studies operating in Hajdú Bihar county, an interview with the leaders of the three Colleges for Advanced Studies, and concerning the student questionnaire survey, we visited the high schools from which two or more students came to the Colleges for Advanced Studies, as such interviews were carried out with nine school principals and six mayors. In this study, we present interviews conducted by the school principals. Where it is possible, we rely on the responses received in each part of the research – we compare and analyze them. We primarily sought the answer to the question of how Roma Colleges for Advanced Studies help Roma students to be admitted in tertiary education. Based on the answers received, it can be claimed that the Colleges strive to keep in touch with the secondary schools, and in some cases, they involve students and their teachers in the programs organized by them. There is no program that specifically aims to help secondary students concerning the admission of tertiary education The Colleges for Advanced Studies help roma students mainly by providing information. They try to dispense the information through the personal involvement of the students.
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CHANGING THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN AND STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS IN SCHOOL YEARS 2009/2010 AND 2019/2020
19-29Views:1041The goal of the present study is to analyze the changing number of children and students with special educational needs in the 2009/2010 and 2019/2020 school years. Sample: 77 844 children/students in the 2009/2010 school year, and 91 331 children/students in the 2019/2020 school year. Method: Secondary data collection was applied with the data of the Hungarian Central Statistic Office. Descriptive statistics and a chi-square test was used for data analysis. Results: the number of children and students with special educational needs increased: the difference was more than ten thousand people. The results can be used from the teaching of special educators to the support of children with special needs and their teachers, special educators, and families.