PhD student papers
The role of the voluntary unemployment insurance system in the trade union movement
Published:
2017-12-15
https://doi.org/10.21845/comp/2017/2/3
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Elek, N. I. (2017). The role of the voluntary unemployment insurance system in the trade union movement. Competitio, 16(2), 43-70. https://doi.org/10.21845/comp/2017/2/3
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyse the institutional environment of the state-subsidised, trade union-managed national voluntary unemployment insurance system (the so-called Ghent-system) that influences the selective incentive feature of this system based on the literature. Another goal is to run cluster analysis in order to show whether Ghent-countries – Denmark, Finland and Sweden – differ from other countries based on this environment. The analysis is based on Olson’s (1965) concept of by-product theory. The essence of this theory is that large groups are able to increase, maintain and thus realize their lobbying activities by applying incentives to individuals. In the case of trade unions, the availability of voluntary unemployment insurance is a significant incentive. Its impact on trade union movement is usually analysed as a dummy variable, but this article focuses on institutions that are important to the Ghent-system.
Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) code: J51
References
Berg, J. – Salerno, M. (2008): The Origins of Unemployment Insurance: Lessons for Developing Countries. In: Berg, J. – Kucera, D. (eds.): In Defence of Labour Market Institutions: Cultivating Justice in the Developing World. The International Labour Organization. Palgrave Macmillan, London:80–99. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230584204_5
Blaschke, S. (2000): Union Density and European Integration: Diverging Convergence. European Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 6, No. 2:217–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/095968010062006
Boeri, T. – Brugiavini, A. – Calmfors, L. (eds.) (2001): The Role of Unions in the Twenty-First Century: a report for the Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199246580.001.0001
Botero, J. C. – Djankov, S. – La Porta, R. – Lopez-de-Silanes, F. – Shleifer, A. (2004): The Regulation of Labor. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 119, No 4:1339–1382. https://doi.org/10.1162/0033553042476215
Brady, D. (2007): Institutional, Economic or Solidaristic? Assessing Explanations for Unionizations Across Affluent Democracies. Work and Occupations, Vol. 34, No. 1:67–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888406295332
Bryson, A. – Ebbinghaus, B. – Visser, J. (2011): Introduction: Causes, consequences and cures of union decline. European Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 17, No. 2:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680111400893
Böckerman, P. – Uusitalo, R. (2006): Erosion of the Ghent System and Union Membership Decline: Lessons from Finland. British Journal of
Industrial Relations, Vol. 44, No. 2:283–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2006.00498.x
Checchi, D. – Lucifora, C. (2002): Unions and labour market institutions in Europe. Economic Policy, Vol. 17, No. 35:361–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0327.00092
Checchi, D. – Visser, J. (2005): Pattern Persistence in European Trade Union Density: A longitudinal analysis 1950-1996. European Sociological Review, Vol. 21, No. 1:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jci001
Clasen, J. – Viebrock, E. (2008): Voluntary Unemployment Insurance and Trade Union Membership: Investigating the Connections in Denmark and Sweden. Journal of Social Policy, Vol. 37, No. 3:433–451. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279408001980
Dimick, M. (2011): Labor Law, New Governance, and the Ghent System. North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 90, No. 2:1–55.
Ebbinghaus, B. – Göbel, C. – Koos, S. (2011): Social Capital, ‘Ghent’ and Workplace Contexts Matter: Comparing Union Membership in Europe. European Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 17, No. 2:107–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680111400894
Ebbinghaus, B. – Visser, J. (1999): When Institutions Matter – Union Growth and Decline in Western Europe, 1950-1995. European Sociological Review, Vol. 15, No. 2:135–158. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a018257
ECHR (1950): European Convention on Human Rights. Article 11. European Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe, Strasbourg.
Edling, N. (2006): Limited Universalism: Unemployment Insurance in Northern Europe 1900-2000. In Edling, N. – Christiansen, N. F. – Haave, P. – Petersen, K. (eds.): The Nordic Model of Welfare (Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press):99–143.
Hofstede, G. – Hofstede, G. J. – Minkov, M. (2010): Cultures and Organizations. Software of the Mind. Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival. Third Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Hofstede, G. (2015): Dimension data matrix. 6 dimensions for website 2015 12 08. http://geerthofstede.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/6-dimensions-forwebsite-2015-12-08-0-100.xls. Letöltés dátuma: 2018.01.20.
Høgedahl, L. (2014): The Ghent effect for whom? Mapping the variations of the Ghent effect across different trade unions in Denmark. Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 45, No. 6:469–485. https://doi.org/10.1111/irj.12072
Holmlund, B. – Lundborg, P. (1999): Wage Bargaining, Union Membership, and the Organization of Unemployment Insurance. Labour Economics, Vol. 6, No. 3:397–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-5371(99)00010-X
Kjellberg, A. (2006): The Swedish Unemployment Insurance will the Ghent System Survive? Transfer: Quarterly of the European Trade Union Institute for Research, Education, and Health and Safety, Vol. 12, No. 1:87–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/102425890601200109
Kjellberg, A. (2009): The Swedish Ghent system and trade unions under pressure. Transfer – European Review of Labour and Research, Vol. 15, No. 3-4:481–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/10242589090150031601
Kjellberg, A. (2011): The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1:67–93. https://doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v1i1.2336
Lesch, H. (2004): Trade Union Density in International Comparison. CESifo Forum; München, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Winter 2004):12–18.
LIGA Szakszervezetek (2014): A Ghent-rendszer. Független Szakszervezetek Demokratikus Ligája honlapja. http://www.liganet.hu/page/88/artID/7646/html/a-ghent-rendszer.html. Letöltés dátuma: 2018.01.12.
Lind, J. (2009): The End of the Ghent System as Trade Union Recruitment Machinery? Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 40, No. 6:510–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.2009.00543.x
Nagy Viktória (2017): Ghent-rendszer – A megoldás minden szakszervezeti problémára? Új Egyenlőség (2017.11.12.). http://ujegyenloseg.hu/ghentrendszer-a-megoldas-minden-szakszervezeti-problemara/ Letöltés dátuma: 2018.01.20.
Nergaard, K. – Stokke, T. A. (2007): The puzzles of union density in Norway. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, Vol. 13, No. 4:653–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300409
Neumann, G. – Pedersen, P. J. – Westergard-Nielsen, N. (1991): Long-run international trends in aggregate unionization. European Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 7, No. 3:249–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/0176-2680(91)90013-S
Olson, M. (1965): The Logic of Collective Action. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Olson, M. (1982/1987): Nemzetek felemelkedése és hanyatlása. Gazdasági növekedés, stagfláció és társadalmi korlátok. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest.
Oscarsson, S. (2003): Institutional Explanations of Union Strength: An Assessment. Politics & Society, Vol. 31, No. 4:609–635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329203256955
Rasmussen, M. B. – Pontusson, J. (2017): Working-Class Strength by Institutional Design? Unionization, Partisan Politics and Unemployment Insurance Systems, 1870-2010. Comparative Political Studies:1–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017710269
Sajtos László – Mitev Ariel (2007): SPSS kutatási és adatelemzési kézikönyv. Alinea Kiadó, Budapest.
Sandler, T. (2015): Collective action: fifty years later. Public Choice, Vol. 164, No. 3-4:195–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-015-0252-0
Schnabel, C. (2002): Determinants of Trade Union Membership. Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik, Discussion Papers, No. 15.
Schnabel, C. (2013): Union membership and density: Some (not so) stylized facts and challenges. European Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 19, No. 3:255–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680113493373
Scruggs, L. (2002): The Ghent System and Union Membership in Europe, 1970-1996. Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 2:275–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088053
Scruggs, L. – Lange, P. (2002): Where Have All the Members Gone? Globalization, Institutions, and Union Density. The Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 1:126–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00121
SZEF-ÉSZT Akadémia (2017): Lehet-e a szakszervezet újra társadalmi mozgalom? SZEF-ÉSZT Akadémia. Értékek és érdekek. https://szefakademia.hu/esemenyek/lehet-a-szakszervezet-ujra-tarsadalmi-mozgalom Letöltés dátuma: 2018.01.20.
Vandaele, K. (2006): A Report from the Homeland of the Ghent System: Unemployment and Union Membership in Belgium. Transfer, Vol. 13, No. 4:647–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/102425890601200417
Van Rie, T. – Marx, I. – Horemans, J. (2011): Ghent revisited: Unemployment insurance and union membership in Belgium and the Nordic countries.
European Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 17, No. 2:125–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680111400895
Visser, J. (2016a): ICTWSS Database, version 5.1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies (AIAS), University of Amsterdam, September 2016, [Online], Open access database at: http://uva-aias.net/en/ictwss, Letöltés dátuma: 2018.01.20.
Visser, J. (2016b): ICTWSS Database Version 5.1 – September 2016 –CODEBOOK, [Online]: https://aias.s3-eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/website/uploads/1475058325774ICTWSS-Codebook_Version-5.1_20160926.pdf, Letöltés dátuma: 2018.01.20.
Williamson, C. R. (2009): Informal institutions rule: institutional arrangements and economic performance. Public Choice, Vol. 39, No. 3-4:371–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9399-x
Worker-participation.eu (2016): National Industrial Relations. Compare countries. http://www.worker-participation.eu/National-Industrial-Relations/Compare-Countries?countries%5B%5D=157&countries%5B%5D=262&countries%5B%5D=357&countries%5B%5D=2638&countries%5B%5D=368&fields%5B%5D=6, Letöltés dátuma: 2018. 02.21.
Blaschke, S. (2000): Union Density and European Integration: Diverging Convergence. European Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 6, No. 2:217–236. https://doi.org/10.1177/095968010062006
Boeri, T. – Brugiavini, A. – Calmfors, L. (eds.) (2001): The Role of Unions in the Twenty-First Century: a report for the Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti. Oxford University Press, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199246580.001.0001
Botero, J. C. – Djankov, S. – La Porta, R. – Lopez-de-Silanes, F. – Shleifer, A. (2004): The Regulation of Labor. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 119, No 4:1339–1382. https://doi.org/10.1162/0033553042476215
Brady, D. (2007): Institutional, Economic or Solidaristic? Assessing Explanations for Unionizations Across Affluent Democracies. Work and Occupations, Vol. 34, No. 1:67–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888406295332
Bryson, A. – Ebbinghaus, B. – Visser, J. (2011): Introduction: Causes, consequences and cures of union decline. European Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 17, No. 2:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680111400893
Böckerman, P. – Uusitalo, R. (2006): Erosion of the Ghent System and Union Membership Decline: Lessons from Finland. British Journal of
Industrial Relations, Vol. 44, No. 2:283–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2006.00498.x
Checchi, D. – Lucifora, C. (2002): Unions and labour market institutions in Europe. Economic Policy, Vol. 17, No. 35:361–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0327.00092
Checchi, D. – Visser, J. (2005): Pattern Persistence in European Trade Union Density: A longitudinal analysis 1950-1996. European Sociological Review, Vol. 21, No. 1:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jci001
Clasen, J. – Viebrock, E. (2008): Voluntary Unemployment Insurance and Trade Union Membership: Investigating the Connections in Denmark and Sweden. Journal of Social Policy, Vol. 37, No. 3:433–451. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279408001980
Dimick, M. (2011): Labor Law, New Governance, and the Ghent System. North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 90, No. 2:1–55.
Ebbinghaus, B. – Göbel, C. – Koos, S. (2011): Social Capital, ‘Ghent’ and Workplace Contexts Matter: Comparing Union Membership in Europe. European Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 17, No. 2:107–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680111400894
Ebbinghaus, B. – Visser, J. (1999): When Institutions Matter – Union Growth and Decline in Western Europe, 1950-1995. European Sociological Review, Vol. 15, No. 2:135–158. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a018257
ECHR (1950): European Convention on Human Rights. Article 11. European Court of Human Rights, Council of Europe, Strasbourg.
Edling, N. (2006): Limited Universalism: Unemployment Insurance in Northern Europe 1900-2000. In Edling, N. – Christiansen, N. F. – Haave, P. – Petersen, K. (eds.): The Nordic Model of Welfare (Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press):99–143.
Hofstede, G. – Hofstede, G. J. – Minkov, M. (2010): Cultures and Organizations. Software of the Mind. Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival. Third Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Hofstede, G. (2015): Dimension data matrix. 6 dimensions for website 2015 12 08. http://geerthofstede.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/6-dimensions-forwebsite-2015-12-08-0-100.xls. Letöltés dátuma: 2018.01.20.
Høgedahl, L. (2014): The Ghent effect for whom? Mapping the variations of the Ghent effect across different trade unions in Denmark. Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 45, No. 6:469–485. https://doi.org/10.1111/irj.12072
Holmlund, B. – Lundborg, P. (1999): Wage Bargaining, Union Membership, and the Organization of Unemployment Insurance. Labour Economics, Vol. 6, No. 3:397–415. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-5371(99)00010-X
Kjellberg, A. (2006): The Swedish Unemployment Insurance will the Ghent System Survive? Transfer: Quarterly of the European Trade Union Institute for Research, Education, and Health and Safety, Vol. 12, No. 1:87–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/102425890601200109
Kjellberg, A. (2009): The Swedish Ghent system and trade unions under pressure. Transfer – European Review of Labour and Research, Vol. 15, No. 3-4:481–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/10242589090150031601
Kjellberg, A. (2011): The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007. Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1:67–93. https://doi.org/10.19154/njwls.v1i1.2336
Lesch, H. (2004): Trade Union Density in International Comparison. CESifo Forum; München, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Winter 2004):12–18.
LIGA Szakszervezetek (2014): A Ghent-rendszer. Független Szakszervezetek Demokratikus Ligája honlapja. http://www.liganet.hu/page/88/artID/7646/html/a-ghent-rendszer.html. Letöltés dátuma: 2018.01.12.
Lind, J. (2009): The End of the Ghent System as Trade Union Recruitment Machinery? Industrial Relations Journal, Vol. 40, No. 6:510–523. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2338.2009.00543.x
Nagy Viktória (2017): Ghent-rendszer – A megoldás minden szakszervezeti problémára? Új Egyenlőség (2017.11.12.). http://ujegyenloseg.hu/ghentrendszer-a-megoldas-minden-szakszervezeti-problemara/ Letöltés dátuma: 2018.01.20.
Nergaard, K. – Stokke, T. A. (2007): The puzzles of union density in Norway. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, Vol. 13, No. 4:653–670. https://doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300409
Neumann, G. – Pedersen, P. J. – Westergard-Nielsen, N. (1991): Long-run international trends in aggregate unionization. European Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 7, No. 3:249–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/0176-2680(91)90013-S
Olson, M. (1965): The Logic of Collective Action. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Olson, M. (1982/1987): Nemzetek felemelkedése és hanyatlása. Gazdasági növekedés, stagfláció és társadalmi korlátok. Közgazdasági és Jogi Könyvkiadó, Budapest.
Oscarsson, S. (2003): Institutional Explanations of Union Strength: An Assessment. Politics & Society, Vol. 31, No. 4:609–635. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329203256955
Rasmussen, M. B. – Pontusson, J. (2017): Working-Class Strength by Institutional Design? Unionization, Partisan Politics and Unemployment Insurance Systems, 1870-2010. Comparative Political Studies:1–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017710269
Sajtos László – Mitev Ariel (2007): SPSS kutatási és adatelemzési kézikönyv. Alinea Kiadó, Budapest.
Sandler, T. (2015): Collective action: fifty years later. Public Choice, Vol. 164, No. 3-4:195–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-015-0252-0
Schnabel, C. (2002): Determinants of Trade Union Membership. Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Lehrstuhl für Arbeitsmarkt- und Regionalpolitik, Discussion Papers, No. 15.
Schnabel, C. (2013): Union membership and density: Some (not so) stylized facts and challenges. European Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 19, No. 3:255–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680113493373
Scruggs, L. (2002): The Ghent System and Union Membership in Europe, 1970-1996. Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 2:275–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088053
Scruggs, L. – Lange, P. (2002): Where Have All the Members Gone? Globalization, Institutions, and Union Density. The Journal of Politics, Vol. 64, No. 1:126–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.00121
SZEF-ÉSZT Akadémia (2017): Lehet-e a szakszervezet újra társadalmi mozgalom? SZEF-ÉSZT Akadémia. Értékek és érdekek. https://szefakademia.hu/esemenyek/lehet-a-szakszervezet-ujra-tarsadalmi-mozgalom Letöltés dátuma: 2018.01.20.
Vandaele, K. (2006): A Report from the Homeland of the Ghent System: Unemployment and Union Membership in Belgium. Transfer, Vol. 13, No. 4:647–657. https://doi.org/10.1177/102425890601200417
Van Rie, T. – Marx, I. – Horemans, J. (2011): Ghent revisited: Unemployment insurance and union membership in Belgium and the Nordic countries.
European Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 17, No. 2:125–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680111400895
Visser, J. (2016a): ICTWSS Database, version 5.1. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies (AIAS), University of Amsterdam, September 2016, [Online], Open access database at: http://uva-aias.net/en/ictwss, Letöltés dátuma: 2018.01.20.
Visser, J. (2016b): ICTWSS Database Version 5.1 – September 2016 –CODEBOOK, [Online]: https://aias.s3-eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/website/uploads/1475058325774ICTWSS-Codebook_Version-5.1_20160926.pdf, Letöltés dátuma: 2018.01.20.
Williamson, C. R. (2009): Informal institutions rule: institutional arrangements and economic performance. Public Choice, Vol. 39, No. 3-4:371–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-009-9399-x
Worker-participation.eu (2016): National Industrial Relations. Compare countries. http://www.worker-participation.eu/National-Industrial-Relations/Compare-Countries?countries%5B%5D=157&countries%5B%5D=262&countries%5B%5D=357&countries%5B%5D=2638&countries%5B%5D=368&fields%5B%5D=6, Letöltés dátuma: 2018. 02.21.