Keresés

Keresési eredmények

• Az on-line felhasználási folyamat szereplőinek felelősségi kérdéseiről

  Aranyi Péter

  Megtekintések száma:

  26

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Ármeghatározás a római adásvételnél

  Jusztinger János

  Megtekintések száma:

  24

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Az eingetragene Erwerbsgesellschaft (EEG) társasági forma megszűnése Ausztriában

  Szikora Veronika

  Megtekintések száma:

  45

  Nach mehr als zweijähriger Gesetzeswerdung wurde im Herbst 2005 das neue Unternehmensgesetzbuch (UGB) im Parlament beschlossen und damit das bisherige Handelsgesetzbuch reformiert.

  Es gibt nur mehr zwei im Firmenbuch eingetragene Personengesellschaftsformen, und zwar die Offene Gesellschaft (OG; früher OHG) und die Kommanditgesellschaft (KG). Eine OEG oder KEG kann nur mehr bis zum 31.12.2006 gegründet werden. Eine am 1.1.2007 bestehende OEG oder KEG wird automatisch zur OG, KG und muss bis zum 31.12.2009 ihren Rechtsformzusatz im Firmenwortlaut entsprechend abändern. Für eine bestehende OHG sieht das Gesetz keine Anpassung des Firmenwortlautes vor.

  Die Einführung des neuen Unternehmergesetzbuches (UGB) mit Wirkung zum 1.1.2007 bedeutet das „Aus“ für OEG´s und KEG´s. Dies bedeutet, dass bestehende OEG´s und KEG´s bis zum Jänner 2010 den Rechtsformzusatz „OG oder KG“ entsprechend anpassen müssen. Dies geschieht gebührenfrei. Der Zusatz „OHG“ darf weiterhin geführt werden.

  Neu ist, dass die im Unternehmensgesetzbuch geregelten eingetragenen Personengesellschaften zu jedem Zweck gegründet werden können, egal ob gewerblich, freiberuflich, land- und forstwirtschaftlich oder nicht unternehmerisch.

• Irak nemzetközi jogi megítélése a filmeken keresztül

  65-71

  Lukács Nikolett

  Megtekintések száma:

  65

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Nótári Tamás: Tényálláskezelés és szónoki taktika Cicero védőbeszédeiben

  64-66

  Dér Terézia

  Megtekintések száma:

  91

  Absztrakt nélkül

• Végrehajtás vagyonrészre – anomáliák a bírói gyakorlatban

  37-46

  Kiss Tibor

  Megtekintések száma:

  130

  Im ungarischen Recht enhält das Gesetz Nr. LIII von 1994 über die Zwangsvollstreckung
  verschiedene spezielle Regelungen über die Zwangvollstreckung bzw. die Beschlagnahme
  und Verwertung der Geschäftsanteile und Aktien. Neben den Regelungen über die
  Wertpapiere (Aktien) und Geschäftsanteile es gibt detallierte Bestimmungen über die
  Vermögensanteile. Der Begriff von „Vermögensanteil” wurde aber gesetzlich gar nicht
  definiert, so es ist nicht klar, was der Gesetzgeber darunter versteht und was ist der
  Zusammenhang zwischen den Begriffe von Geschäftsanteil, Wertpapiere (Aktien) und
  Vermögensanteil. Es ist auch problematisch, dass der Begriff von „Vermögensanteil” kein
  gesellschaftrechtlicher Begriff ist, so daraus entstehen die grössten Schwierigkeiten in der
  Judikatur. Das Gesetz erwähnt das Wort „Vermögensanteil”nur zweilmal, in verschiedenen
  Örten der Rechtsnorm. Gemäss Paragraph 101, Absart (1) (1) verständigt von der Pfändung
  des dem Schuldner vom Vermögen der Wirtschaftsorganisation zustehenden Vermögensbzw.
  Geschäftsanteils (im Weiteren: Geschäftsanteil) der Gerichtsvollzieher die
  Wirtschaftsorganisation und den Gerichtshof als Handelsregistergericht (im Weiteren:
  Handelsregistergericht) unter Zusendung einer Kopie des Pfändungsprotokolls. Betreffend die
  Vollstreckung des Geschäftsanteile lautet die Rechtsnorm wie folgt: Besitzt der Schuldner
  eine Beteiligung an einer Wirtschaftsgesellschaft ohne Rechtspersönlichkeit, informiert der
  Gerichtsvollzieher den Vollstreckungsgläubiger davon, dass er an Stelle des schuldnerischen
  Gesellschafters das ordentliche Kündigungsrecht ausüben kann. Nachdem der
  Vollstreckungsgläubiger dem Gerichtsvollzieher seine Kündigungserklärung übergeben hat,
  schickt der Gerichtsvollzieher diese an die Wirtschaftsgesellschaft und pfändet gleichzeitig
  die infolge der Auflösung des Gesellschafterverhältnisses bestehende Forderung des
  Schuldners gegen die Gesellschaft (§§ 110 bis 113). (Paragraph 132/A, Absatz (1). Gemäss
  der Regelungen kann festgestellt werden, dass einmal das Vermögen der
  Wirtschaftgesellschaften, ein andermal das Vermögen der Wirtschaftgesellschaften ohne
  Rechtspersönlichkeit den Gegenstand der Regelung bildet. Die Schwierigkeiten der Judikatur entstehen im Zusammenhang mit dem Auslegung des
  Gesetzes betreffend den „Vermögensanteil” der Aktiengesellshaften und GmbH, da in diesen
  Gesellschaften die Aktien und die Geschäftsanteile die Gesellschaftsbeteiligung verkörpern.
  Im Rechtspraxis nimmt der Vollzieher nicht die Aktien oder die Geschäftsanteile in Beschlag,
  sondern den Vermögensanteile. So kann die Vollstreckung ohne Aktien durchgeführt werden.
  Die Vollzieher und die Gerichte verstehen auch die Aktien und Geschäfttsanteile unter
  Vermögenssanteile. Diese Interpretation folgt aber aus der Regelungen des Gesetzes nicht.
  Der Artikel analysiert, warum die Judikatur contra legem Rechtspraxis bildet und stellt
  verschiedene Vorschläge an den Gesetzgeber.

• „Kormányablakok a kirakatban” Az integrált ügyintézési pontok hazai fejlődésének legfontosabb állomásai

  75-83

  Jakab Viktória

  Megtekintések száma:

  118

  The ever-increasing pace of development, experienced in all aspects of life, has become a major factor of our times. Public administration is no exception to this tendency. I have chosen the government windows (and other miscellaneous administrative bodies operating alongside them) established in the past five years as the topic of my study exactly because of this – their development is expected to remain unbroken in the future as well. During my research, I paid special attention to past and current legal changes, aiming to provide a comprehensive view on the establishment, operation, and evolution of the integrated administration points in Hungary. My study also covers the current state and the expected developments of domestic e-Administration solutions. Finally, I also offer some conclusions and recommendations regarding the large-scale deployment of the planned single-window administrative system.

• Reform des Gesellschaftsrechts in Europa

  Szikora Veronika

  Megtekintések száma:

  105

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Jus ad bellum normák a jelenkori fegyveres konfliktusokban

  Szigeti Péter

  Megtekintések száma:

  56

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A helyi önkormányzatok és az Alkotmány a pénzügyi jog aspektusából

  Csűrös Gabriella

  Megtekintések száma:

  64

  In my study I deal with the connection between the local governments and the Constitution in the aspect of Financial Law.

  The local governments’ essential rights have been laid down  in the Constitution in a separate (IX.) chapter. The defence of the local governments is different from the defence of fundamental human rights. The latter has the test of necessity and proportionality. The local governments’ constitutional rights can be restricted until the infringement of its fundamental contents.

  I examined the rights of the local governments connected with the Financial Law, so I was engaged mainly in the financial support of it and the right of property and tax assessment. The Constitutional regulation of the financial support is most unique. The difference is that this paragraph (44/A. § (1) c) is not a rule of competence and jurisdiction however an obligation for the state to guarantee the self income and the proper state support to the local governments. The most important own sources are the taxes, which are necessary to discharge the duties. The authority to issue taxes derives from the Constitution - 70/I. § and 44/A. § (1) d. These paragraphs  prescribes that every natural and legal person must contribute to rates and taxes depend on their income and estate.

  The local governments may issue taxes within the framework of law, but their legislation is wide-ranging within it, for this reason there are a lot of instructive judgements of the Constitutional Court.

• A büntetőjog normalizálódása és az abolíció eszméjének térhódítása Magyarországon: a halálbüntetés szabályozása a ’60-as évek elejétől a ’80-as évek végéig

  Tóth J. Zoltán

  Megtekintések száma:

  80

  The capital punishment was poena ordinaria throughout the history of Hungary. Nevertheless, it was applied most frequently not in the Middle Ages, but in the 20th century. There have never been so many legal executions in our country, than during the World War One and Two, however in lack of reliable statistical data the precise number of the death penalties is not known even in recent years. There were numerous death penalties imposed in the Fifties as well, mainly in the years of retaliation after the Revolution of 1956. Only in 1961 did the situation get back to normal, when implementation of martial law stopped for good and all. In this year the Parliament of the People’s Republic of Hungary passed the Act V of 1961 on the Criminal Code that permitted the infliction of the death penalty for altogether thirty-one criminal offenses (for nine crimes against the state, two crimes against peace and humanity, eight military offenses and twelve common offenses), but this sanction in no cases was qualified as compulsory, the judge had the possibility to impose an imprisonment sentence for 10-15 years in each times. The Criminal Code’s Amendment, the Law Decree No. 28 of 1971 reduced the number of the crimes punishable by death to twenty-six, although a new capital felony, seizure of aircraft, was introduced as well. In 1978 a new Criminal Code, namely the Act IV of 1978, was drafted in which death was also ordered for twenty-six offenses, of them for a new one, Act of Terrorism. Meanwhile the number of the death penalties carried out persistently decreased (in the Sixties there were 129 executions, in the Seventies there were 47 and in the Nineties there were 32). However, the process of the abolition actually started only in 1983 when a conference was organized by the Hungarian Lawyers Alliance to discuss the future of the capital punishment in the Hungarian criminal law. Nevertheless, the Hungarian abolitionist movement gained strength in deed when the League Against Capital Punishment was formed in 1989. In the subsequent year the League asked the newly established Hungarian Constitutional Court to declare the death penalty unconstitutional on the ground that it was contrary to the right to life protected by Article 54 of the Hungarian Constitution. Eventually this happened in 1990 by Constitutional Court Decision No. 23-AB of 31 October 1990. From this time the practice of capital punishment is irrevocably forbidden in Hungary.

• Merre tovább európai büntetőjog?

  Pápai-Tarr Ágnes

  Megtekintések száma:

  52

  Depuis l’entrée en vigeur du traité d’Amsterdam, la Cour de justice des Communautés européennes a de plus amples compétences dans le Titre VI du traité sur l’Union (3e pilier) consacré á la coopération policière et judiciaire pénale. Á partir de ce moment on peut rencontrer plusieurs arrêts concernant le droit pénal. L’affaire Procédure pénale contre Maria Puppino joue un rôle essentiel parmi ces arrêts. C’était la première fois que la Cour de Justice des Communautés européennes a été saisie d’une question préjudicielle sur l’interprétation d’une décision-cadre adoptée dans le cadre du troisième pilier.

  Dans cet arrêt la Cour souligne l’extention de l’obligation d’interpretation conformément á la décision cadre même si le résultat est contraire aux lois pénales ou procédure pénale internes. Quelques temps après «La Cour de Luxembourg limite la souveraineté des États en matière pénale» -écrivait-on dès le 15 septembre 2005 dans un grand quotidien. Les revues juridiques en droit pénal ont adopté le même ton: «La Cour de justice des Communautés européennes limite la souvaireneté des États en matière pénale.»

  La Cour de Justice a déclaré que la protection de l’environnement constituait un des objectifs essentiels de la Communauté, c’est pourquoi la Communauté a la compétence pour rendre des décisions visant au rapprochement des sanctions des états membres dans ce domain.

  De nos jours la question du droit pénal européen est de plus en plus actuelle, malgré cette substancielle européanisation, de nombreux pénalistes et les états membres défendent plus que jamais les particularités nationales.

  La présente contribution montre brièvement l’histoire du troisième pilier concernant la coopération policière et judiciaire. Puis j’analyse en détail ces deux arrêts mentionnés ci-dessus qui présentent la situation actuelle du droit pénal dans l’espace de l’Union européen.  En suivant les arrêts de la Cour de Justice on peut constater une forte européanisation dans ce domaine mais en même temps on peut voir une certaine «bataille» de compétence entre les institutions européennes notamment entre la Comission et le Parlement contre le Conseil. La Comission veut obtenir de plus en  plus de compétence. En ce qui concerne les états membres, les participants dans le procès préjudiciel combattent contre la Comission et accentuent qu’il faut que le troisième pilier reste dans le cadre de coopération intergouvernementale et ils ne veulent pas renoncer á leurs souvairenités et leurs spécialités dans le domaine pénal. On peut dire qu’il y a deux champs de bataille dans le droit pénal européen, d’une part entre les institutions européennes, d’autre part entre les états membres et l’Union.   

  Dans la «bataille» c’est la Cour qui essaie de résoudre ce problème, donnant de plus en plus de droit á la Comission, renforcant les élements communautaires dans le troisième pilier. Malgré les protestations des États membres, la Cour limite leurs souveraineté en matière pénale. La communautarisation de droit pénal a déja commencé mais il reste beacoup de questions ouvertes. Dans mon article, j’ai posé ces questions et j’ai essayé de trouver les réponses possibles présentant les arguments des differentes parties.   

• Fogyasztói alapjogok a hatályos magyar jogi szabályozás és az európai uniós fejlődési tendenciák tükrében

  Hajnal Zsolt

  Megtekintések száma:

  72

  Absztrak nélkül.

• A szociális jogok alkotmányjogi megközelítése a hazai és nemzetközi környezetben

  12-22

  Rab Henriett

  Megtekintések száma:

  33

  The aim of the study is to demonstrate how many different legal approaches are there to the judgment of social rights. This varied approach lets us view the subject in several different perspectives, shading the evolving first impression.

  During my disquisition I analyzed how effective are the tools protecting social rights, that can help us to understand and accept the legal practice of the Hungarian Constitutional Court. Doing this by not only approaching the question through legal theory, but also aiming to synthesize it with economic reasoning through a legal filter.

  This complex approach creates the opportunity for a new platform of analysis when examining individually each social right.

• The New Hungarian Constitution (Basic Law) of 2011 and Environmental Protection

  36-38

  Julesz Máté

  Megtekintések száma:

  60

  Without abstract

• Az előzetes letartóztatás helyettesítésére szolgáló jogintézmények

  41-54

  Kovács Zsuzsa Gyöngyvér

  Megtekintések száma:

  40

  Absztrakt nélkül

• A nyilvánosság elvének érvényesülése a büntetőeljárásban

  76-92

  Varga Petra

  Megtekintések száma:

  69

  Publicity, as a key principle of the criminal procedures, has been one of the major topics of the criminal procedure reform-movements since the 18th century. Publicity is a safeguard which guarantees the indepence and impartiality of the court and it is also a significant instrument of social control. In the Hungarian legal system, regulations concerning publicity are located on multiple levels, which means they are not integrated. This kind of disintegrationen dangers the legal certainty. This study introduces the legal practice of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) concerning publicity and also detail show this principle appears in the constitutions of various European countries. Furthermore it examines the relevant legislations in force and the new Criminal Procedure Statute, which will come into force on 1st of July, 2018. Finally, the study mentions some de lege ferenda recommendations, in order to support the future legal-developing actions

• A vétőképtelen személy károkozásáért való felelősség

  92-101

  Varga Nelli

  Megtekintések száma:

  173

  The new Hungarian Civil Code also modernizes the non-contractual liability law in several aspects. Even if the so-called general clause of non-contractual liability reamains unchanged, its contstitutive elements are regulated in detail in the new Civil Code. The new Code also introduces some new provisions with regard to liability for dameges caused by a person of lack of discretionary power. The objektive of this survey is to present these changes and to examine its possible impacts on judicial practice.

• Hugo Grotius újraolvasva, avagy a „Nemzetközi jog atyja” gondolatai a XXI. század elejének nemzetközi jogában

  Szemesi Sándor

  Megtekintések száma:

  68

  There are several theories when the birth date of international law was. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) was the first who systematized these specific rules and raised it to a scientific level. In this essay I examine how Grotius thought about important institutions of international law and what kind of impact these considerations have to our modern age.

  War cannot be seen only as an unlawful act, because most of the original human instincts can be recognized in fighting to each other. This point of view proclaims that international law does not denounce war generally. Existence of international law is important to determine the rules of warfare. To suit to the criterions of lawful war, a war should perform two requirements: opposite parties have to be main authorities in their state and both of them have to keep special formal rules during their fight. Main supremacy means that this power is absolute in its territory, so there are no other relevant human factors to limit it. In our age we have to mention that this criterion is no longer applicable without reservation, because the attack against USA on 11th September 2001 demonstrated that not only states can fight to each other.

  Grotius gives importance to the reasons of war too. Three reasons exist: defence, regain possession and punishment. Defence means self-defence, which is a right for everybody to protect himself against unlawful injuries, but this solution has to be the last one. Self-defence can be applicable only if it is necessary, sudden and proportional. After the attack against USA a question was born: is it possible to protect before the real attack, when the enemy is in the period of planning an injury. This preventive self-defence is supported by USA, but UN appreciates the right to self-defence only if there is an armed attack against the state. According to Grotius reasons of war can be pretexts or real reasons. Fear of uncertainty can be a pretext for example, because it is not the most proportional instrument to avoid conflict.

  Grotius examines not only ius ad bellum but ius in bellum, rights during a war. These regulations are formal obligations, which give frame to the lawful war and show direction to the opposite parties. Grotius says that there are regulations strictly from the law of nature. A great example is that every instrument can be applicable if it is necessary to reach the major aim of war. It is obvious that today this sentence is intolerable, because technical revolution created such weapons that have power to destroy a whole country suddenly. That is why certain prohibited weapons and methods of warfare exist in international treaties. Grotius deals with the problem of traitors, who support the enemy. There is a slight distinction between the nature of dispatched goods. If these goods can be used for fighting, i.e. weapons, traders are enemies too. If these goods are luxury ones, no traitors can be found. The third situation is more problematic, because if these goods can be used in and outside a war too, the exact situation has to examine to judge the intention of the party.

  Groitus has interesting thoughts about prisoners. All prisoners and their descendants become slaves. It means the enemy can do anything against prisoners. By now we have certain rules how to treat with prisoners and it is a general regulation that torture and murder against prisoners is strictly prohibited.

  An interesting question is in connection with the law of contracts. Hostages and pledge can be typical securities to strengthen a contract. Grotius says that killing a hostage can be lawful, but inner morals order that killing is lawful only if hostage is culpable too.

  Grotius deals with the question of ministers, arranging debates. Looking through this huge work of Grotius we can say statement that he is the father of international law is not without basic and well structured reasons. Before the birth of his book, there were only rules and commentaries for national laws. Grotius extended them to a larger perspective, up to an international level.

• Az elállás dogmatikai kérdései egyes nemzeti jogokban és a közösségi irányelvekben

  Csöndes Mónika

  Megtekintések száma:

  28

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• Peter Goodrich és a Satirical Legal Studies

  Bereznay Gábor

  Megtekintések száma:

  40

  Satirical Legal Studies is a study by Peter Goodrich, written in 2005. It was published in Michigan Law Review. I wrote my essay with the purpose of analyzing the main points of this study because – as I know – it has not been translated or published in Hungarian yet.

  Goodrich gives a comprehensive analysis of the history of the satirical genres, making comparisons, revealing the most important characteristics of these kind of writings. It is the function that distinguishes simple humour from satire and especially legal satire. Satire uses humour as a tool for pointing out to relevant legal matters that need to be changed, so it can easily be admitted that the purpose of satire is reform itself. It means also that the satirical tendencies in jurisprudence have always become stronger in times of need for reforms but we can state that independent of this satire has (more or less) always been present throughout the history of jurisprudence.  

  Satire has classical, antique traditions that show us the connections between satire and politics or literature. The literary vein of satire or legal satire is less radical than the other one which is in close connection with politics. The latter, more radical form is called Menippean satire and the style of it has always been a certain call for reforms, it always represented a certain social urge to change some relevant legal matters.

  The study deals with the problems of metaphysical nonsenses in the territory of law, such as for example law would be God made, or it could be unchangeable. Satirical Legal Studies clearly states that these are all contradictional nonsenses. Besides this Satirical Legal Studies has always represented and fought against the social injustice and the injustice of legal institutions.

  These main points guide us to the figure of the Bad Man, whom the author, Goodrich features as the immunological power of the society revealing all the serious social affairs waiting for an answer. Taking all these facts into consideration the Bad Man is not a tool for the idea of Bad, what’s more: he is or can be the cure for a society’s illness if the legal system does not ignore him and his voice at all because his decadence is only the decadence of the certain time and place that he is a part of. The role of satire is to face the legal system with the pure reality and needs in order to become adequately reactive.  

• Least Developed Countries and the Generalised System of Preferences scheme from 2006 to 2015

  Soltész Kinga

  Megtekintések száma:

  38

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A mezőgazdasági őstermelők speciális jövedelemadózási és társadalombiztosítási kötelezettségei

  Szilágyi Bernadett

  Megtekintések száma:

  36

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• The surreptitious advertisement

  41-46

  Pribula László

  Megtekintések száma:

  63

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A szoftverek jogi helyzete az Európai Unióban

  181-201

  Farkas Henrietta Regina

  Megtekintések száma:

  102

  Absztrakt nélkül