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Martinus Nijhoff, de literaire vertaler
75-93Views:22Martinus Nijhoff (The Hague 1894–1953), the Dutch poet, playwright, literary translator and essayist is today considered the greatest modern Dutch poet and is probably the best known. Apart from his original work, he is the best-known literary translator of his time, and his approach to language is most vividly expressed in his translations. Translation is not just a sideline activity: he sees it as a rebirth of the poem. In this paper, I will attempt to outline his approach to translation, based on both his translation critiques and his own translations.
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Lege woorden, volle bekers, tevreden gesprekspartners – enkele notities over conversatieroutinen in een gespreksboekje uit de 16de eeuw
7-38Views:31Empty words, full goblets, contented interlocutors – some notes on conversational routines in a colloquy from the 16th century
The article analyzes the three conversations in the 1527 version of Noel van Barlainmont’s Dutch–French Vocabulare with regard to aspects of Dutch (or Flemish) historical pragmatics. The analysis shows: (1) some parallel language structures in both languages that can be seen as likely authentic: (a) a single address pronoun; (b) address terms (kinship terms, especially the today semantically more restrictive “nephew/niece”, and “friend” for a customer), (b) (full and elliptical) greetings with the pattern “God give you [+ tomorrow/day/evening]”, (c) the high frequency of imperatives for directive speech-acts (and the infrequent use of positive, negative, and indirect politeness), (d) the high frequency of imperative for commissive (and commissive-directive) language acts, (e) farewell phrases with the element “God”; (2) noteworthy content structures: (a) “adequate rudeness” in bargaining, (b) lying by a debtor in front of a creditor and a potential bail, (c) the small-talk topic “war and peace” and (d) prolonged leave-taking scenes; (3) Flemish peculiarities (in contrast to French): (a) the more frequent use of “my” before address terms, (b) the pattern “Hoe vaar jij?” after the greeting formula, (c) the connection of “Yes” and “No” with pronouns, (d) Ic danck v, ic bedanck v, grooten danck and, possibly, God segen u as variants of thanking, (e) in addition to te gode, there is also the French borrowing adieu.
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Foutenanalyses volgens globale of fijnmazige categorieën. Wat is de beste methode om spellingvaardigheid en ‒ontwikkeling in kaart te brengen?*: Een onderzoek naar hoe gedetailleerd de categorieverdeling moet zijn om de spellingvaardigheid en ‒ontwikkeling te beschrijven, geïllustreerd aan de hand van medeklinkerverdubbeling.
37-63Views:25What is the best method to map out spelling competence and development? That question will be answered by means of consonant duplication at the primary school in grades 3 to 8 (Dutch system). According to previous research, describing spelling competence on the basis of global category 4.2 (‘inheemse verdubbelingswoorden’) in the Van Dale Basisspellinggids does not give enough information. Spelling development, on the other hand, seems to be described quite well with this global distinction as regardless of the possible differences in development of the ‘inheemse verdubbelingswoorden’, the ‘goedpercentage’ in the 8th grade almost reaches 100%. The more detailed breakdown in subcategories 4.2a, 4.2b, 4.2c and 4.2d show that ‘puddingwords’ (subcategory 4.2c: words ending in -ing, -ig, -lijk, a schwa that is not written as ) and ‘herrie-words’ (subcategory 4.2d: native ‘verdubbelingswoorden’ that look like other categories, but differ from them because they have more than one ‘volle vocaal’) hardly occur in the corpus. The ‘tamme words’ (subcategory 4.2a: words with a suffix which contain a schwa, written as ) and ‘korrel words’ (subcategory 4.2b: words ending in ‒el, -er which are part of the base, no flectional suffixes, schwa written as ) give a valuable description of the spelling competence and development. The detailed 38 Carine Eskes distinction in triplet clusters gives a clear picture and that is mainly because of the limited number of observations made in these categories
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Mapping the Land of Headhunters: János Xántus in Borneo
21-48Views:95This article studies the travel account of János Xántus on Borneo, presenting the island based on his journey made in 1870. The paper examines how Xántus provides both Hungarian scientists and armchair travelers with fascinating descriptions of the island, often switching between different writing styles and using various tropes of travel writing. Borneo is portrayed not only as unfamiliar but also as uncivilized and particularly un-European. While providing accounts of this little-know area, Xántus does not simply involve binaries of Self and the Other but also reveals his views on European colonization and domination in the region, in particular, he contrasts English and Dutch systems of authority and control, favoring the former and criticizing the latter. Besides the discussion of European influence, the paper also deals with Xántus’ portrayal of the Dayak people. At the end of the article, a translation of excerpts from Xántus’ publication is provided, discussing Dayak (headhunting) traditions, the situation of Dayak women, slavery, and local customs.
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De Hongaren en het onderwijs aan de Friese universiteit te Franeker
33-80Views:32After the Fall and Destruction of Heidelberg (September 6, 1622) Protestant Students from Hungary and Transylvania came in a mass to the Northern Netherlands, in order to continue their studies there at the Dutch Universities, especially in Philosophy, Theology and Medicine. So the first group of Hungarian Students arrived at Franeker (in Frisia) at the end of August, 1623. Until the year 1811, as the University was closed, we can detect more than 1.200 Hungarian names in the Franeker Album Studiosorum, a much larger number of Hungarians than everywhere else in the Netherlands. In this article we offer some reasons, why the University at Franeker was such a favourite place for the Hungarians. Moreover we stress the direct interaction between these Students and the Franeker Professors, concerning the topics treated in their Lectures, f.e. in the case of Professor Nicolaus Vedelius (1596-1642), Professor Nicolaus Arnoldus (1618-1680) and especially Professor Johannes Cloppenburg (1592- 1652). Besides the Professors took often care for the publication of many books written by the Hungarians, to be used in the Schools and Colleges in Hungary and Transylvania itself, as f.e. Professor Johannes Coccejus (1603-1669) did, even by publishing his own Hebrew Psalter (1646) for that purpose. In this way the fame and the glory of the University at Franeker became a reality in the Hungarian Protestant World, even after the University was closed. Generally spoken the Hungarian Students took active part in the Lectures and the Disputations. Two of them got a Degree in Philosophy, five became a Doctor of Theology, and at least ten Students got their Degree in Medicine. The general academic circumstances resp. conditions under which the Hungarians had to study at Franeker, it means the rules for ‘Lectio’ and ‘Disputatio’, we sketch out in the final part of this article.
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Hongaars Hulpcomité voor Bedrijfsopleiding
239-250Views:28The Netherlands, like other Western European countries, did its share in accepting the 1956 refugees. However, it is perhaps not generally known that it tried to choose the refugees on basis of its labour market needs. In light of this it preferred to recruit miners or workers suitable for mining from the Austrian refugee camps. The placement and resumption of studies of university students and the secondary students wishing to go on to universities happened quickly and smoothly, owing to the effective organizational work of the Dutch UAF (Universitair Asylfonds). There were not so bright prospects for young workers. Ede Flór, who was helping as an interpreter at the reception of the refugees, quickly noticed that the further education or professional placement of technical and industrial students did not fit into the plans of the higher circles. According to their plans, a good part of the workers would have been employed by the Limburg and Noordoostpolder mines. To avoid this, for the longer-term benefits and better living conditions of the boys, Ede Flór, confronting the political will, set up the The Relief Committee of Hungarian Industrial Apprentices (Hongaars Hulpcomité voor Bedrijfsopleiding). Among his goals were to let the boys give a try in their profession and/or place them to companies where they can learn a vocation. To intercede for these boys at authorities of the host countries to provide them vocational education. The Relief Committee also organized its own bridge, bilingual courses. In addition, it shouldered the interest representation of the workers, the liaisoning with plants employing Hungarians. The Committee considered its own duty to motivate the working youth to study, did not let these often very young teenagers go astray who, in many cases came without their parents to an unknown world. It did not wish to isolate them from the host society but to foster adaptation, success and better progress in the new and chosen homeland - even if it was initially thought to be temporary. Compared to the already existing and the newly formed Hungarian associations in the Netherlands, the Relief Committee served a very different purpose and thus fulfilled a significant role.
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Het dagboek en alba amicorum van Sámuel Cseh-Szombathy
27-46Views:47In this paper I have analysed the itinerary of Sámuel Cseh-Szombathy, a former student
of the Reformed College of Debrecen. After having finished his studies in Göttingen and
Vienna, he started with a journey in 1790 through Southern German cities, the Dutch
Republic, England and finally France. During his journey he wrote an itinerary where he
made a record of his costs and what he as a medical doctor found interesting: hospitals,
madhouses, natural history collections and of course the most important medical
personalities of his time. My main questions are: How unique is this itinerary and how
well does it fit in the Hungarian tradition of itineraries of the Early Modern Time? -
Hoe de Nederlandse juffers met liefde omgingen: De wereld van de gevoelens in Historie van mejuffrouw Sara Burgerhart (1782) van Elisabeth Wolff en Agatha Deken
9-26Views:47Love played an important role in Wolff and Deken’s 18th-century bestseller, The History
of Miss Sara Burgerhart. The attitude to the feelings allowed the reader to get to know the
novel’s characters thoroughly. That how they talked about love and made love helped in
the reconstruction of their character drawing. Sara – the title character of the novel – went
through a development that also changed her conception of love: from the irresponsible
teenager who enjoyed the company of various, sometimes rowdy boys, she gradually
became an ideal wife and mother, with whom the sincere love prevailed. In this
contribution, several models of love in the Sara Burgerhart epistolary novel were
contrasted: the French-tinted, sentimentally colored libertine love game with the calm,
reasoned feelings in the Dutch way. The result of such contradiction is easy to guess. -
Middelbaar eindexamen Nederlands als vreemde taal in Hongarije
75-102Views:25This article considers the examination methods for L2 learners in Hungary. A short history of past and current methods of examination for Dutch learners is covered in order to attest to the evolution in complexity and effectiveness that has taken place over the course of the years. The theoretical, statutory side of L2 examination is briefly taken into account, but the focus is on the practical aspect of L2 examination. The different elements of an ideal exam (reading, listening, writing and speaking proficiency, and correctness) are discussed with attention to detail and with the use of examples.
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Warum eben Holland? Zur Anwendbarkeit theoretischer Ansätze zeitgenössischer niederländischer Gesellschaftswissenschaftler bei der Interpretation des Romans Die Geschichte meiner Frau von Milán Füst
199-221Views:26The present study tries to re-read Milán Füst’s novel with the help of theories of three contemporary Dutch scholars. Mieke Bal’s academic bestseller, The Travelling Concepts helps us to recognize that static notions of masculinity as well as national and gender stereotypes, which are challenged by the novel, have always been changing dynamically. On the basis of Johan Goudsblom’s theories on the relationship between fire and civilization, on time regimes and on the mystery of the origin of the masculine power one can also prove that Füst’s novel keeps on playing with virtues believed to be masculine, such as the self-control and power over the women. And finally, the essays of the socio-psychologist Douwe Draaisma provide explanation for how the autobiographical memory of the narrator-protagonist determines the special narrative structure of the novel, why he is dwelling on superfluous details and why he leaves out years of his life story.
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In het land van de koppensnellers* : De representatie van Borneo in de reisliteratuur van de 19de eeuw
49-67Views:84Borneo was regarded as a terra incognita for the European travelers in the 19th century. Only few of them could reach the island covered with jungle and even fewer of them wrote about their experiences. In the following study, I am trying to find an answer in travelogues written by 19th -century travelers to the question how Bornean natives were seen and presented by Europeans who ended up on the island. In other words, how the Other was represented in these works. I will compare this image of the Other with the representation of the Bornean natives as shown in the diary of a lesser-known Hungarian traveler, Xavér Ferenc Witti.
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Allemaal Gelogen: Feit en fictie in Bougainville (1981) van F. Springer
219-233Views:116In this article I briefly introduce the Dutch diplomat and author Carel Jan Schneider (Batavia 1932-Den Haag 2011) and his literary work. Under his pseudonym F. Springer he published fourteen books: novels and short stories. His work has been translated into French, German, Thai, Danish, Bulgarian, Slovak and Japanese. In 1995 Springer was awarded the prestigious Constantijn Huygens Prize for his complete works of fiction.
In my article I will touch upon the following questions: did Schneider’s profession as a diplomat influence his way of writing and to what extent are fact and fiction interwoven in his work?
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Een postkoloniale spagaat : Een publieke rede in de VN en een geheim telex¬bericht Albert Helman als diplomaat
201-217Views:99Albert Helman, pseudonym of Surinamese Lou Lichtveld (1903-1996), was a prominent writer of the Dutch-Caribbean. Around 1960 he decided to opt for a job as a diplomat at the Netherlands embassy in Washington and the United Nations in New York. Since his native country, Suriname, was still a part of the Netherlands, it could not lead its own foreign policy. Lichtveld advised the government in Suriname, but worked along the lines of the Foreign Department of The Netherlands in The Hague. This position was extremely complicated: we see him struggling with his loyalties when he has to present the Dutch standpoint in the UN in the case of the apartheid-policy in South-Africa.
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Een groot Nederlander: J.P.Ph. Clinge Fledderus (1870-1946)
131-148Views:110This article dives into a part of the life and personal history of J.P.Ph. Clinge Fledderus (1870-1946), consul of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, who played a crucial role in organizing relief for Hungary in the Interbellum and the organization of the possibilities for Hungarian children to recover from the effects of post-war famine and malaise after the First World War by giving them a holiday of some months in the Netherlands. A commemorative marble plaque for him still can be found on the front of the building at the Üllői út 4 in Budapest.
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De tuinman, de geldschieter, de koelie-werver en de mandoer: Vier portretten van László Székely en de Delische Kunstkring
101-117Views:160The Hungarian planter László Székely was active as a painter on Sumatra during the first decennia of the 20th century. In 1923 he painted four portraits of people from the planters’ community: The Mandoer, The Moneylender, The Toekang-kebon and The Koelie recruiter, which appeared in the weekly paper De Zweep. In this article I will give an overview of the cultural life in Deli and place Székely’s work in this context. Furthermore, I will explain the uniqueness of Székely’s portraits, using the theory of the English cultural historian Peter Burke.
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Onze man in Nagasaki: De gefantaseerde diplomatieke dienst van András Jelky in Japan
49-82Views:184The history of András Jelky was published in German in 1779 in Vienna and in Prague. Jelky was employed by the VOC and had sailed to the Dutch East Indies, had had adventures there and built a career. According to the book from 1779, he also worked as an emissary in Japan. In this article I will discuss the topic of the Dutch-Japanese relations in the 16th to 19th century and the potential role of Jelky.
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De drie gezichten van De Ruyter*: Admiraal De Ruyter in de Hongaarse herinnering
205-221Views:92Michiel de Ruyter is a Dutch national hero. He is respected in Hungary as the liberator of the Protestant galley slaves. Since 1895, his name can also be read on the statue behind the Great Church of Debrecen. De Ruyter has appeared in various forms in Hungarian memory during the centuries: either as a fearless soldier, a faithful Christian or as a symbol of reconciliation. His memory keeps changing but his spirit keeps living on in Hungarian memory.
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De spreker als speler
39-54Views:19This contribution discusses three forms of conscious word formation in Dutch that show characteristics of word play: (pseudo) embellished clipping, blending and libfixing. Traditionally, these word formation processes are considered unpredictable and not systematic. Analysis of these processes shows that they are by no means chaotic, but that they follow fixed rules and systematics. According to this research, language play is not unfocused, but follows rules of which the language user is not aware. The forms of language play analyzed here can lead to language changes, which should consequently not be regarded as accidental.
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Een trouwe vriend van Hongarije: Ds. Han Munnik (1884–1969)
37-52Views:85From 1921 on, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands had a study fund, especially for Hungarian students. Until the Second World War, about 40 students studied with funding from that scholarship, neatly distributed between the Free University and the Theological School in Kampen. The chairman of the fund was Prof. F.W. Grosheide (1881–1972) of the Free University, its secretary was Rev. H.A. Munnik (1884–1969), from Zwolle. Both were involved in the fund from 1921 on, Grosheide retired in 1952, Munnik a few years later. Munnik became an honorary member of the Association of Hungarian Pastors and Honorary Professor in Debrecen (1938), Grosheide became Honorary Doctor in Sárospatak (1931), Debrecen (1938), and Budapest (1946). This indicates their significance for the Hungarian ministerial corps and for the contacts between Hungary and the Netherlands in those years.
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De koning op het dievenpad: Karel ende Elegast en Koning Matthias gaat stelen – een vergelijking
127-155Views:74This study examines two stories from the Middle Ages: The Dutch knight novel, Karel ende Elegast and the Hungarian folk tale, Mátyás király lopni megy [King Matthias goes stealing]. In both stories, the king in disguise goes to steal with an accomplice (an experienced thief). As a result, an attack on the king on the next day is prevented. The motif of the king in disguise having to go stealing to uncover a conspiracy against him is a universal fairy tale motif. In different countries and cultures, one can find this wandering motif from Norway to Mongolia. In this study, we want to make a Hungarian contribution to this research.
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Het Nederlandbeeld van de tot de galeien veroordeelde Hongaarse predikanten*
89-120Views:37From already published letters of Hungarian Protestant ministers damned to the Neapolitan galleys by a special law court at Pozsony (Bratislava) in 1675 to prominent Dutch persons, from almost the galleys turns out that they called them, consequently the Netherlands as defenders of the truth belief (fides orthodoxa) who felt solidarity with fellow-Protestants (especially the Reformed ones) abroad, were ready to support them in their struggle to preserve their religious freedom and to assist to build the Church of God everywhere. The article also analyses unpublished works of the Protestant ministers and their supporter at Venice during their slavery and after their liberation by admiral Michiel de Ruyter in 1676. In these documents the same image of the Netherlands can be found but also two more epitatheta ornantia can be observed: they called the members of the States General, respectively the country as the nourishers of the Church and the greatest defenders of the truth of the Gospel.