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• Tourism Competencies Development – Contradictious Perceptions of Stakeholders

  126-141

  Anita Mondok

  Views:

  126

  Tourism and hospitality sector has an important role in the national economy as it has high  labour intensity, generates foreign currency income and improves the local economy by multiplier effect. Tourism labour market employs a wide range of employees from non-qualified to highqualified people. Tourism tertiary educators in Hungary continue their operation by national-level legislation, and accreditation and students who complete tourism courses (should) be capable of professional occupation. The post-Bologna system offered more opportunities in tourism and hospitality education; two distinguished courses were available on the educational market to educate hospitality or tourism experts. After 2006, by launching Bologna system, institutions are allowed to commence just one, Tourism and Catering bachelor programme. A questionnairebased survey was conducted among graduating bachelor students with tourism and catering major, tutors teaching tourism and catering students and actors of tourism market, who going to be the employers of tourism graduates. The main aim of the research was to explore the personal or organizational expectations of stakeholders for professional competence development as a result of tourism and catering bachelor-level education. The bust majority of students stated that their primary aim is to gain professional competencies in tourism and hospitality to be able to fulfil managerial positions or to continue their studies on master-level. Although generic competences as communication skills in foreign languages, social sensitivity, problem solving or creativity have salient influence on job performance, students did not believe that they would be
  essential. However, these factors were thought to be the most crucial by tutors and tourism service providers despite the fact that generic skill development is not in focus in tourism and catering bachelor-level education in Hungary. Not just the educational institutions but tourism companies providing work placement for students were considered to be an appropriate basis for competencies development that raised the question of monitoring and assessment. The findings can be profitable for all stakeholder group or policy decision makers in bachelor-level curriculum development. 

• Analysis of the socio-economic impact of the war on local governments in transcarpathia

  97-112

  Pataki Gábor

  Views:

  50

  Since 2022, the Russian-Ukrainian war has been a major focus of everyday life and scientific research. From a Hungarian perspective, it has had a significant impact on the national economy. However, it is also important to monitor the socio-economic effects on the indigenous Hungarians living in Transcarpathia, which have profoundly affected their existence. The scope for analysis is wide, but the present study combines an analysis of the impact of the war with an examination of the so-called "small regions" that have been created in recent years and the population living there.

  First, I will present a literature review on the socio-economic impacts of war in general. Then, using a sample of empirical research, I will analyze the situation of three small regions along the border of Transcarpathia in the period 2021-2023.

  As a result of the research, it can be concluded that the differences between the local government groupings are not only influenced by their economic strength, demographic framework, and other social factors, but also by the timing of the study - whether it was conducted before the war, immediately after its outbreak, or a year and a half later. It follows that there is a measure of war exhaustion in society, both economically and psychologically, affecting hope for the future. Therefore, it would be important to have the possibility of reconstruction as soon as possible after the degrading state of war.

• The Role of Foreign Capital in the Competitiveness of the Hungarian Economy

  71-77

  Gyöngyi Hojsza

  Views:

  55

  Capital is needed for development, the catch-up with the developed countries, creating and boosting competitiveness, which may come from internal and external sources. Our internal resources have always been limited and still are, so we have to resort to external resources, too. The external source can be a foreign credit, a grant, an aid, and foreign direct investment. Foreign capital has been and still is indispensible in the various stages of our economic development.

• Bio-Resources of the Future – Using Unconveni onal Biotechnology

  13-18

  Iudith Ipate

  Maria Duca

  Alexandru T. Bogdan

  Janos Seregi

  Agnes Kovacs

  Views:

  121

  Using specifi c bio-techniques of compared medicine contribute to the improvement of animal health, to increase the produci vity of animal products, to the conservai on of various animal species and also advances in human health. Transgenic animal organisms can be used for fundamental research (ideni fying genes, elucidai ng the funci ons of genes, controlled modifi cai on of genes); for pharmacological studies, especially chemicals that can act on tumour cells, to obtain recombinant proteins; bioreactors; food biotechnology etc. Bio-food is an alternai ve source for the future’s generai on and economy. All professionals and specialists in this fi eld must have a prevision, they must take into account the current bio-food possibilii es and sizes depending on the market needs, to
  conserve and develop new resources of food.