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„…pusztítsd el Úristen az mi vétkeinket az Te örökségedre, hogy itt az helyen, az Te nevedet hálaadással tisztelhessük és dicsérhessünk mindörökké…” – Forrásválogatás a debreceni magisztrátusi jegyzőkönyvek kivonataiból 1551–1685
35-58Views:1The text corpus collects the reformation related protocol records of Debrecen’s magistrate from the time between 1551 and 1685. The exact start date of the reformation in Debrecen is unknown, however, it certainly took its roots during the times of reformer Márton Kálmáncsehi Sánta in the 1550’s. Péter Méliusz Juhász had the most important role in the consolidation of the reformed religion. His work was supported by the rapidly spreading printing press and the reformed school, which served the propagation of Calvinism even more vividly. The organizational and doctrinal establishment of the reformed church ended by the Reformed Constitutional Synod in 1567 in Debrecen, where the Second Helvetic Confession was adopted. From this time on, Debrecen has become the main hub of Hungarian Calvinism. The change in the life of the city came when Debrecen acquired the free royal city status. The prerequisite of this was the admission of Catholics to the completely Hungarian, reformed city population. As a reply to the actions of the government and the church, the inhabitants of Debrecen responded with forceful adherence to the traditions of the civic city – which is also referred to as „Debreceniség”. The herein published sources show the most importantmoments of this process, and we can get an insight into the everyday life of Debrecen’s inhabitants. -
A debreceni lakatos céh inasságának származási hely szerinti összetétele
24-58Views:1In my study, I examine the distribution by places of origin of the locksmith apprentices joining the guild in Debrecen at the end of the 18th and during the 19th century. The basis of the analysis was the register of the locksmith guild of Debrecen as included in the Hajdú-Bihar County Archives of the Hungarian National Archives, which also contains the contract entries of the apprentices. I have been able to identify the place of origin of nearly 1,100 apprentices between 1780 and 1884, so I have been able to include 92% of the apprentices recorded by the scrivener. Apprentices arrived to Debrecen from 143 settlements, mostly from the villages and market towns of Bihar County. To find out more about the multiplicity of origin composition, I searched for answersto the following questions: Could the rural masters belonging to the Debrecen guild hire apprentices?; Which counties did the apprentices arrive to Debrecen and in what amounts?; Did more apprentices come from rural towns or villages?; Does the agglomeration designated by the places of origin of the apprenticescover the 19th-century market area of Debrecen? -
Miről mesélnek a levéltári források? – A Magyar Agrártudományi Egyetem Mezőgazdaságtudományi Kara Debreceni Osztályának története (1945–1949)
5-23Views:1At the end of 1944, Debrecen became the capital of the country for the second time. The Provisional National Assembly was summoned here, and it established the Provisional National Government. The Provisional National Government's Regulation No. 8740/1945 M.E decided to set up the Hungarian Agricultural University. The university was established in Budapest with four faculties. One of the provincial departments of the Faculty of Agriculture opened in Debrecen on 1 October 1945. The Department of Debrecen faced great difficulties due to serious damages in the appliances as a result of the war. The department was in a constant financial deficit over the four years of its existence. Next to the farm, an experimental field, a horticulture, a poultry farm, an apiary, and a silkworm colony operated. The number of students registered in the department usually ranged from 160 to 260 people. In the Department of Debrecen, The North of Tiszántúl Agricultural Science Research Community was formed with five groups in March, 1949. The Minister of Agriculture terminated the operation of the departments in Debrecen, Keszthely and Mosonmagyaróvár at 12 o'clock on 17 March 1949. This measure was explained by the fact that the countryside departments had a relatively small number of students, therefore, supporting the operation of the high-cost departments was not economical. After a long time, the agricultural training terminated in Debrecen. -
A Debreceni Nyomda 1847. évi kiváltságlevele
73-83Views:1Since its founding in 1561, the City Press has been enhancing the reputation of Debrecen. It used to be managed by the city council, the rulers did not interfere in its affairs until 1835. At that time, the Governor's Council forcefully demanded that it present their royal patent. However, the Debrecen Press - similarly to the other printing houses in Hungary - did not have a separate patent. Nevertheless, in order to suppress civil aspirations, the government wanted to abolish printing presses that operated without a royal permission. The city fathers of Debrecen argued in vain that Leopold I confirmed the use of the printing press when he elevated Debrecen to the rank of free royal city, King Ferdinand rejected their request. There was no other solution, the issue of the privilege letter had to be requested. The charter of the Debrecen Book Printing Institute was announced on August 12, 1847. Due to the amount paid for it, the printing house closed that year with a significant loss. The present study not only follows the struggle to obtain the privilege letter, but also provides relevant archival resources, including the correspondence of the Debrecen City Council and the Council of Governors between 1835 and 1847. -
Horthy Miklós és Debrecen: a kormányzó debreceni diákságának története és látogatásai kormányzósága idején
13-39Views:1In my study, which has been written on the basis of books, archival sources and periodicals, you can read about Miklós Horthy’s visits to and his student years in Debrecen. During my research, Miklós Horthy’s childhood residence was discovered, which was located at today’s 8 Péterfia Street. He finished classes 3 and 4 as a fared student of the Debrecen College between 1876 and 1878 and then his father sent him to continue his studies in Sopron. He returned to the Civis city only as governor: first – as part of his country tour – on April 14, 1920, he visited the city “liberated” by the National Army. Next, on November 6, 1924, he travelled to Debrecen for the opening ceremony of the children’s clinic, then on October 17, 1926, to lay the foundation stone of the site for the medical college clinic, and to unveil the statue of István Tisza. The next date is June 3, 1927, when he arrived here for the laying of the foundation stone of the Tisza István University, and on the 10th of June, 1928, for the riding days organized by the Chamber of Agriculture of the Tiszántúl Region and for the inauguration of 80 soldiers. And lastly, on July 1, 1929, he came here to watch the 22nd National Song Contest. The contemporary press and the Telegraph Office only record the occasions described above as Miklós Horthy's official visits to Debrecen, but he might have returned to our town several times until October 15, 1944, as the governor also visited other villages and towns in Hajdú and Bihar counties. Finally, I present the Baltazár mansion in Bodaszőlő, which Miklós Horthy visited several times outside the officially registered days. -
Háromszéki Szotyori Nagy család debreceni ága
24-48Views:2Only a few people know the activities of the Szotyori Nagy family, most people only remember that there used to be a Szotyori settlement in Debrecen (today it is part of the Hatvan Street garden). The oldest member of the family from Transylvania, who arrived to Debrecen, was the first cantor organist of the Great Church of Debrecen, and the first organ of the Great Church was inaugurated with his help. His elder son took over his father’s job as a cantor organist of the Great Church. Besides that, he also taught at the Reformed College in Debrecen and composed music. He also learned organ building during his study trips abroad, so he was asked to be an expert in building several church organs in the country. The city’s first music conservatory was also named after him. The members of the family even included a renowned doctor of the city of Debrecen, an inventor, a notary public, a composer, a Catholic priest, an organist and a music teacher. Several family members wrote and edited music publications. The graves of several deceased family members can still be found in the Public Cemetery, and the descendants of one branch of the family still live in Debrecen. -
Adalékok a Debreceni Egyetem Tanácsköztársaság és román megszállás alatti történetéhez
79-92Views:1When the Royal couple visited Debrecen on 23 October 1918 to attend the inauguration of the University “Clinic” site, nobody could have predicted that upcoming events would soon shatter the state order of Hungary and fundamentally determine the country’s fate. The town received the news of the monarch appointing Mihály Károlyi as head of government on 30 October. Citizens of Debrecen gathered in front of the Town Hall and demanded the display of the national flag. Soldiers pinned cockades in the national colours in place of their cap badges. The National Council of Debrecen was formed and joined the Hungarian National Council on 1 November. When the Republic of Councils was declared on 21 March 1919 in Budapest, the Directorate was also formed in Debrecen. However, the “glory days” of the Republic of Councils did not last long here, as
Romanian forces occupied the town only a month later on 23 April 1919. When the Romanian occupiers left on 11 March 1920, they left a ransacked and impoverished town in their wake. The University of Debrecen had three faculties in those days, namely the Faculties of Reformed Theology, Law and Liberal Arts. The Faculty of Medicine was under organisation. In October 1919, Béla Sz. Kun, dean of the Faculty of Law initiated an investigation into the conduct of every lecturer and employee of the University during the time of the Republic of Councils. The investigation was later extended to include the period of the Romanian occupation. This study set out to review the public disciplinary proceedings against lecturers non-exhaustively, mainly on the basis of sources in the archives. The author demonstrates through the examples of a number of disciplinary procedures how retaliations happened in the Horthy-period. -
A Bihar vármegyéből származó debreceni polgárok beköltözési év, lakóhely és foglalkozás szerinti megoszlása (1733–1867)
5-22Views:1In 1715, Debrecen was awarded with the free royal city title, the local citizenship was appreciated. Not surprisingly, the bourgeoise recruited primarily locally. However, numerous inmoving were successfully integrated and even became citizens. The Matricula Civium is the best resource to analyze the inmoving and naturalized inhabitants between 1733 and 1867. According to the available data, most of the settlers came from the Northern-Tiszántúl region. Among the counties from which most people moved, Bihar possessed the first place: 423 Biharian won civil rights, that is, Bihar was a stable base of the recruitment of Debrecen’s inhabitants. The majority of settlers had practiced some form of industry: Debrecen meant a suction force on the craftsmen of surrounding settlements, thereby strengthening its market position, and, at the same time, weakening the smaller settlements. Although individual motivational factors can also be revealed, it were basically the reformed, industrialist people of Hungarian ethnicity, living in the agglomeration, who ensured the replenishment of Debrecen’s population from the Bihar area. -
Az 1918–1919. évi influenza–(spanyolnátha-)járvány Debrecenben
23-40Views:1In 1918, the last year of the First World War, the Spanish flu epidemic, which spread worldwide and claimed the life of millions, reached the city of Debrecen. Based on the contemporary local newspapers, Debreczeni Ujság (News of Debreczen) and Debreczeni Független Újság (Intependent News of Debreczen), as well as Mayor and Chief Medical Officer reports, it is possible to outline how the city tackled the disease, what defense strategies were applied and how effective they were. In addition, the death registers reveal which social strata were most afflicted by the disease. In the study, I present the (primarily) press-based story of the Spanish flu pandemic in Debrecen on the one hand, and on the other hand, I use the quantitative methods to link up the statistics on victims. Based on all these, the question can be answered: How serious was the 1918 flu epidemic in Debrecen? -
Vallási sérelmek Debrecenben a 18. században
5-17Views:1Debrecen got first into conflict with the leaders of the Catholic Church after gaining the Free Royal City title (1693). During the parliament of 1712–1715, both the legate of the chapter of Várad and Imre Csáky, the Bishop of Várad considered the possibility of the moving in of the Catholics and the building and running a Catholic church and school as the prerequisite of winning the title of Free Royal City. Based on the effective assistance provided by bishop Imre Csáky, the building of the church and the management of the school was taken over by Piarists. The Catholic church was built by 1746, and was sanctified by bishop Miklós Csáky. As the monarch, Maria Theresa caused harm to the Reformed population in several fields. She banned the financial aid of the Reformed Church, the press, and the College, she limited, and during the Seven Years’ War, banned the students from attending foreign universities which she also connected to the possession of a passport. Although only 3,4% of the city’s population comprised Catholics, by 1776 she achieved that half of the 12-member council be appointed without election as Catholic members of the council. Besides appointing the Chief Justice (the only remaining right of whom was jurisdiction), she ordered the election of the mayor responsible for finance and administration, and one of these two leaders had to be Catholic. During the reign of Joseph II, favourable opportunities opened for the representation of Protestant interests based on the tolerance regulation, and this tendency continued with the publication of the 26th law Article of 1791. During the parliamentary sessions, the Calvinists of Debrecen and its neighbourhood played a serious role in the law debate. The above situation demonstrates that by the end of the century, the problems and grievances of the inhabitants of Debrecen became important ingredients of the country-wide conflicts of Calvinists and Lutherans. -
Nők Debrecen magisztrátusi jegyzőkönyveiben (1697–1705)
23-38Views:1In my study, I examine the representation of girls and women in the magistrate reports of Debrecen between 1697 and 1705. These are very exciting resources, which allow a glimpse into the contemporary everyday life of Debrecen. First, I present women's role in various lawsuits, for instance, what they were accused of in most cases, or what they litigated for. Next, I summarize how we can can meet them as a merchant, a customer of bookings, or in some other form, in the entries relating to property sales. Finally, I present some examples on how these appear in particular council and guild provisions. -
Bihari, Debrecen környéki és érmelléki lelkészek társadalmi jellemzői 1942-ben
39-51Views:1The areas Hungary gained back from Czechoslovakia and Romania between 1938 and 1940 considerably expanded the formerly split Reformed Church District of Tiszántúl. This justified the enumeration of the parishes and pastors, which was ordered by the 6712/1941 episcopal circular. By the examination of the source material made available thereby, I undertake to process the autobiographies – mostly from 1942 – of pastors from Debrecen’s neighbourhood, Érmellék, and the dioceses of Bihar from a social historical point of view. I draw conclusions for the history of the ecclesiastical society based on the analysis of altogether 114 autobiographies from the 3 studied dioceses. In the first analytical unit of the study, I examine the age and place of birth of the pastors. Next, starting out from the professions of the fathers, I study which layer of society the pastors might have had come from. In the last section of the study, I analyse the educational areas of the pastors writing the autobiographies. -
A Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Hajdú-Bihar Megyei Levéltára
35-51Views:1The State Archives of Debrecen – the predecessor of the National Archives of
Hungary's Hajdú-Bihar County Archives – was established in 1952 by the integration of
the three municipality's archives: Debrecen city, Bihar and Hajdú counties. In 1968,
after a 17-year-old state history, the archives were returned to the counties, and after
that, the State Archives of Debrecen has functioned as the Hajdu-Bihar County
Archives. In 1981, a branch archive was established in Hajdúböszörmény where the
Hajdú district's documents were returned to. In effect from 1st January 2012, the
Archives returned to state maintenance, and the National Archives of Hungary was created on 1st October of the same year. Thereby, the institutional autonomy of the
county archives ceased, but the contents of public service provision have not changed.
The documentary materials of the Archives allow an insight to the history of
Debrecen city and the former counties of Hajdú and Bihar since 1950, Hajdú-Bihar
county and its settlements.
The Archives maintains a research service at three places. The researchers have the
opportunity to get photo- and digital copies, or to take photos of the documents.
The Archives, operating also as a scientific institution since 1969, takes care of
several series besides the special publications; and since 1973, it organizes the Archives
Day of Hajdú-Bihar County Archives, as well as numerous conferences and smaller
events associated with the institute. Within and outside the borderlines of the county,
the Archives regularly appears with travelling- and temporary exhibitions. -
Adalékok a nagyváradi színjátszás dualizmuskori történetéhez. Két eltérő színi évad a nagyváradi színkörben: 1877 – Kolozsvár, 1878 – Debrecen összehasonlító elemzése a korabeli sajtódokumentumok fényében
71-82Views:1In my study, I aim to provide additions to the history of acting in the era of Dualism. I contrastively examine two summer acting seasons before the stone theatre of Oradea was built, mainly emphasizing the exploration of press documents. The literature of theatrical history only touched the two seasons I study. Therefore, the articles of the local press of the time that were of smaller scale, and provided a micro perspective, put into a new philological and historical perspective the migration movements of acting in Oradea in this period of a couple of decades. From a philological and literature-sociological point of view, I have processed all the articles, news, advertisements and other pieces of information from the two local newspapers, the political and economic Oradea, and the political Freedom dailies from the period between May 1877 and September 1878. During my work, I also used the Theatrical Pocketbook documenting the season of ClujNapoca, as well as the Acting Pocketbook of 1877 from Oradea, which remained in the local archives. Unfortunately, no other theatrical resource remained in Oradea from the 1870s and 1880s. I have experienced that the newspaper articles of the time are authentic documents, as they correspond about the life, theatre events, forming public taste, and opinions of theatre critics of the period. The articles, as micro-resources, provide an insight into the logic and expectations of the local audience. Analysing the gazette resources shed light on certain new correlations. During my research, I came to the conclusion that the Theatre of Cluj-Napoca continued classical acting and represented this as the oldest troupe of Transylvania during their tours. Similarly, to the travelling troupe of Debrecen, this was a guild of actors and actresses from several locations, led by one common goal: the successful guest appearances. During consecutive years in Oradea that had already been on the track of turning into a bourgeois settlement, of the two different troupes, the Debrecen-Oradea troupe accommodated more successfully to the circumstances and audience of the city than the Cluj-Napoca troupe. Perhaps this was the reason why Béla Mándoky’s troupe was called back in 1879, as well as 1880 to the city. -
A debreceni Hatvan és Cegléd utcák eredetének nyomában
5-25Views:1This study aims to investigate the historical origins of two public spaces in Debrecen, namely Hatvan and Cegléd Streets. During the Middle Ages, segments of roads leading away from settlements were often named after places impacted by the given route that functioned as crossings or transportation hubs. In the case of Debrecen, this pattern can be observed in the context of Várad Street. However, regarding the names of Hatvan and Cegléd Streets, the currently accepted theories reject the origin associated with place names. For Hatvan Street, a numerical name reference is noted, while for Cegléd Street, an etymology linked to a plant name is generally accepted. The study reviews relevant sources and literature that question the historical validity of currently widespread explanations and at the same time, suggests the acceptance of place name origins for both public spaces. -
Műhelytitkok a debreceni Vidoni Szalámigyárban
5-22Views:1The owners of Debrecen’s largest salami factory arrived to the city from the Italian Friuli, and brought with themselves from there not only the methods of making salami, but also the salami makers working in their factory. The workshop secrets of Vidoni lay exactly in these: procedure and craftsmanship. However, we should not forget about the local facilities that made production possible. The data, memoirs and interviews recorded in the era reveal the everyday life of the factory, the suppliers, and pastoral pig slaughters, all of which reflect the relationship between the factory and the countryside. Besides this, they provide information that other types of resources cannot provide. The aim of the study is then to present the factory from a new perspective, focusing on itseveryday life and the production process of the famous Vidoni salami. -
Metamorfózis: a debreceni cívis fogalmának tartalmi evolúciója
87-99Views:1The notion of the ’Cívis’ is, for most people, some gossiped, unique Debrecen specialty. In fact, only a few think its real meaning, its origin, its local uniqueness over, and what changes this expression has gone through over history. This article tries to analyse this issue in a comprehensive manner, so that we can gain insight into who we really call a ’Cívis from Debrecen’ nowadays. -
Katonák Debrecenben: terhek, konfliktusok, bűnesetek a 17-18. század fordulóján
39-51Views:1In the first part of my paper I write briefly about the burdens that afflicted Debrecen during the recapture wars and Rákóczi’s War of Independence. In the further sections of the study, I examine the crimes perpetrators or victims of which were some kind of soldiers (e.g. quartered German soldiers, Kuruces). I used the city magistrates’ and criminal tribunal protocols between 1697 and 1705 as source material, which contain a lot of useful information about how the civil population of the city kept contact with the various soldiers. -
„Perellyenek az ördögök vélle!” – Mocskolódás, rágalmazás, becsületsértés Debrecenben 1693 és 1703 között
21-34Views:0In my study, I examine litigations in the city of Debrecen on insults and slanders basedon magistrate and courthouse minutes between 1693 and 1703. First, I present the various insults and abuses based on examples, then the slanders and false accusations. The libel was considered a delicta privata act, that is, it was a private crime, and it was taken very seriously in the era, as in many cases, the subsistence of the contemporary citizens depended on their reputation. -
A református Debrecen hétköznapjai (1693–1715)
45-56Views:1In my study, primarily based on the city’s magistrate reports, I aim to present how the administrative body of the city guarded the population in Debrecen around the turn of the 17th–18th centuries, being careful to be living a moral life that God likes. I include, but do not limit to the following in my enumeration: what tools they had and what penalty those faced that left the path considered right. I emphasize instances from the same sources that explain how belief and religion was present in people’s everyday life. In the introduction, I recall what role the city’s former preacher, Péter Méliusz Juhász played int he establishment of the moral rigor. -
„Domus senatoria”, avagy városvezetés Debrecenben 1361-től 1693-ig
5-38Views:1This study consists of two parts: the first part summarizes the development and operation of the city leadership in the period between the acquisition of the borough title (1361) and the free royal city status (1693). Based on the charters given to the city, it shows how Debrecen developed a high degree autonomy by the end of the 17th century. The second part presents the foundation of the ancient town hall, the „domus senatoria” consisting of several civic houses where the magistrate directed the city life with absolute power. Both parts of the study were written based on original archival data. -
Visszapillantás a Római Katolikus Egyházmegyei Levéltár és Könyvtár első húsz évére
39-53Views:1In 1993, Pope John Paul II in his decree starting with Hungarorum gens regularized the borders of the Hungarian Roman Catholic dioceses, and established the Debrecen-Nyíregyháza Episcopate including Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg and Hajdú-Bihar counties as a new diocese (besides that of Kaposvar). The memorandum of association of the Diocesan Archives was signed by Nándor Bosák diocesan on 30th December 1995. The collection including the archives and library was formed to save the book and document materials of the priestless parishes of the diocese (and the filias belonging to them). The registration as public private archives took place in 1997. Since the autumn of 2001, it operates with regular opening hours. The section-level settlement of the documents of the 38 handled parishes was completed in 2013, its fondlist was finished by the spring of 2014. In 2015, the institution moved to a separate building at 17 Varga str. Researchers are also offered an expanding themed, singificantly increasing amount of manual library to choose from. Its first publication: Katolikusok Debrecenben (Catholics in Debrecen) 1715-2015 was released in 2015. -
A Méliusz Juhász Péter Könyvtár Helytörténeti Gyűjtemény és Fotótára
41-60Views:1The Méliusz Juhász Péter Library was created by the incorporation of the Debrecen City Library and the Méliusz Juhász Péter County Library in 2013, although it has already been performing local history activities via its legal predecessors for more than sixty years. The Local History- and Photo Collection, operating inside the new building, serves the research needs related to settlements of Bihar county and Hajdú-Bihar county. It collects and processes the county- and settlement monographs, local history bibliographies, volume studies, yearbooks, maps, newspapers, photographs, small prints. It performs local knowledge media monitoring, and builds electronic database from its material. The library organizes local-related exhibitions, book presentations, local history lectures and gives opportunities for local history researchers to present their research. During its activities, it diversely cooperates with educational and cultural institutions in Hajdú-Bihar County. The collection’s material can be used locally by registered and daily reader’s ticket owners. -
Zsebők József orvos jelentése az 1831. évi koleráról
55-86Views:2The cholera epidemic of 1831 came to Hungary from Galicia that belonged to the Austrian Empire. The epidemic broke out in Debrecen on 24th July 1831, and claimed thelives of 7.4% of the city's population, or more precisely, 2152 people. The resources detailing the events of the Cholera epidemic in Debrecen can be read in the Hajdú-Bihar County Archives of the Hungarian National Archives. This study presents the report of József Zsebők that shows in more detail the local event from the outburst of the epidemic to the release of the quarantine in October. The highly detailed report by Ádám Reviczky, General Chancellor, presented on 9th December 1831, nicely reflects what the contemporary medicine thought about the cholera disease and how they tried to cure it. This resource is essential not only from a point of view of local history, but also from a medical historical point of view, as – besides exploring the characteristics of the disease – it provides an authentic picture of the medical conditions, medical treatments, and even of the medicines of the time. In the bibliography, modern transcription was used, preserving the characteristic features of language or dialect. -
Kutatócsoport alapítása a Debreceni Királyi Törvényszéki Fogház iratanyagának hasznosításához (1933–1944)
5-27Views:1Our study presents potential guideline policies on how to utilize the mass emitted sources of the law enforcement system in the interwar period. The paper is divided into three main sections, of which the first deals with the organization of the group, the resources and the database in progress. The second part of the work presents one of the group’s research directions, which focuses on using anthropometric methods. The last great chapter contains source based criminal statistical and social examination from the resident individuals of Debrecen. Finally, the overview gives information about future plans and prospects. In front of the public, the work group showed itself in two scientific presentations, which, together with this study, is considered as a foundation. -
Debrecen „Arany Embere” – Steinfeld Mihály és családja
82-113Views:1The life of the Steinfeld family is an excellent illustration of the modern history of Debrecen and Hungary on the personal level of the individual. The authentically detectable life paths of five generations of the family from Hebrew aristocracy strivingfor assimilation, and the merits won via their activities that affected the lives of many people have been unduly forgotten in the midst of history and the storms of society.The persistent intentions of family members for social acceptance and recognition according to their merits, and ultimately, the seeming success of all of these, is a reflection of the constant volatility of Belle Époque and the 20th century extremes. -
Légitámadás a debreceni Nagyállomás ellen 1944. szeptember elsején
37-59Views:1This study presents the second american air raid carried out against Debrecen’s
railway station. In the prologue, it discusses the purpose of the attack in detail, and the
action’s aviation historical aspects in the first chapter. The statements of the latter are
based on the documents from the archives of the U.S. Air Force, specially focused on
the air photos taken during the attack. In the third section, the damages of the attack
will be presented. So much as the sources allowed, the study shows the new serious
devastation of the city from street to street. The closing section of the paper presents
the tactical success of the bombing, which is followed by the list of victims where the
readers get the possibility to find their relatives. -
Hajdú vármegye kialakítása, közigazgatási változásai 1876–1950
28-48Views:1At the beginning of the last quarter of the 19th century, the administrative system in Hungary underwent significant changes, as the laws of 1876 (XXXIII) and 1877 (I) dissolved the historically outdated privileged territories that had existed for centuries – including the Hajdú district – and incorporated them into the county system, resulting in the establishment of Hajdú County based in Debrecen. The idea of this had already emerged after the suppression of the 1848–49 revolution and war of independence – during which North and South Bihar counties were created – but after multiple reorganizations, by the end of 1860 and early 1861, the previous county system was restored, including the privileged territories. Following the Compromise of 1867, the demand for administrative reform intensified: in 1871, settlements were categorized into orderly council cities, large villages, and small villages. From 1872, the separation of administration and justice was introduced within counties and districts, district courts were established, large districts were dissolved and replaced with subdivisions/districts. The final step was the dissolution of various sized privileged territories in 1876–1877. The definitive formation of Hajdú County was preceded by more than three years of "struggle", beginning in 1873, during which Debrecen emerged victoriously with the support of Hajdúszoboszló, as the city became the seat of the county, to which six hajdú towns from Szabolcs and several villages from Bihar and Szabolcs were attached. Its territory remained unchanged until 1945, when two large villages (Nyírábrány and Nyírmártonfalva) were annexed from Szabolcs County, and then, in parallel with the establishment of the council system, Hajdú-Bihar County was created on March 16, 1950. -
A revíziós gondolat Bethlen István 1928. évi debreceni beszédében
19-24Views:1István Bethlen's speech in Debrecen in March 1928 was an important event in the Hungarian revision policy between the two world wars. Among the foreign policy conditions that became more favourable at the end of the decade, the humble tone of the Prime Minister changed. In this speech, he formulated a demand for a more proactive revision policy by the Hungarian government. In the study, I covered the antecedents of the speech, and examined its content and most important ideas. My article focuses primarily on the statements in the speech that marked a shift from the cautious revision policy of the period 1920–1927, setting the tone for the foreign policy events of the 1930s. -
A bihari térség templomainak régi toronyóráira és mestereikre vonatkozó újabb adatok. Kutatási eredmények összegzése
5-62Views:1This study presents recent data on old church tower clocks – from the 18th-19th century – and their master craftsmen in the Bihar region, as well as a summary of the results of our research in this topic. We recorded data or a series of data on our field trips, as well as on the basis of archival sources, relating to altogether 62 clockworks, and/or identified still existing clockworks and artefacts. Of these, 49 could be linked to a master-locksmith or workshop, which is the main benefit of our research. Most of the surviving artefacts, as well as the work of some of their masters, were largely unknown to the sparse literature on the topic. Significant additions have been made, first of all, to the work of the locksmiths of Nagyvárad (today Oradea – Romania) and Debrecen, as well as of Pankota (today Pâncota – Romania) and Nagykároly (today Carei – Romania). -
Egy különös látogatás – Bethlen és Gömbös 1933. januári debreceni beszéde
47-52Views:1Bethlen and Gömbös both gave speeches at the National Unity Party's event in Debrecen in January 1933. Although the two speeches did not mark a turning point in Hungarian domestic politics of the interwar era, they did indicate that the balance of power between the two men was shifting and that Gömbös's appointment as prime minister was not simply a change of government but a step towards changing the political system elaborated by Bethlen. Both men made moderate statements and expressed mutual support, but the present paper also aims to convey the transitory nature of this situation, as they became open enemies the following year. -
A legrégebbi fennmaradt bihari toronyóra története, avagy a belényesi óraper
5-23Views:1The paper discusses the history of the oldest surviving church tower clock of Bihar county. Installed in 1757, the clockwork is one of the earliest products of the Aszalai workshop of Debrecen. The specialty of its history stands in the fact that it used to be the subject of a decade of controversy, even law suit, surrounding the conflicts related to its repairs and maintenance between the Roman Catholic parish and the Calvinist-dominant city administration. -
A Vásáry-ügy interpretációja a Debreczen lapszámain keresztül
26-40Views:1This study analyses the legal case of István Vásáry, the mayor of Debrecen, which took place between 1934 and 1935. The research focuses on the political attacks initiated against him, the attempts by radical right-wing groups to discredit him, and investigations related to the ownership issues of the Vásáry family. The accusations triggered immense media response, with the conservative-oriented daily newspaper ‘Debreczen’, which acted as Vásáry’s main supporter, coming to his defense and emphasizing his integrity as mayor. The study examines the relevant issues of the ‘Debreczen’ newspaper, offering an opportunity to chronologically track the events occurring in the city, as well as to juxtapose various political viewpoints. Additionally, it includes a detailed examination of the collection of József Pálffy, the editor-in-chief of ‘Debreczen.’ The final part of the work concludes the Vásáry case, presenting the outcomes of the disciplinary investigation and the legal proceedings. -
A debreceni városirányítási elit 1929 és 1935 között
22-41Views:1The focus of my work is the analysis of the city management elite in Debrecen. For this, I find it necessary to describe the methodological antecedents of my investigations, which points at the origin of the techniques and investigation aspects used for individual findings, as well as an explanation of the concepts I use. This description is then followed by a comparison of the legislative authority committees of the two years examined (1929, 1935), in which I have the opportunity to establish a narrower elite group. Using examples drawn from contemporary sources, I study this group based on their attempts to retain and gain power -
Aki nem tette le a fegyvert
21-30Views:2Late dr. Elek Tóth lived in Hajdúböszörmény, serving the citizens as a GP. We hereby present a part of a diary he wrote. He had been preparing for a military career, but didn’t succeed, so he graduated from the Agricultural Academy of Debrecen. During the 1956 Revolution, he entered the National Guard and participated in its work all the way through. He was part of the negotiating delegation sent to the MÁV Járműjavító (Vehicle Repairs of the Hungarian State Railways). Together with four peers, he did not capitulate after the Soviet intervention, but hit the road towards Miskolc at 19:20 pm, on 4th November 1956. They wanted to join the resistant teams there. In his present reminiscence, he reports in detail about the days of the Revolution, and his role in it. -
Az egykori tócóskerti „bagolyvár” története
18-23Views:1In Debrecen, in Tócóskert of the gardens quarter, there was a special one-story house among the many small one-story buildings. The house was originally owned by engineer Iván Kacskovics (1809–1880), colonel of the Home Guard in 1848, imperial and royal captain, member of the city committee, and his wife, Terézia Kolner. He also owned the hemp soaker on the corner of the nearby Kishegyesi and István Street. After their deaths, the “owl castle” was auctioned off. Until the demolition in 1979, several residents and industrialists used the house. -
Egy lovagiatlan ügy. Bajcsy-Zsilinszky Endre és Szabó Dezső afférja(i)
51-78Views:1During his 1934 lecturing tour, Dezső Szabó read out a declaration on his 7th November presentation – coming as a surprise to the outsiders – in which he accused with peculation the so-called “Slovak Politician”, Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky, who had also been severely criticized for his political activity. The threads lead to the cooperation of Bajcsy-Zsilinszky and Szabó in 1928, and to the ambiguous sponsorship of the newspaper, Előörs (Outpost). In my study, I analyse the (changing) ideologies of these two bilious public figures and the meeting points of their lives, and then I detail the legal proceedings initiated by Bajcsy-Zsilinszky and his circle. Besides the fact that litigation gives insight into the functional mechanisms of public life of the day, the particular identity of the seething studentship of the 30s (which is hard to describe using traditional political categories, and which is usually depicted in a distorted manner in reminiscence) is outlined from the judicial materials of the lawsuits in Debrecen and the press reception of the period. -
Fellélegzés és illúziók – Nagy Imre első miniszterelnökségének visszhangja Hajdú-Biharban az MDP iratainak tükrében
5-20Views:1Both the power struggles after Stalin’s death, and the new course of Soviet leadership in the Cold War lead to a turn in the Hungarian government, as well. The Stalinist Rákosi was succeeded by Prime Minister Imre Nagy, and his reign started off with a huge wave of reform declarations. The whole country was relieved as a result of the measures that somewhat mitigated the repression of the system and slightly raised living standards. The reforms met also in Hajdú-Bihar an almost unanimous sympathy: from the cooperative owners through the individual peasants, from the working class through the intelligentsia, every social layer in the county found the parts they liked in the government program. However, several people wanted to see more in the reforms than what they indeed meant, at some places, people saw even the complete retirement of the system behind these measures. The party apparat took the measures facilitating everyday life (the “new period”) uncomprehendingly nation-wide, thus even in Hajdú-Bihar, and therefore they moved sluggishly to realize those measures, finding them too much. When the evolution of foreign policy of the Cold War created unfavourable conditions, the Soviet government also drew back from Imre Nagy. Therefore, the reform era – that was happily welcomed and that compelled further hopes, and at some places, illusions – ended. -
Levéltári gyűjtemények Hajdú-Bihar megye szocializmus kori agrártörténetírásához
23-39Views:1This study focuses on the local (county) archival sources of the cooperative farms of Hajdú-Bihar county, and examines the possibilities of how to use them, besides some basic questions of the socialist era’s public- and social history. Within this, the thesis intends to enumerate the essential sources for the collective farms- and post-World War II agriculture research by highlighting the importance and utilization practice of the archival writings and collections (data warehouse, archival reference library, and oral history resources).
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