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  • SEPARATE? TOGETHER? WHERE OVER?
    147-156
    Views:
    170

    In the history of special education in Hungary, after the establishment and successful operation of segregated special education institutions with a long history, public education has come to many forms of co-education, the paths of which are still not unhindered. These problems point to the need for many changes in the way the education system works. Without constant and permanent development of teachers and innovative innovations in learning methods, success can hardly be expected. But there are other important issues to be addressed. The present study focuses primarily on the direction in which trends can be found in the light of the past. While exploring the current issues, we would like to provide a new framework for interpretation by highlighting and linking some of the results of two recently completed studies (Szabóné, 2022; Trembulyák, 2022) and by placing them in the context of the topic of the study. The study also aims to draw attention to the current trend that the school life of pupils with special educational needs who have participated in co-education at the primary level becomes more difficult as they progress to secondary education. This can significantly reduce not only their career choices but also their opportunities for successful social integration.

  • SUPPORTING A STUTTERING STUDENT AT SCHOOL
    91-104
    Views:
    341

    Stuttering is a disability of tempo and rhythm in the speech that students, special education teachers, and speech therapists face in their daily work. Previously, stuttering has been researched from the perspective of speech therapy and speech therapists. This research is however based on the opinions of the youngsters in question. One percent of the population are considered stutterers as per Guitar’s (1998) theory — which would mean that in Estonia, approximately 1,500 students are stutterers. Students spend a large and valuable part of their day and leisure time at school. It is therefore essential that teachers and advisors are aware and competent in providing support to stuttering students as needed. These students do not receive enough support and attention, as stuttering is considered a disability that does not distract teachers from doing their job. It can be assumed that teachers do not change their methods and systems in evaluating a stuttering student. It is nevertheless crucial that the student with the impediment feels safe and good at school and can express their thoughts in speech. The aim of this research is to find out how stuttering students cope in their school environment. The research also focuses on the experiences of teachers and support specialists in order to understand their cooperation when assisting a stuttering student.

  • MULTICULTURAL WAY OF LIFE OF VARIOUS NATIONALITIES IN TURKESTAN
    7-21
    Views:
    129

    The main objective of the current paper is to examine the different kinds of levels of interaction, culture, interethnic marriage, linguistic features and some sort of traditions of people of various nationalities who live in the south part of Kazakhstan. Quantitative and primarily qualitative methods were used in the research process.

  • Redefining the Societal Role of Women Among the Bukusu Community of Bungoma County in Western Kenya (1945-1923)
    145-157
    Views:
    133

    This text delves into the redefinition of the role of women among the Bukusu of Bungoma County in western Kenya from the year 1945 to 2023. The paper’s main objective is to investigate the origin of the change of roles of women among the Bukusu people. The research holds the hypothesis that there is an origin for the prevailing transformations of roles of women among the Bukusu. It makes use of existing literature such as books, journals, articles, magazines, and newspapers, and existing observations. This research is significant in adding new knowledge to the anthropological studies of women with a particular focus on the Bukusu women of Bungoma County in Kenya. The research design employed in the article is historical methods with the utilization of books, journals, and research works as secondary sources that will back and complement the author’s observations. The article establishes that changes in the roles of women in the Bukusu community emanate from missionary activities, colonialism especially the colonial cash crop economy, and political modernization in the region.

  • NECESSARY... BUT SUFFICIENT? ABOUT MEASURMENT OF SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
    5-17
    Views:
    112

    NECESSARY... BUT SUFFICIENT?

       ABOUT MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL INTEGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

    This paper reports official data about the well-known EU migration crisis and examines the methods used to evaluate the social integration of third-country migrants into the European Union. I argue that the Zaragoza indicators, – which are currently being used – cannot include all the aspects of migrant integration, and because of this deficiency, they are not able to track the ongoing integrational processes correctly for experts and decision-makers. To demonstrate and prove this argument a comparative analysis is performed in the article. I compare data about six countries (United Kingdom, Germany, The Netherlands, France, Belgium, and Switzerland) from two data sources: the Zaragoza Indicators and the EurIslam research. The EurIslam research is a complex social-scientific project for examining the relation between Muslim migrants and their host societies and its overall considerations could make the future extension of Zaragoza indicators possible.

  • THE CONNECTION BETWEEN HELPING BEHAVIOR AND DEPRESSION IN YOUNG ADULTS
    7-19
    Views:
    435

    Background: The concept of' help-seeking behaviour' has gained attention in recent years. Early adults are at risk of developing mental disorders, thus exploring and understanding the background of help-seeking delay is very important. This study focuses on help-seeking intentions among early adults. Methods: The sample of 228 participants (mean age: 22,5 years; SD=3,29) filled out the questionnaires. After answering some demographic questions, respondents filled out the shortened version of the Beck Depression Inventory, the Gotland Male Depression Scale, and the General Help-Seeking Questionnaire (in connection with a personal problem and family problem). Results: Women reported closer potential help providers than men. Women tend to ask for help from intimate partners more frequently than men do. Participants who reported only masculine specific symptoms - which are least likely responses to depression - showed lower rates of help-seeking intentions compared with participants with no depressive symptoms or with classic symptoms of depression.  Conclusion: Due to the fact that masculine specific symptoms are usually shown at the beginning of depressive episodes, and go hand in hand with maladaptive coping strategies, professionals have to consider how help-seeking intentions could be increased.

     

     

  • STRUCTURES OF DATABASES FOR IMPACT STUDIES OF DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN A FREE STATISTICAL SOFTWARE: IN THE SOFTWARE ’R’
    37-47
    Views:
    430

    In order to carry out effectiveness study of the development programs (e.g. education, children with special needs) based on mathematical-statistical methods, the following factors are important: 1) you need some basic mathematical definitions (Math et all., 2015), 2) a statistical software (e.g.: the ’R’) at a reasonable price, 3) some experience in working with this software. The ’R’ is free downloadable software (that can be applied in mathematical-statistical calculations too) which can be a very useful instrument of research of children who need special treatment. This paper provides a practical solution in connection with the last two factors and introduces language ’R’ and its possibilities.

  • A CASE STUDY OF TEACHING ENGLISH IN KINDERGARTENS SINCE 1989 – A NORTH-EAST HUNGARIAN CITY
    127-137
    Views:
    83

    In our paper, we deal with the significance of learning languages at an early age. The research aimed to explore how the teaching methods employed in kindergartens have altered with the change of the political regime in 1989–90. A case-study was conducted using semi-structured interviews (n=7) with early childhood educators and language teachers in 2016/2017. Oral history method was used because no written material was produced. Based on information we received from the informants and local authorities, early English activities were available in 68% of kindergartens in the North-East Hungarian city when the research was undertaken. The number of kindergartens which organize playbased foreign language practices has been increasing since the 1990s. In the beginning, providing educational personnal was the most difficult task. Using audio-visual devices and props has been highly important, and Early Childhood Educators have been doing their best when working with children aged 4–7. However, there are differences too, due to the development of technology. 

  • TEACHING GERMAN IN NYÍREGYHÁZA TO STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS
    69-81
    Views:
    204

    The present paper deals with the issues of teaching a second language to school-aged children with SEN in Nyíregyháza, Hungary. In our research, we made semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions featuring 25 children with Special Educational Needs in grades 7 and 8 in order to gain more information about their opinion and attitudes concerning German lessons at school, which in turn might help to unify the material and/or the methods. We also contacted the children’s parents (25) to fill out a questionnaire about their impressions and opinions with regard to their children’s German learning experience at school. Finally, we asked the two teachers to paint a broader picture of teaching German to children with SEN. The research took place in spring 2020 in Nyíregyháza. We did our research in Viktor Göllesz Vocational School, Skills Development School, Student Hostel, and Integrated Special Educational Methodological Institution as well as in Gusztáv Bárczi Primary School, Skills Development School, Student Hostel, and Integrated Special Educational Methodological Institution. To carry out our research, we asked for the parents’ and the head teachers’ ethical consent. Our experience underlines that all the participants in the teaching process feel that there is a need for unification. It would be much easier for all parties to have a German coursebook written for students aged 13-16 with SEN. Based on the answers of the language teachers, we came to the conclusion that they pay attention to individual development and playful, communicative language teaching, even though it is challenging to teach German to children with SEN, as they often have difficulties in their mother tongue.

  • Psychotherapeutic Journeys into the Spiritual World of Healing on the Wings of Gnawa Music: An Anthropological Study
    63-70
    Views:
    101

    From the sufferings their art was born, from the torture they lived in during their life as slaves their music was created. From the torturing tools used on them they created their own musical instruments. From their screams as slaves, they composed a new music with unique rhythms. Gnawa become a cultural phenomenon in Morocco. A sufi confrerie imploring God, the prophet and the saints to release them from slavery, torture and the sufferings they encountered. Their music is considered spiritual because it calls souls to join its magic. Gnawa plays a psychotherapeutic role in healing people from various diseases through the practices of syncretic rituals and the trance state they put the participants into. All of these elements music, dances and rituals converge and synthesize into an event called lila a rich ceremony in which the sick tormented by spirits could get healed. This paper examines the practices and impact of the lila ceremony on the community from a psychological point of view revealing each step of the collective healing process and methods as used in the rituals.

  • LEARNING DIFFICULTIES OF CHILDREN WITH EMIGRANT PARENTS
    87-93
    Views:
    139

       At the beginning of the 21st century, a lot of Romanian parents leave their country to work abroad. While they are away grandparents or other relatives look after their children. The parents and their children keep in touch via Skype, Viber, or other technology that allows verbal communication only. It has turned out that the parents’ leaving impacts children as they have a lot of psychological problems. Moreover, they have different learning difficulties and have behavioral problems at school. The solution to solve the problem could be special methods for children with learning difficulties.

  • THE "INSTITUTIONALIZATION" OF THE LOVARI LANGUAGE FROM THE ASPECT OF SOCIAL INNOVATION
    85-93
    Views:
    118

    In this current paper we intend to reflect upon the historicity and social impact of Lovari language education from the perspective of social innovation. Our starting point is that the process of the acceptance of the Lovari language and its recognition in the educational palette of foreign languages is a „bottom-up” initiative that developed mainly from the work of Romani intellectuals. The focus of our interest is, among others, the following questions: Who invented it? Who supported it? Who prevented it? What language learning methods are used by people teaching Lovari language who are originally not language teachers? The „institutionalization” of language education in Lovari and the state-recognized language exam certificate that can be obtained in this language have a serious social impact, for example, it helped disadvantaged and/or Roma students to obtain a university degree. From this point of view, we also consider this phenomenon as an innovation. Besides the secondary sources, we tend to map the topic with the help of primary, qualitative data. In addition to interviews with Lovari language teachers (N=3) who have been teaching for several decades, we would like to put our own perceptions in a narrative.

  • LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGE WITH CARICATURES AND COMICS
    73-85
    Views:
    166

    Applying comics and cartoons can be an effective method of talent development in the area of learning foreign languages. The present study shows a) how we can use the possibilities of comics and cartoons to develop the creativity of students in the frame of foreign language lessons; b) what cooperative methods we can apply with help of the drawings; c) how we can motivate our students to learn languages.

  • HISTORY OF LANGUAGE LEARNING AT AN EARLY AGE ON NYÍREGYHÁZA
    7-18
    Views:
    169

    In our paper, we deal with the significance of learning languages at an early age. While going through the literature of the topic, we draw attention to the importance of age in learning a language, as well as the basic differences between language learning and language acquisition. In the following, we present the options outside the family (such as language schools and family creche 'családi bölcsőde') for learning a language at an early age in Nyíregyháza in 2017. In our research, we also wanted to find out what differences can be seen in terms of the methodology of early foreign language activities in kindergartens/preschools between the activities held during the change of the political regime in Hungary (1989/1990) and today. We chose the interview as a research method because in this way we can get a picture of the foreign language activities in kindergartens/preschools and their first steps in the 1990s when they were first available to children. We made eight interviews in spring 2017, asking kindergarten pedagogues/early childhood educators and language teachers as well as who had held English activities in kindergartens/preschools. Based on the information we received from the informants, we can say that early English activities were available in 23 kindergartens/preschools out of the 34 kindergartens/preschools (68%) operating in Nyíregyháza, Hungary in 2017. In some kindergartens/preschools children can also take part in early French and German activities. We have also realized that the number of those kindergartens/preschools which organize playful foreign language activities on a weekly basis has been increasing since the 1990s. From the recollections of the informants, it has also been revealed to us that during the change of the political system providing personal criteria (that is finding qualified teachers) was the most difficult task. Nowadays, several kindergartens/preschools employ kindergarten pedagogues who are able to take part in the language development of children in a foreign language as they are competent users of it. Playfulness, using audiovisual devices, and a lot of props have been highly important since the very beginning in the kindergartens, and pedagogues have also been doing their best to use and try different methods in order to develop the foreign language competence of children aged 4-7. 

  • THE EXAMINATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES ABOUT THEIR VISION OF FUTURE
    57-67
    Views:
    1219

     Background and Objectives: the examination of the vision of the future of young people with learning disabilities it rarely comes into the focus of research (Mártonfi, 2011; Móré and Mező, 2016), though the foundation of a successful, happy life is that everyone can realize themselves according to their own goals. The present study deals with the vision of the future of young people with learning disabilities. Our aim is to find out what have life goals and prospects of young people with learning disabilities. Methods:  the participants were youngsters with learning disability attending vocational school (N=46) and their teachers (N=76), and the answers we were evaluated using SPSS, descriptive statistics, and Spearman's rank correlation. Results: The life goals of young people with learning disabilities in vocational schools have a happy life (rs = 0.43), success (rs = 0.45), and work (rs = 0.45), and starting a family is pushed into the background at this age. There is no strong correlation between young people's life goals and further education. According to the opinion of teachers, there is no significant relationship between the success of acquiring a profession and their standing in the labor market. From a life perspective, some educators consider starting a family conceivable for young people with learning disabilities.

  • Assimilation and Acculturation Processes in the Study of Inter-Ethnic Marriages
    7-21
    Views:
    147

    Inter-ethnic marriages present a captivating arena for examining assimilation and acculturation processes, where individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds merge their identities. This article delves into the dynamics of inter-ethnic marriages in the Turkestan region of Southern Kazakhstan through the lens of assimilation and acculturation theories. Utilizing data collected from 45 interviews across five villages, including Zhana Iqan, Hantagy, Shornak, Turki poselkasy, and Kentau, the study explores various aspects of daily life such as language usage, religious practices, traditions, cuisine, and ethnic values. Research questions probe how individuals negotiate cultural differences in their interactions and interpret multicultural coexistence through assimilation, acculturation, and dissimilation theories. The hypothesis posits three cohabitation patterns -acculturation, assimilation, and dissimilation- equally valid within the same cultural and geographical space. Employing qualitative methods including interviews and surveys, the study uncovers patterns of adaptation and the degree of assimilation or acculturation within relationships. By analyzing data through the prism of assimilation and acculturation theories, the study sheds light on how cultural elements are integrated into daily routines and decision-making processes within inter-ethnic marriages. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how individuals navigate cultural diversity within marital relationships, enriching scholarly discourse on multiculturalism and societal relations.

  • MONITORING AND SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
    69-77
    Views:
    112

       Development is a continuous process influenced by several factors. If practitioners would like to ensure children's and young persons' optimal social and emotional development and school performance, they have to monitor both development and academic achievement from early childhood until the age of 19. In the UK, more than one million children struggle with speech, language, and communication problems so early identification is of vital importance. If identification is missed or late, it may have detrimental effects on the child’s or young person’s psychological, mental, and physical health. Multi-agency teams work in collaboration in order to provide relevant help to those in need.

  • THE ASCEND PROJECT: THE HUNGARIAN RESARCH REPORT OF AN INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATION
    43-52
    Views:
    123

    Our experience was that the social participation and active citizenship of young people with disabilities were low in Hungary. It was difficult to involve young people with disabilities in advocacy work at the national or EU level, because they did not recognize discrimination. The other problem was that they were not aware enough of the anti-discrimination systems that protect them. In many cases, they were skeptical about the effectiveness of anti-discrimination systems. We wished to explore and expand their knowledge of the democratic and anti-discrimination systems operating in their country (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, and Slovakia) Central and Eastern Europe. We also wanted to increase their trust in these systems. This was one of the main pillars of the one-year Ascend program locally lead by The National Federation of Organisations of People with a Physical Disability (in short: MEOSZ) In Hungary, the main goal of the study was to examine the phenomenon of discrimination and anti-discrimination in education. In the Hungarian part of the research, we used qualitative methods (focus group interviews, mind maps) for examination.

  • CHILD CONCEPTION AND CHILDHOOD NARRATIVES IN THE LIGHT OF CRITICAL PEDAGOGY, CHILDHOOD SOCIOLOGY AND NARRATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
    41-52
    Views:
    219

    In my thesis I attempt to define the basic concepts of the historical research of child conception and child perception, I try to emphasize the significance of narratives of childhood, and I point to the connection between the child conception, child perception, and the narratives. In the Hungarian pedagogical press, there aren’t yet carefully developed definitions, theoretical approaches regarding the researches of child conception and child perception, and that’s why we have to review that subject.  My study contains three main parts. In the first chapter I review the connections between the everyday pedagogical attitudes or perspectives and the child ideologies, then I analyze the relationship between the development-based pedagogy and the everyday pedagogical discourses, but I attempt to define the contemplative pedagogical attitude too. In chapter II I outline the concepts of child conception (child image) and child perception, and I point the relation between these concepts and the narratives of childhood. The last chapter is a summary with practical aspects, but I don’t show the paradigms of childhood history. In my theoretical overview, I try to answer that question: what kind of resources, components we can find in the different pedagogical views, and how to do these works under our researches. In my view, the child ideologies determine the pedagogical discourses of the different ages, and instead of the totalizing child conception of development-bases pedagogy we try to find new paradigms, e. g. the narrative psychology, the critical pedagogy and the new childhood-sociology, therefore these paradigms are more efficient for the child-rearing practices and our researches. Namely, we can’t vocalize the children’s perspective by the comparison to the adult gauge, therefore we prefer the contemplative, narrative methods, which leave open the frame of interpretation (reference).

  • PARENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTS OF PUPILS IN ILORIN METROPOLIS, KWARA STATE
    35-51
    Views:
    105

    The purpose of this study was to evaluate how parental influences affected students' academic performance in the Kwara State capital of Ilorin. Researchers have expressed worry over students' low academic performance in school, and it is commonly acknowledged that for students to fully benefit from their education, their parents must give them their entire support. The research was a survey. All primary school teachers in the city of Ilorin made up the study's population, and a mixed method approach was used on a sample of 215 respondents (of whom 200 completed questionnaires and 15 participated in interviews). Simple random and selective sampling methods were used to choose the sample. The data was gathered via a survey called the "Parental Factors Influence School Achievements of Children Questionnaire" (PFISAPQ).  The factors taken into account were gender, age, educational background, and number of years of teaching experience. Demographic information was expressed as a percentage, and the two null hypotheses were tested using the 2-way ANOVA statistical tool at the 0.05 level of significance. Mean and rank order analysis was used to analyze the research questions, and thematic analysis was then used to analyze the subsequent questions raised to support the main research questions. The results showed that, among other things, parental involvement, parental oversight, parental involvement in extracurricular activities, parental academic background, parental interest in education, and parent-child relationships are the primary factors positively affecting children's academic success. Also, significant differences existed in the parental factors influencing school achievements of pupils as expressed by primary school teachers based on gender, age, educational qualification, and years of teaching experience. It was recommended that parents should be encouraged to improve their involvement in children’s academic activities by supporting them and being actively involved in encouraging pupils to learn and achieve maximally in school.

  • MANIFESTATION OF AGGRESSION IN THE CREATIVITY TESTS
    43-55
    Views:
    431

    Although the research of interaction of aggression and creativity dates back to the beginning of the early 1900, the possibility of creativity tests to use to examine aggression is novel. In the present study (as a pre-study of long-term research which aimed to create and validate an aggression index) we focus on frequency and correlations of aggressive responses which manifest in creativity tests. Methods. We analyze the differences and correlations of a number of aggressive responses which were given to stimuli the Unusual Uses and the Circle test (verbal and nonverbal creativity tests; N = 356 people). According to our results, the numbers of aggressive responses to the different stimuli of creativity tests: a)  are significantly different (p<0,001), b) do not correlate with each other widely (max r=0,414), c) depend on sample-variables of gender and age. In the case of creativity tests, we think it is possible to elaborate on a special aggression index, but during this work, we have to consider the results of this study.

  • The Role and Importance of Obstacle Course Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
    63-74
    Views:
    166

    Aim: In this study, we set out to describe the motor development deficits of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on existing research and to provide a methodologically based recommendation for the use of obstacle courses as a motor development tool and opportunity for children with ASD. Methods: a primary research study was conducted to present the results of semi-structured in-depth interviews with parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (N=25). The aim of the study was to provide a comprehensive summary of the experiences of a group of 25 interview participants whose children with autism spectrum disorder participated in an obstacle course movement development programme. The interviews explored the impact of obstacle course movement development on the children's various skills (motor, social, communication and emotional/behavioural). Results: the parents' experiences confirmed that the obstacle course physical activity programme, which was provided for at least six months, was not only effective in developing children's gross motor and fine motor skills, but also led to positive changes in social relationships, social skills, communication skills and emotional behaviour.  

  • XAMINATION OF READING SKILLS IN PATIENTS WITH APHASIA USING THE THREE-WAYS READING TEST
    87-116
    Views:
    169

       Aphasia is an acquired disorder of previously intact language ability that can affect both oral and written language (Osmanné, 1997, Gósy, 2005). Whilst there are a few fairly useable methods available that can provide a global and true picture of the patient’s linguistic abilities in oral language (Osmanné, 1983, 2007), there is only one assessment method in use in Hungarian for measuring the reading skills and it is a part of the Western Aphasia Battery (Net 1). This assessment does not enable unambiguous interpretation at several points, the scoring method is sometimes not clear and most importantly the results do not mirror the patient’s performance that had been previously observed. This is why we have decided to develop a new diagnostic test.

       Our investigation of the reading process in aphasia is based on Ellis and Young’s theory of the dual-route model (Ellis, 2004). Our aim was to assess the patients’ performance in each reading process (route) so a therapy method can be created that is based on the intact reading process and supports the recovery of the damaged routes.

       The data for our pilot study were collected from patients who had both motor and sensory disturbances with motor dominance. The use of our testing method was smooth and easy in practice. The results confirm that the method is suitable to use in measuring the performance on different reading routes that can give guidance in designing the treatment approach.

  • VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS PROVIDING SPECIAL TASKS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ITS DOCUMENTS IN REGIONS WITH DIFFERENT ECONOMIC STATUS
    19-31
    Views:
    181

    Vocational schools providing special tasks comparative analysis of its documents in regions with different economic status. The study deals with the examination of dropout reduction strategies of vocational schools in the regions of Northern Hungary, Northern Great Plains and Western Hungary. We are looking for the answer to what pedagogical methods are used by vocational schools and the teachers who teach there to reduce dropout. Our research was a document analysis, which included an overview of the pedagogical/professional programs of vocational schools based on specific criteria. We are looking for an answer to the question, how does disadvantage compensation appear in the pedagogical and professional programs of vocational schools.

  • DIDACTIC GAMES TO DEVELOP MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS FOR CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS IN KINDERGARTEN
    83-93
    Views:
    315

    Children with developmental disorders do not acquire the same way as do children with an age-appropriate intellectual level, so it needs to be carefully chosen what kind of methods to use and in what way to teach the children. For preschool children, the most efficient and simplest method of teaching mathematics is a playful approach to learning activities. The purpose of this work was to create a set of materials to support the teaching and learning of mathematical concepts for preschool-age children with special needs. There were created learning materials such as Train, Shelves, Long and short, Butterflies and cars, Wide and narrow road, and board game Owls. All the learning materials, including a board game, are laminated and most of them are provided with velcro strips to stick different parts. All the learning materials are tested on preschool-age children and asked specialists and teachers, who work with children with special needs, to give their expert evaluation. Learning materials support teaching mathematical concepts for preschool-age children with special needs.