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• In Hungary, cities close to people and nature have historical roots / Aspects and impressions regarding urban research

  5-19

  Magdolna Láczay

  Views:

  150

  Nowadays, the population is significant, the vast majority of the population of our continent lives in cities or in urban environments. Research into the concept, types and legal privileges of the city intensified in Hungary in the 20th century. Urban characteristics are addressed by several branches of social science, including geography, economics, administration, art, geography, and ethnography. An important challenge for today's urban researchers is the multidisciplinary research of the lifestyle of the population living in the city and its catchment area, as well as the examination of the domestic possibilities of urbanization. The study presents the Hungarian researchers of those historical disciplines who have scientifically explored domestic urban development in their works and contributed to the development of the possibilities of urban development. From the work of various research circles, we can learn about the Hungarian characteristics of the city and its environment, the urbanization of catchment areas, based on which today's settlement and social researchers try to present and forecast the current characteristics and expected tasks of the quality of life. Hungarian urban research is somewhat late compared to international research, which is also due to domestic history. Despite the delay, it proves that in our country, as in most of Europe, the historical roots are not in the construction of megacities, the construction of sky-high skyscrapers concentrated in relatively small areas, but rather in the territorial expansion of cities, the development of urbanization in agglomerations and various settlement forms.

• The subsidy system of the National Cooperation Fund (Nemzeti Együttműködési Alap) and its predecessor - focussing on sports civic organizations

  129-153

  György Norbert Szabados

  Éva Bácsné Bába

  Szabolcs Gergely Orbán

  Zoltán Bács

  András Helmeczi

  Krisztián Szabados

  Gergely Gábor Ráthonyi

  Renátó Balogh

  Views:

  186

  Of the democratic political system, plural profile civic organizations are essential components. A special feature of the bottom up organized civic organizations, with increasing number after the change of regime in Hungary, is the strong correlation with/dependency from the subsidies. In 2003 a comprehensive, application based subsidy system was introduced (National Cooperation Fund (NCF) in English, Nemzeti Civil Alap, NCA,in Hungarian)), and this one now called Nemzeti Együttműködési Alap (NEA) provides support for approximately 10% of the organizations of the civic sphere by providing finance for operational and program-related costs. From the beginning the system has changed considerably, and currently, it provides even pre-financed subsidy for the prepared organizations. Through the available, related statistics our study aims to highlight some specialities of the subsidy system in a way which is different from the usual program calls. The essay revals that currently available data, sources can only be assessed with considerable cautiousness, and it also details that although reqirements of the access did not really change, still the year of 2024 without the compensation will have an impact on the predictability of this subsidy form.

• A brief comprehensive overview of surrogacy

  178-196

  Temitope Emmanuel Adaranijo

  Andrea Gabriella Sárváry

  Views:

  600

  Statistics situates infertility as a global health issue with about 48 million couples and 186 million individuals. The rate at which IVF and surrogacy arrangement have been engaged globally has raised alarm to scholars in medicine, sociology, law, social work, psychology, and religion among other fields. Improved methods and unarguable advantages of surrogacy particularly to couples in dire need of children has left even more questions unanswered. The focus of this research is placed on the interdisciplinary factors that influences the practice of surrogacy. Due to the paucity of data on the subject, a systematic review of relevant published articles dated until 2023 were engaged within survey design. This study argues that surrogacy is not welcomed in many societies, however, it is also clearly noted that it is currently practiced in several countries. Interdisciplinary collaboration has been situated within surrogacy practice, and the findings of this study is prominent for such.

• Az inklúzió és a sajátos nevelési igény lehetséges kontextusai egy nemzetközi kutatás tükrében

  112-132

  Mihály Fónai

  Nóra Barnucz

  Lajos Hüse

  Views:

  286

  Tanulmányunkban az iskolai inklúzió és a sajátos nevelési igénye (a továbbiakban: SNI) összefüggéseit vizsgáltuk egy nemzetközi kutatás keretében. Az elméleti részben vázoljuk a szegregációtól az integráción át az inklúzióig tartó folyamatot, mely alapján vitatott az egyes fogalmak használata. Az iskolarendszerben az integráció a fogyatékossággal élő tanulók szegregált oktatásával szemben kialakult megközelítést és gyakorlatot jelenti, melynek célja az elkülönített oktatás felszámolása volt. Az SNI nem diagnosztikus, hanem iskoláztatási fogalom, és a gyógypedagógiai és a jogi fogalomhasználat sem esik egybe. Kutatásunkba ukrajnai (kárpátaljai, 280 fő), lengyel (271 fő) és magyarországi (552 fő) tanulók kerültek. Az iskolai befogadást és a társas támogatást az iskolai sikerek alakítják, növelik. A sikerek képesek a tanulási problémákkal küzdő tanulók önbecsülését is növelni, ami együtt jár a társas támogatás növekedésének és a kirekesztés csökkenésének a szubjektív észlelésével.