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Túllegeltetett természetközeli gyeptársulás rekultivációja legeltetés kizárással
45-53.Views:59Természetközeli gyepasszociáció hasznosítási módjának drasztikus megváltoztatása révén (egyoldalú túllegeltetés – évi egyszeri kaszálásra), a kísérlet harmadik évére azon parcelláknál, ahol a túllegeltetés megszűnt, input felülvetés és tápanyagpótlástól függetlenül, minden esetben csökkent a Borhidi-féle degradációs fok. Viszont azon kezelésnél, ahol a nagy állat (juh)-sűrűségű túllegeltetés továbbra is fennállt, kísérletünk harmadik évére a degradáció foka 3.0-4.8 értékeket ért el, s tömegesen megjelent az állategészségügyi problémákat is okozó Hordeum murinum.
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Studies on botany, forage and soils with aspects of nature conservation on grey cattle and water buffalo pastures of the Tapolcai and Káli basins: Papers of the „Challenges and Aspects in Grassland Management” conference held on 22-23 May 2008.
47-53Views:123In the present work we introduce the coenological and pedological results of examination on the Balaton Upland (Badacsonytördemic, Csobánc, Káptalantóti and Kővágóőrs). Grass management plays an important role in nature conservation, rural development thus in the viability of rural population. Soil and water suffer from extreme degradation and pollution, partly because of agricultural activities, growing settlements and mining activity. We evaluated the changes in species composition and coverage, the possibly occurring regeneration or degradation and the effects of botanical composition changes on forage values, especially in case of economically valuable species. Investigations show strengths and weaknesses of having animals on grasslands. Sample sites were in Balaton Upland National Park, Hungary. Results proved that among the plants there are either weeds and/or poisonous and/or prickly species, too. We examined how important grasses and pulses appeared or disappeared, how did the number of overgrazing tolerant species changed and how did the species composition of the grazed and non-grazed land differed. Based on the results the characteristics of the examined pastures show the effects of overgrazing. With the decrease of the number of the animals, nature conservation and economical values could be increased. The examined areas had totally different soil characteristics, pH, soil thickness and nutrient content varied greatly. In the Gyulakeszi area even a small catena was found on a single pasture. The high soil organic matter and nutrient content ensure the good grass yield thus the areas are suitable for grazing and for grass cutting, too.
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Fajösszetétel és diverzitás változás kiskunsági száraz és nedves fekvésű legelőkön
15-30Views:147Investigations were carried out in wet – next to Tatárszentgyörgy, and dry grass pasture – next to Bugac, both located in Kiskunság, in the central region of Carpathian Basin. Recordings were taken every June of 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 from Tatárszentgyörgy – where cattle were grazed, and 1997, 2005 and 2010 from Bugac, where cattle and sheep were grazed. Coenological recordings were taken in three zones. The first zone ("A" zone) located 0-50 m near the stable, second zone ("B" zone) located 50-150 m from the stable, while the third zone ("C" zone) located farther then 150m from the stable. Analyses of ecological and environmental factors were based on Borhidi’s relative ecological indicators. Life form analyses were performed by Pignatti life form types. For statistical evaluation, R software was applied. Shannon diversity. Based on our results for both dry and wet grasslands, quadrates of "A" zone were well isolated from the rest of the zones. Overgrazing, which involves considerable trampling, vanishes differences among vegetations, thereby promotes weed and disturbance tolerant rich vegetation. The lowest species number and diversity could be found here. Recordings for "B" and "C" zones separated from recordings of "A" zone, furthermore, quadrates of wet and dry grasslands formed separate groups. From recordings of "B" and "C", zone perennial grass species (H caesp) and the emerging perennial (H wrap) species multiplied and these species were the indicators of grazing. The greatest lifeform richment were presented among "B" zone recordings. The amount of intensive grazing indicator species, such as creeping perennials (Hrep) was significant in "B" zone recordings of Tatárszentgyörgy. Grazing stabilised the local vegetation, but increased the ratio of disturbance tolerant species, which was confirmed by conservation evaluation. This is due to the conversion of grassland types, the transition from free grazing to switch grazing, which resulted in an intensive involvement of the more distant "C" zone as well. "A" zones fully converted; they changed into fully reliefs. Further located sample area vegetations were not homogenised by grazing and even helped the preservation of characteristic species. In the aspect of environmental protection, vigorous grazing led to a more valuable vegetation in "B" zone in an arid grassland (Bugac). According to the sample area, wet grasslands from the sandy areas of Kiskunság, preserve nature protection values and grass composition better moving away from stables, due to less grazing pressure. Drier backgrounds tolerate stronger grazing pressure (Bugac), while in case of wetter areas (Tatárszentgyörgy) – considering sustainability – grazing should be carried out with caution.
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A szürke fenyérfű (Bothriochloa ischaemum L.) magyarországi előfordulása és gyepgazdálkodási helyzete (irodalmi áttekintés)
49-60Views:98A szürke fenyérfű szakirodalmi és herbáriumi források alapján összegyűjtött előfordulási adatai igazolják a pázsitfűfaj széleskörű, országos szintű elterjedtségét természetközeli (pl. Gánt, Aszófő) és erősen degradált (pl. Tiszaalpár, Tatabánya) termőhelyeken egyaránt. Mindössze három középtájból nem találtunk róla elterjedési adatot. A száraz (sőt, félszáraz, akár kiszáradó) gyepektől a nyíltabb, száraz erdőtársulásokig sok helyen megtalálhatja a számára kedvező életfeltételeket, beleértve a bolygatott, a másodlagos eredetű állományokat, és a parlagokat is. A magyar szakirodalom 52 hazai társulásból, cönotaxonból jelzi. A legtöbb előfordulási adat elsősorban olyan dombságokból és középhegységekből származik, ahol a száraz, melegebb déli oldalak (amelyeket gyakran antropogén zavarások is érnek, pl. túllegeltetés, művelt területek felhagyása) ideális mikrokörnyezetet teremtenek a faj felszaporodásához. A sok előfordulási adatot tartalmazó középtájak másik csoportjába az olyan alföldi területek tartoznak, amelyek klímája szárazabb, és táji szinten jellemző a jelenlegi, sőt még inkább a korábbi legeltetés (Duna-Tisza közi síkvidék: homoki gyepek, Körös-Maros köze: löszgyepek). Az elmúlt időszakra jellemző, és a közeljövőben is várható a degradált és felhagyott területek kiterjedésének növekedése. Ezek alapján a fenyérfű még nagyobb mértékű hazai elterjedésére lehet számítani.
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Degradation degree evolution under different grassland management
35-44Views:96The objective of this manuscript is to clarify the changes in vegetation structure of an extensively managed grassland association under different land use practices. In the grasslands of the Hungarian Great Plain, the westernmost part of the Eurasian steppe, the largely decreasing grazing livestock numbers and the almost disappearing pastoral grazing make the topic very topical. We analysed the last 4 years of the study period 2009-2020 and found that the lowest degradation rates were measured in the meadow utilisation management, with values ranging from 0.277-0.463 in the 11th year of the experiment. And the highest degradation values were measured in the treatment with the overgrazing mode, with degradation degrees 3.43-5.0 in the 11th year of the experiment. In the treatment demonstrating the effect of overgrazing, we measured a high increase in the cover value of the weed Hordenum murinum, which is very dangerous for sheep, between 2017 and 2020, with an average of 107.6%.
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Impact of a change of use on extensive grassland yields
29-34Views:84The impact of converting overgrazed extensive grassland to mowing was investigated in Karcag between 2017 and 2020. At the beginning of the experiment, the plant composition of the overgrazed grassland community, which had been overgrazed for 3 years, showed a high and continuously increasing cover of unconditionally weeds avoided by sheep, which presented clearly higher quantitative indicators in terms of yield values. However, in the grassland communities that were converted to mowing, the cover of unconditioned weeds decreased steadily at the end of the experimental period and the cover value of grassland components valuable for animals increased, thus stopping degradation and recultivation by conversion was successful.
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Overutilization of Pastures by Livestock
29-35Views:265Soil degradation caused by overgrazing is a worldwide problem. The degradation of an overutilized area occurs mainly where animals prefer to spend extra time because of the attractants that are around gateways, water sources, along fences or farm buildings. High grazing pressure decreases plant density which results in changes of the botanical composition of a pasture. The effect that grazing has on a plant depends on the timing, frequency and intensity of grazing and its opportunity to regrow. Overgrazing adversely effects soil properties, which results in reduced infiltration, accelerated runoff and soil erosion. Evidence has been corroborated with high bulk density values, high dry mechanical resistance and low structural stability. The degradation of the landscape may be a short-term phenomenon and recovery is possible after grazing pressures have been greatly reduced. Management practices have been used successfully to improve grazing distribution. These practices include water development, placement of salt and supplements, fertilizer application, fencing, burning, and the planting of special forages which can be used to enhance grazing by livestock in underutilized areas.
The authors carried out their grazing experiment on the Hortobágy. The effects of overutilization by livestock on soil properties and vegetation on certain areas of grassland are presented in this paper.