Keresés

Keresési eredmények

• A büntetőeljárásról szóló 1998. évi XIX. törvény módosításáról szóló T/9553. számú törvényjavaslat a büntetőeljárás gyorsítására irányuló célkitűzés tükrében

  15-22

  Nagy István András

  Megtekintések száma:

  49

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A tulajdonhoz való jog védelmének kialakulása

  1-23

  Andorkó Imre

  Megtekintések száma:

  84

  Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Freiheit ist das private Eigentum. Das Privateigentum
  ermöglicht den Menschen die Souveränität und Selbstentfaltung, ist eines der wichtigsten
  Instituten der Marktwirtschaft. Die Fixierung von Eigentumsrecht als Grundrecht in den
  Verfassungen blickt in den Ländern im Westen Europas im allgemeinem auf mehr
  Jahrhunderte zurück. Nach Meinung einiger Autoren sind die Verwurzelungen des
  grundrechtlichen Schutzes des Eigentums schon in biblischer Zeit entdeckbar. Die Studie
  beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung und mit den theoretischen Grundfragen des
  verfassungsrechtlichen Eigentumsschutzes. Diese Übersicht zeigt, dass der konkrete,
  effiziente Eigentumsschutz in Ungarn im Vergleich zu den demokratischen Staaten
  Westeuropas und den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika mehr Jahrhundert später aufgetreten
  hat. Der ungarische Verfassungsgerichtshof hat das für die Rechtsstaaten charakteristisch
  hohe Niveau des Eigentumschutzes ohne heimische Prämissen und Traditionen nach der
  Wende 1989/90 entwickeln müssen.

• Családon belüli erőszak egy irodalmi mű alapján. (Móricz Zsigmond: „A világ végén már szép és jó”)

  66-76

  Pápai-Tarr Ágnes

  Megtekintések száma:

  500

  In my study I am going to present a rather complicated issue, namely a few problems of domestic violence based on a less-known short story by the Hungarian writer Zsigmond Móricz. I chose this story because it is still relevant today, it could even be set in 2017, as it basically depicts domestic violence in its complexity. This story by Móricz proves that the phenomenon of domestic violence is not at all new, given that in the beginning or the middle of the 20^th century we can see the same complex social problem which present-day criminal law has to face. Hungarian society 50 or 100 years ago was not exempt from domestic violence either. We may also claim that the factors enhancing domestic violence were even stronger than today. The story aligns several dimensions of domestic violence, as it shows examples of both child and wife abuse. I am going to analyse the crimes depicted by Móricz according to the criminal laws effective today, and I just tangentially touch upon the judgment of the offences in the age of writing. This way, first I analyse the questions of child abuse, focusing on the right of punishment, which is still relevant in today’s criminal system as a cause for miscarriage. Then I present a detailed analysis of the bearing of case of partner abuse in the framework of violence in relationships, which exists in Hungarian criminal law since 2013.

• A nyilvános gyakorlatbavétel mint újdonságrontó körülmény eredete a magyar szabadalmi jogban

  Papp László

  Megtekintések száma:

  73

  It was obvious at the creation of the 37^th Act of 1895 on the patent rights of inventions, that the protection of patents is a subjective right based on objective conditions, and in connection to this, the discretionality of both the monarch and any other state organizations. For the purposes of this act, the requirements of petantibility were: novelity; invetnion; susceptible of industrial application. Some of these criteria the article is presented the novelity, especially the case of publicly used. Under the first patent act, any new invetion capebla of being used industrialy can be patented, except medicines, food for men and animals, and chemical products, and if the Goverment opposes, warlike inventions. An invention was new, if it had not been published in print anywhere, or publicly worked, or patented by others in the realm. As a result the study is presented the evolituon of „publicly used” from the first patent act by the end of the second world war.

• Szerzői jogi szankciórendszerünk a szellemi tulajdonjogok érvényesítéséről szóló 2004/48 EK irányelv tükrében

  Kiss Tibor

  Megtekintések száma:

  76

  Copyright law is a relative young area of civil law. Intellectual property and creations ensure the revelation of human personality. The infringement of these rights became general with the development of technology. From the beginning copyright law tried not only circumscribe the possibilities of unrestricted use but ensure effective protection to authors with exact sanctions.

  In the essay I examine the international and Hungarian regulation against usurpation demonstrating all sanctions and opportunities. Not only one area of law gives protection to these rights. Civil law, criminal law and administration law has different sanctions for infringements.

  On 29th April 2004 2004/48/EC directive has been accepted about validation of intellectual property rights. The explanation of this directive is that different regulations in member states endanger the unified internal market. The directive consists of the rules of proceedings and sanctions.

  In this study I present the development about system of sanctions form an international and from a Hungarian perspective. I examine all types of sanctions concerning to the field of civil law and try to analyze functions and aims in connection with them. The effectiveness and history of these legal institutions are also presented in the study.

  Comparing the directive and the Hungarian copyright law it can be said that despite of all circumstances the Hungarian law has to be improved especially on the field of proceedings and temporary arrangements. These rules are specified compared to the ones in the Hungarian civil procedure, so judges have to take care of these differences.

• A települések helyzete Svájcban

  Szabó Anita

  Megtekintések száma:

  33

  Der Staatsaufbau der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft weist drei Stufen auf, nämlich Bund, Kantone und Gemeinden, wobei diese letzte erwähnte Kategorie in der Untergliederung der Kantonen steht. Die Gemeinden in der Schweiz, wie in den meisten Ländern, sind den Bürgern am nächsten stehende territoriale Einheiten und gelten als Kernzelle von Staat und Gesellschaft. Diese Ebene ist ebenso flächendeckend wie die Kantonsebene, das heisst, es existieren in der Schweiz keine gemeindefreien, sogenannte kantonsunmittelbaren oder bundesunmittelbaren Gebiete.

  Die Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft unterscheidet sich von anderen Staaten dadurch, dass der Staat kein einheitliches Gemeindesystem kennt, sondern gehen der Kompetenzbereich und der autonomer Handlungsspielraum der Gemeinden in erster Linie aus der Gesetzgebung der sechsundzwanzig Kantonen, zweitens aus dem Bundesrecht hervor. Das Gemeindewesen fällt ausschliesslich in die kantonale Kompetenz. Dass an diesem System nicht gerüttelt werden soll, bezeugt das Nein, das die Kantone auf die Frage gegeben haben, ob es nicht besser wäre, wenn die kommunalen Institutionen und die Autonomie der Kommunen durch die Bundesverfassung anerkannt wären.

  Obwohl im Prinzip keine direkte Rechtsbeziehung zwieschen Bund und Gemeinden besteht, enthält das Bundesrecht einige auf die Gemeinden anwendbare Bestimmungen.

  Die Quelle des Gemeinderechts sind neben den Gesetzestexten die Rechtssprechung (vor allem diejenige des Bundesgerichts) und die Rechtsdoktrinen.

  Das Hauptziel des vorliegenden Artikels besteht darin, ein umfassendes Bild über die schweizerischen Gemeinden zu geben.

• Kereskedés szén-dioxid kvótákkal (Zenke–Fuhr, Handel mit CO2-Zertifikaten)

  Fodor László

  Megtekintések száma:

  43

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Amerikai offshore világgazdaság

  Czakó Zsuzsaanna

  Megtekintések száma:

  70

  The problem I am looking into is a world-wide phenomenon called money-laundering. This topic is important because the money it involves is such a big amount that it endangers the operation of both national and world economics. It is called “second economics” and serves as the third largest business branch in the world after currency exchange and oil. Money laundering has not been put into the centre because of that fact that it has been discovered in the past ten years, but because it became so widespread and hazardous that fighting against it is now highly required. It is evident that money laundering is a world-wide problem. It is also highly probable that the popularity of this crime will not decrease in the next years. One can ask why it is a world- wide problem. As music does not know any limits, neither does money laundering. That is, the base crime and the laundering can be committed anywhere in the world. My study is intended to take a closer look on the offshore bank system, to examine the American laws involved, to present the views and political ideas of those laws and scrutinize the role of offshore accounts in the development of the global financial crisis. I chose to present the characteristics of the offshore bank system because I found it important to analyze money laundering extensively through the bank system in a state where the term “money laundering” was first printed and published in 1973. It first appeared in an article about the Watergate-scandal. The first court to use the term in criminal law was an American court in 1967 and it was also in this state that money laundering became an independent crime, in 1986. The notion of organized crime also appeared here in the 1920’s. Regulations against money laundering arrived to Europe from the United States of America, which means that it illustrates the Americanization of European criminal law. Money laundering is a serious problem – a business and financial apocalypse -  that now deserves a Draconian arrangement. Should this arrangement not happen, the prospective for the future is frightening. The United Stated should act as a model in the spring-cleaning of the global financial system and the financial sector should take the role of an initiator. We would like other societies to be the models and to start fighting against things they have initiated. One thing is for sure, the American legislative is desperate because they believe that there is a lot at stake: the American capitalism.

• Sebők Gergely nemeslevele 1611-ből

  1-11

  Fodor László

  Megtekintések száma:

  42

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• IQ versus befolyásolás, avagy az intelligencia hányados és a befolyásolhatóság közötti összefüggések

  39-46

  Siket Zsuzsanna

  Megtekintések száma:

  156

  This is an essay about the connection of impressionability and intelligence quotient. The intelligence quotient of witness or accused has main role in the criminal procedure.

  So, what is the intelligence and the intelligence quotient? The intelligence is a mental power, that contains the quality of argumentation, contemplation, learning, problem solution and the abstract thinking. This mental power helps to understand the happenings in the world. The intelligence quotient of the witness or accused is very important, because the quality of perception is based on the intelligence quotient. The perception shows how they can remember the criminal situations. The intelligence quotient depedns on the the social and cultural enviornment, the inherited qualities, and the personal experiences.

  The important question is, which is the stronger, the intelligence or the impressionability. High intelligence quotient is a mean of the witness or accused to escape form impressionability. On the other hand, the authorities try to use the power of influence. So two powers meet in the criminal procedure, the intelligence and the influenceing, and usually the stronger is the winner.

  The intelligence quotient has main role in the part of the investigation and the trial. The warnings before the interrogation are written in the difficult language of law. So it would be a problem in the part of investigation, because the witness or accused does not understand these. Because of that they would say or tell something that they would not tell in normal circumstances. The low intelligence makes the accused confess their real or believed sin. The accused with higher intelligence quotient understands much better the warning, and they can use those possibilites the law premits them. Their combinative quality is higher, so they discover another solutions not just the confessing. The authorities shall pay attention to the intelligence quotient of the accused, because the extremly low intelligence quotient would be the sign of mental retardation. The mental retardation is a kind of pathological mental state. The accused who suffers in pathological mental state is not be punishable or his or her punishment may be reduced unlimited.

  The language of trials is also difficult and the other problem with it is publicity. The accused with low IQ feels shame because of their low IQ so they want to keep it secret. The accused becomes stressed in the trial so they lose their second chance to make things better, because they are not able to confess without impressions again. Low intelligence quotient usually cooperates with low ability of problem solution, so the accused with low intelligence can’t adapt themselves to the occassion of the trial. This circumstance would influence the judges, when they impose punishment, so the punishment would be stricter.

  The conclusion is that the accused with low intelligence quotient meets with some difficulties during the criminal procedure, so the consuels for the defence shall pay attention to them, and help their clients with comments of the legal texts. On the other hand, the authorities shall be out for the good knowledge of mankind.

• Végrehajtás vagyonrészre – anomáliák a bírói gyakorlatban

  37-46

  Kiss Tibor

  Megtekintések száma:

  130

  Im ungarischen Recht enhält das Gesetz Nr. LIII von 1994 über die Zwangsvollstreckung
  verschiedene spezielle Regelungen über die Zwangvollstreckung bzw. die Beschlagnahme
  und Verwertung der Geschäftsanteile und Aktien. Neben den Regelungen über die
  Wertpapiere (Aktien) und Geschäftsanteile es gibt detallierte Bestimmungen über die
  Vermögensanteile. Der Begriff von „Vermögensanteil” wurde aber gesetzlich gar nicht
  definiert, so es ist nicht klar, was der Gesetzgeber darunter versteht und was ist der
  Zusammenhang zwischen den Begriffe von Geschäftsanteil, Wertpapiere (Aktien) und
  Vermögensanteil. Es ist auch problematisch, dass der Begriff von „Vermögensanteil” kein
  gesellschaftrechtlicher Begriff ist, so daraus entstehen die grössten Schwierigkeiten in der
  Judikatur. Das Gesetz erwähnt das Wort „Vermögensanteil”nur zweilmal, in verschiedenen
  Örten der Rechtsnorm. Gemäss Paragraph 101, Absart (1) (1) verständigt von der Pfändung
  des dem Schuldner vom Vermögen der Wirtschaftsorganisation zustehenden Vermögensbzw.
  Geschäftsanteils (im Weiteren: Geschäftsanteil) der Gerichtsvollzieher die
  Wirtschaftsorganisation und den Gerichtshof als Handelsregistergericht (im Weiteren:
  Handelsregistergericht) unter Zusendung einer Kopie des Pfändungsprotokolls. Betreffend die
  Vollstreckung des Geschäftsanteile lautet die Rechtsnorm wie folgt: Besitzt der Schuldner
  eine Beteiligung an einer Wirtschaftsgesellschaft ohne Rechtspersönlichkeit, informiert der
  Gerichtsvollzieher den Vollstreckungsgläubiger davon, dass er an Stelle des schuldnerischen
  Gesellschafters das ordentliche Kündigungsrecht ausüben kann. Nachdem der
  Vollstreckungsgläubiger dem Gerichtsvollzieher seine Kündigungserklärung übergeben hat,
  schickt der Gerichtsvollzieher diese an die Wirtschaftsgesellschaft und pfändet gleichzeitig
  die infolge der Auflösung des Gesellschafterverhältnisses bestehende Forderung des
  Schuldners gegen die Gesellschaft (§§ 110 bis 113). (Paragraph 132/A, Absatz (1). Gemäss
  der Regelungen kann festgestellt werden, dass einmal das Vermögen der
  Wirtschaftgesellschaften, ein andermal das Vermögen der Wirtschaftgesellschaften ohne
  Rechtspersönlichkeit den Gegenstand der Regelung bildet. Die Schwierigkeiten der Judikatur entstehen im Zusammenhang mit dem Auslegung des
  Gesetzes betreffend den „Vermögensanteil” der Aktiengesellshaften und GmbH, da in diesen
  Gesellschaften die Aktien und die Geschäftsanteile die Gesellschaftsbeteiligung verkörpern.
  Im Rechtspraxis nimmt der Vollzieher nicht die Aktien oder die Geschäftsanteile in Beschlag,
  sondern den Vermögensanteile. So kann die Vollstreckung ohne Aktien durchgeführt werden.
  Die Vollzieher und die Gerichte verstehen auch die Aktien und Geschäfttsanteile unter
  Vermögenssanteile. Diese Interpretation folgt aber aus der Regelungen des Gesetzes nicht.
  Der Artikel analysiert, warum die Judikatur contra legem Rechtspraxis bildet und stellt
  verschiedene Vorschläge an den Gesetzgeber.

• Az államfők nemzetközi büntetőjogi felelősségre vonásának mai keretei

  40-52

  Papp Nikolett

  Megtekintések száma:

  54

  Recent years the legal position of Heads of State and other very senior State representatives has received considerable attention from national and international courts, writers and practitioners. It is often said that the establishment of the ad hoc tribunals and the International Criminal Court, reflects a growing belief that the heads of State should be held accountable for serious violations of international humanitarian and human rights law. It has been argued that international law is now the stage where immunity should no longer apply in relation to serious international crimes. By contrast, others have emphasized the political and practical difficulties inherent in allowing national courts to serve as a tool for the transnational enforcement of penalties or damages for crimes committed abroad by the leaders and officials of foreign States. The resulting controversy has led the International Law Commission to include the topic ‘Immunity of State officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdictions’ in its work programme.

  In my study I present the development of status of the Heads of State in international law, especially the criminal liability in the XX-XXI. Centuries. In this study I exhibit the development of the legal status of the heads of State and the actual questions in international law related to the criminal liability of heads of State and other senior State officials.

• A privátszféra polgári jogi védelmének alapkérdései

  Fézer Tamás

  Megtekintések száma:

  147

  Privacy has become a hot topic in personality rights protection in the 21^st century all over the world. Classic personality rights did not cover all aspects of modern privacy law and the lack of an exhaustive list for personality rights also left many questions unanswered. The right to privacy is hard to define and it is even more difficult to identify the limits of this sensitive right. Our goal is to analyze various definitive attempts to privacy and synthetize them with actual judicial practice in order to get closer to what privacy law truly covers in modern jurisdictions. Even if brand new challenges arise almost every day, privacy remains a powerful instrument to provide autonomy to individuals and sometimes to legal entities.

• Gondolatok a szerzői jogi törvény legújabb módosítása kapcsán

  Kiss Tibor

  Megtekintések száma:

  78

  The Act LXXVI of 1999 on Copyright was amended by the Act CVLV of 2005 with effect of 15 April 2006 in compliance with the provisions of the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures and procedures to ensure the enforcement of intellectual property rights (hereinafter: “Enforcement-Directive”). The Enforcement-Directive concerns the measures necessary to ensure the enforcement of intellectual property rights (copyrights, patent, trade marks, etc.). The Member States of the European Union had to provide for the proportionate measures and procedures needed to ensure the enforcement of intellectual property rights covered by the Enforcement-Directive. The amended and supplement provisions of the Hungarian Act on Copyright provide efficient shelter for the authors from the infringement of copyright law on the one hand and provide legal (procedural) guarantees for the potential infringers on the other hand.

  There are some new provisions which can be applied against the infringers not only by final judgment but also as provisional and precautionary measures. When a judicial decision has been taken finding an infringement of copyright or neighbouring right, the judicial authorities may serve the infringer with an injunction aimed at prohibiting the continuation of the infringement. The judicial authorities can serve the alleged infringer, or the intermediary whose services are being used by a third party to infringe a right, with an interlocutory injunction intended to prevent any impending infringement of copyright or neighbouring right, or to forbid the continuation of the alleged infringements of copyright or neighbouring right, or to make such continuation subject to the lodging of guarantees intended to ensure the compensation of right holder. The judicial authorities can be empowered to require the applicant to provide any reasonably available evidence to their satisfaction with a sufficient degree of certainty that the applicant is the right holder and that the applicant’s right is being infringed or, that such infringement is imminent. The judicial authorities may order the publication or seizure of bank, financial or commercial documents. The judicial authorities may order the recall, at the infringer’s expense in appropriate cases, of the goods which have been found to infringe copyright or neighbouring right and may order that the goods which have been found to infringe the right, as well as the materials and implements used primarily for the creation or the manufacture of the goods in question, be disposed of outside the channels of commerce, without any compensation being due.  It can be also ordered, that the decision be displayed and published in full or in part in the newspapers or in the internet designated by the right holder.

  The most efficient protection against the usurpation can be satisfied by the parallel regulation of the civil and criminal law. The next steps to be done by the European Union are the criminal law provisions. Besides the regulations, consistent jurisdiction is necessary, in which the courts should play an important role.

• A biotechnikai találmányok hazai és nemzetközi jogi szabályozásának sajátosságai

  Petkó Mihály Péter

  Megtekintések száma:

  55

  In my study I say about that change, which became at the area of biotechnology. The revolution of DNS technology contain a lot of chance, but it has more danger. We need select from the modes.

  My column I checked what happens with the species the biotechnology invention flag. The first observation that the changes faster than other territories, and these changes are complex and interrelated. The post control and correction are also important. It’s got to be introducing the health nutrition compliance. The new products will not harmful for the human and animal health. The legal condition shall prescribe the human defense of human and animal body. One of the most important international convention in that question the European Union Council about the biomedicine. It said need consent of the persons concerned for the biotechnological research. Create new human species, and cloning of human beings, human body use for commercial is prohibited by this convention.

  In my opinion that need promoting the knowledge and biotechnical awareness of consumers. Must be regulated the relations between public order and public morality and biotechnical inventions. It is also necessary to ensure the patentability of biological matter. „Biological material” means any material containing genetic information and capable of reproducing itself or being reproduced in a biological system. Inventions which concern plants or animals shall be patentable if the technical feasibility of the invention is not confined to a particular plant or animal variety. The discussion on the patentability of sequences or partial sequences of genes is controversial. The 98/44/EK Directive, the granting of a patent for inventions which concern such sequences or partial sequences should be subject to the same criteria of patentability as in all other areas of technology: novelty, inventive step and industrial application. Whereas the industrial application of a sequence or partial sequence must be disclosed in the patent application as filed.

  The biotechnical patent need particular importance in the legislation. The Hungarian rules are conforms to the European Union legislation. However, certain additional rules should be laid down. Have to think about the control test in the patent process. The expert can see the applicability just on the test.

• Montenegro függetlenné válásának nemzetközi jogi aspektusai

  18-33

  Bancsi Zsolt József

  Megtekintések száma:

  39

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A közvetítői eljárás, mint a büntető igazságszolgáltatás gyakorlása feletti állami monopólium feloldásának eszköze

  14-40

  Nagy István András

  Megtekintések száma:

  95

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A polgári jog és a munkajog összehasonlítása az alapelvek tükrében

  13-21

  Bodó László

  Megtekintések száma:

  169

  Absztrakt nélkül

• Koszovó: Egy új állam születése Európában? Az önrendelkezési jog diadala

  33-40

  Dorka Dóra

  Megtekintések száma:

  34

  Absztrakt nélkül

• A munkabérfizetés és munkabérvédelem alapvető kérdései a magyar munkajogi szabályozásban és joggyakorlatban

  27-37

  Kristóf Nóra

  Megtekintések száma:

  35

  The aim of my publication is to scrutinise the Hungarian rules concerning the protection of wages and concluding how effectively they serve the social interests of employees. Furthermore, I researched if the regulation is efficient and consistent enough to protect the employees in point of the compensation for work.

  During the research, I was examining the efficiency of the protection of the employees and their salaries in practice. The other question was whether the current regulation is satisfactory enough to provide the main purposes. In order to answer these questions I was analysing the theoretical dimension and the judicial practice as well.

  I concluded that even if there are some incompleteness and inconsistency in the Hungarian labour law, the regulation seems appropriate and rational concerning the interests of the employees. In my opinion, the social function of labour law serves the employees’ interests enough to give them a decent standard of living.

• A menekültügyi őrizet elrendelésének anyagi jogi feltételei az uniós jog tükrében

  21-31

  Kiss Árpád

  Megtekintések száma:

  101

  Hungary lies in the route of the stream of refugees coming from the Balkan. It is a transit country, so the refugees do not typically intend to stay here, they rather wish to travel torwards to West- and North Europe. Particular sections of Hungary's border also mean the external borders of the European Union, the area of freedom, security and justice, which has a common asylum system. Significant part of illegal immigrants presents asylum claim only to avoid the aliens procedures.

  From the 1st of January 2013, the legislature terminated the aliens detention against asylum applicants. From 1st of July 2013 the Hungarian legislature reintroduced the possibility of detention of applicants. The new regulation has been placed in Act LXXX of 2007 on the Right of Asylum, Sections 31/A-31/H by Act XCIII of 2013 on the Amendment of Particular Laws Concerning Law Enforcement. The introduction of asylum-seeker detention and the practice of its application have raised dust. In my essay I am introducing the connections between the reasons of ordering asylum-seeker detention in the Act on Asylum and its backgroud in the EU Directive. I am not dealing with the question of compatibility of asylum detention and human rights and with problematic procedural issues, because I consider it more important to review the substantive conditions of asylum-seeker detention and the certain practical questions of its application therefore I am focusing on this segment of jurisdiction.

• A monista felfogás érvényesülése a szerzői jogi törvényben

  Petkó Mihály

  Megtekintések száma:

  56

  Examining the history of copyright law, we can distinct two significant theories. The distinction is based upon the position of entitled parties. Two separated fields can be found among the rights of the author: personal and financial rights. It is no doubt that personal rights are inseparable from the author itself, these rights cannot become objects of commercial businesses. If we look at these rights a little bit closer, we can realize that personal rights of the author do not play significant role in earning money from an intellectual product. These rights ensure the integrity and originality of works. Separating the two theories we have to focus on financial rights. Trying to describe these rights we can see that no exact definition can be given to them because of the permanent development of printing and publishing technology. Due to the monist theory it can be said that financial rights are close to personal ones, they are inseparable from personality of the author. Transcribing this opinion to the language of law it means that the decent regulation should prohibit the transfer of these rights among living persons. In the Anglo-Saxon legal system experts think that financial rights have to take part in commercial trade if we want to acknowledge the achievement of authors.

  In Hungary copyright law is on the point of the monist theory. The Act refers that financial rights of the author cannot be transferred and the author has no right to abandon them. If we get a closer look at the structure of the valid Act, we can say that monist theory is not consistent. It is possible to inherit financial rights. We need this rule if we would like to harmonize the system to the time of protection. The other relevant fact of crossing the prohibition is in connection with works created under labour frames. In this case the employer gets financial rights ex lege. To find the reason of this regulation we have to examine the nature and aim of labour relations. The employer gives payment to his employee, the author to establish and create works. In this situation it is natural that the author looses his financial rights. The problem is that in Hungary differences can be found between civil and labour law. If we try to give meaning to labour relations, misunderstandings and different point of views can reveal. The other problematic factor is that the Act does not bother with the question of succession.   

  In my study I present the pros and cons of both theories and gather those significant practical and theoretical fields of copyright law that can be limits of monist theory. I examine special rules for special works, rules of civil and labour law in connection with authors and give a short historical overview to see what can be the main directions of future developments.

• Beszámoló a Rézler Gyula Konferencián elhangzottakról

  Nádházy Zsolt

  Megtekintések száma:

  37

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Önkormányzatiság, önkormányzatok és régiók (Általános jellemzés)

  Barta Attila

  Megtekintések száma:

  33

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Az egyensúlyi helyzet megbomlása a szerződések jogában: az állam mint szerződő fél

  Béky Ágnes Enikő

  Megtekintések száma:

  257

  Contractual relations mean balanced cooperation between the parties. Right and obligations on both sides are equal. This seems to be a classic essential of contracts. As of many among the terms and condition in contract law, special situations clam for a different perspective. This essay is about a unique problem in contract law that origins from the ancient dilemma about the role of the state in private law relations.

  State as a sovereign has original power and hierarchic connection to citizens. In the field of constitutional law, public administration law, criminal law it is necessary to transfer certain right to the state and allow it determining one-sided obligations that cannot be changed in a particular relation. The theory of state immunity failed in the 20th century in private law. Since jurisprudence makes a difference between the role of the state as a merchant and a sovereign, we cannot maintain the old immunity rights of the state anymore.

  In the essay we examine three specific questions in connection with state participation in contracts. The first part of our study analyzes the strange legal arguments in a famous Hungarian case, called the Subway case. In this case the reasoning of the Supreme Court denied the balanced elements in a private contract and accepted a redefined theory of state immunity in private relations. Although there is a strong political content in the story and right after the criticized decision the Hungarian Civil Code was modified to clear the facts, we want to prove that even today state participation can cause interferences in the coherent theory of contracts.

  A specific contract type is examined in the second chapter of the essay, the concession agreement. This contract is far from the balanced theory of party positions due to its unique nature and content. We emphasize many different aspects in mixing private and public law nature of provisions and rules. Concession agreement is an excellent example to demonstrate extra-rights on the side of the state.

  Finally we spare some words on authority contracts in which state authorities can manage debates in public administration procedures with using the private law nature of contracts.