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Comparison of vegetation of Hungarian Grey Cattle and Hungarian water buffalo pastures in a sample area of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve
59-64Views:125In the present study, we aimed to investigate the coenology of the Kelemen-szék in the Kiskunság National Park. The coenological studies were carried out twice. We compared areas with different vegetation types. During these two surveys, we examined in total 90 quadrats of mixed grazed and fenced control areas. Ones were grazed by Hungarian domestic buffalo and Hungarian grey cattle and others were no grazed. Based on these surveys, it is possible to conclude about spatial and temporal changes in vegetation as a result of livestock husbandry in the area. Due to the size and heterogeneity of the studied area, we intended to investigate small homogeneous areas and respective control areas. Coenological surveys were done on lower and higher lying pastures, saline soil areas and loess areas.
In the study plots, grazing led to stability in the species composition of loess grassland and saline grassland, so that they also satisfy the requirements moof nature conservation. The dominant and character species of the associations, and the typical species of the genus Festuca have a significant cover value. The dense and tall Puccinellia swards require more attention, because they are more vulnerable against grazing. Grazing and extensive livestock husbandry, which can be applied in the future, is a suitable method for the management of lowland areas. In order to conserve the associations, preservation of grazing is necessary. To provide amount of biomass of areas, the grazing has a significant role. The conservation of native loess grasslands, even in the form of fragments, plays an outstanding function. Hence, based on the initial surveys, the combination of Hungarian grey cattle and water buffalo is beneficial in terms of nature conservation.
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Domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) grazing as a habitat management and application option against invasive species
47-53Views:172In nature conservation, the aggressive expansion of invasive plant species and the preservation of valuable grasslands are a global problem. Based on this, the following question can be formulated: which animal species and breeds are suitable for habitat management? Is the water buffalo suitable for lawn care and to what extent? With the overview work, we review the results so far, highlighting domestic areas where we already have preliminary results and where previous data have already been produced. Based on this, the invasive Solidago was completely suppressed in the marshes of the Zámolyi basin, the pasture was completely transformed, and the dominant species became Sesleria uliginosa. Also in the area of the Zámolyi basin, there were significant floristic and physiognomic differences in the vegetation. You may find that buffalo grazing is a suitable habitat management method in both dry grassland and wet grassland. Therefore, in addition to being effective in the control of Solidago gigantea, grazing with buffaloes is successful both in terms of nature conservation and grassland vegetation from an economic point of view. The first stage of the long-term planned work is an overview of the work on the water buffalo. The research is supported by the creation of Innovation operational groups and the investment necessary for the implementation of the innovative project. call for tenders (VP3-16.1.1-4.1.5-4.2.1-4.2.2-8.1.1-8.2.1-8.3.1-8.5.1-8.5.2-8.6.1-17) and the Innovation and the New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Technology code number ÚNKP-22-3-I-MATE/2 was supported by the grant funded by the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund and grant AKGF-119-1-202.
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Sandy grasslands along the Danube are dominant Content values of Festuca species (preliminary study)
3-7Views:130There is a very old practice of grazing livestock in Hungary. Plants of the pastures are the most valuable feed for grazing animals. Supplementation of feed rations with fibre improves the saturation of the digestive tract, resulting in calmer animals and improved animal welfare. Grasses of pastures can be a useful supplement as they contain a lot of digestible fibre. Our purpose was to find out the grassland management values of sandy grasslands dominated by Festuca species along the Danube. We carried out cutting samples along the Danube, from the north-western part of the Little Hungarian Plain, through the sandy plains of the Carpathian Basin, Serbia, Romanian Plain to Bulgaria. The cut samples were analysed in the laboratory of MATE based on Weende analysis. The original dry matter, crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre content, as well as the measurement of fibre fractions (NDF, ADF, ADL) were analysed. The results showed that absolute dry matter, crude fibre and NDF contents were high in all samples. The five samples of Festuca species analysed showed significant differences in dry matter and crude fibre. Festuca wagneri had the highest dry matter content. The highest crude protein content was found in samples of Festuca vaginata, Festuca wagnerii and Festuca rupicola, but the highest crude fibre content was found in samples of Festuca tomanii.
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Horticultural applicability of Festuca taxa I.
3-9Views:176This survey is connected to OTKA-125423, which examines the vegetation of sandy grasslands along the Danube. During this survey, two potentially horticulturally usable Festuca species was analysed: Festuca wagneri and Festca tomanii. The main questions were the following: are they usable in an urban environment? Do the to species differ significantly? Have they any morphotaxonomic feature which can by utilized in horticultural practice? Specimens of the two taxa, which were planted either into normal garden soil or into pots differed greatly. Specimens of F. tomani were usually larger and more uniform. Both taxa had the pot treatment well. Though the average lengths of leaves and inflorescence stems tended to be higher on the soil mixed with perlite, the coverage values were lower on it; thus adding expensive perlite to the soil might not be rewarding for the farmer. The two species differed from each other in several morphological parameters. The diversity of Festuca wagneri showed well in this survey, and this taxons parameters would be also useful in horticultural practice.
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Studies on botany, forage and soils with aspects of nature conservation on grey cattle and water buffalo pastures of the Tapolcai and Káli basins: Papers of the „Challenges and Aspects in Grassland Management” conference held on 22-23 May 2008.
47-53Views:154In the present work we introduce the coenological and pedological results of examination on the Balaton Upland (Badacsonytördemic, Csobánc, Káptalantóti and Kővágóőrs). Grass management plays an important role in nature conservation, rural development thus in the viability of rural population. Soil and water suffer from extreme degradation and pollution, partly because of agricultural activities, growing settlements and mining activity. We evaluated the changes in species composition and coverage, the possibly occurring regeneration or degradation and the effects of botanical composition changes on forage values, especially in case of economically valuable species. Investigations show strengths and weaknesses of having animals on grasslands. Sample sites were in Balaton Upland National Park, Hungary. Results proved that among the plants there are either weeds and/or poisonous and/or prickly species, too. We examined how important grasses and pulses appeared or disappeared, how did the number of overgrazing tolerant species changed and how did the species composition of the grazed and non-grazed land differed. Based on the results the characteristics of the examined pastures show the effects of overgrazing. With the decrease of the number of the animals, nature conservation and economical values could be increased. The examined areas had totally different soil characteristics, pH, soil thickness and nutrient content varied greatly. In the Gyulakeszi area even a small catena was found on a single pasture. The high soil organic matter and nutrient content ensure the good grass yield thus the areas are suitable for grazing and for grass cutting, too.
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Examination of coenological and grassland management of sheep- and cattle pasture in lands of Kiskunság
39-45Views:159The coenological relevés were prepared in 2007 and 2008 on two pasture-lands in the Great Hungarian Plain. areas situated inside and near (0 to 50 meters far from) an animal husbandry farm belong to the first group. Coenological relevés gained from areas situated 50 to 150 meters far from intensively used areas belong to the second group. Data evaluation was made with considering naturalness state in case of habitats, and on the other hand, according to relative ecological factors of occurring species. Primarily, degradation of areas could be experienced. These negative processes are extremely heavy inside and near the animal husbandry farm.
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Botanical and grassland investigations in a pasture grazed by Hungarian grey catte in Badacsonytördemic in 2008
73-78Views:111Sample areas can be found in the Tapolcai Basins. Phytosociological samples were collected: 32 ha grassland stand with low intensity grazing (under-grazed pasture), 38 ha overgrazed pasture, 34 ha meadow (hayfield) and the stand where animals drank. The areas were suitable for following up the changes of vegetation and production during the grazing season of the year. 5 replicates of 2×2 m phytosociological samples plots were examined on each grasslands according to the Braun- Blanquet method (1964) in April, May, June, August and September 2008. 118 Hungarian Grey Cattle were grazed on the pastures. 14 species were common in each saple areas, wich are dominant species of natural grassland associations (Agrostis stolonifera, Festuca arundinacea, Deschampsia aespitose) in the region. The overgrazed pasture had only low nutritive value and contained high number of weed species. About one month per year grazing time in the undergrazed area was not enough to achieve a better state of species diversity, although the forage production of the area remained high. The number of species and the 32 ha grassland was high (58) weeds was due to the high number of weeds, however the nutritive value of this grassland was poor. The species number of the hayfield was lower (31) than and grassland, however species composition was better and the nutritive was higher. It seemed that management was suitable and the hayfield.
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Comparative phytosociological study of long-term on Tihany Peninsula of the Balaton Uplands National Park, Hungary
37-38Views:157Phytosociological samples were collected in two territories of the Balaton Uplands National Park (Hungary) dominated by grassland habitats. Samples in the Tihany Peninsula had been taken in a pasture of Hungarian Grey Cattle. We evaluated the changes of species composition and ground cover, the measure of possible regeneration or degradation, and the changes of these factors from the viewpoint of feeding value.
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Vegetation investigation of cattle pastures in the Ipoly Valley, Dejtár
53-54Views:134The most natural and appropriate way to preserve the biodiversity of grasslands is the utilization, which is confirmed by current research. Conservation management requires intensive cooperation between nature conservation and intensive grassland utilization. Therefore, we investigated the effect of extensive grassland utilization on the outskirts of Dejtár.
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Monthly changes in the production and content values of wet Hungarian gray cattle pasture and the relationship with species richness
19-28Views:133Grassland management tests were performed on different grazing loaded gray cattle pasture and hayland areas 4 times (April, May, June, September) during the grazing season in Tapolca-basin. 5-5 pieces of 2×2 m samples were examined on each sample area, prepared according to the Braun-Blanquet method (1964) in April, May, June and September and with this, we also measured the amount of biomass and its content.
Based on results additional pasture had the largest gazing livestock carrying capacity but it had the weakest feed quality as well. During grazing season due to ongoing livestock grazing, species composition has changed the most in case of pasture and the number of species was the greatest here as well. Proportion of grasses declined in parallel with the amount of legumes, which grown till late summer.
Nutrient content of pasture forage was the most appropriate because of high crude protein and less crude fiber content. Grazing for 34 days/year was not enough in case of additional pasture where Festuca arundinacea had the largest coverage. This is reflected in low number of species richness and small nutritional values of sample areas. For sedge rich low-lying areas mowing utilization is the most effective. -
Investigations on grassland and nature reservation effect of horse grazing in Tapolca and Káli Basins (2008)
65-72Views:159Examined areas can be found in the Tapolca and Káli Basins near Köveskál and Nemesgulács. Near Köveskál 2 horses were grazed on a 1 ha grassland, which was on a degraded association of Cynodonti-Poëtum angustifoliae. Control area was found close to the grazed grassland where Salvinio-Festucetum rupicolae association was found. The grassland was grazed formerly by sheep. Near Nemesgulács 4 horses were grazed on a 6 ha pasture under free range grazing system (0.7 horse/ha) on a Cynodonti- Poëtum angustifoliae grassland that is situated on a slope. Sample areas were selected the upper (UTS) and lower (LTS) third of the slope. This area formerly was as vineyard. 5-5 replicates of 2 by 2 m coenological quadrates were monitored on each sample area. Sward composition was investigated by Braun-Blanquet method (1964) in the grazing season of 2008. Ground cover (D) species composition and species number (n) were evaluated as analytical parameters. Relative nitrogen demand (NB), social behavior types (SBT) (Borhidi, 1995) and nature conservation value categories (TVK) (Simon, 2000) were also analyzed. At the LTS of the slope near Nemesgulács we could find species with bigger proportions indicating nutrient rich production sites and N indicating Artemisia vulgaris, characteristic species of manured sites appeared, too. At the UTS their proportion was smaller. The reason for this difference is the nutrient run off the slope and its accumulation at the LTS. The reason for the low nutritive value of the grassland are the lack of valuable Poaceae and pulses species and the low total cover. Valuable plant species were grazed out of the sward and negative effects of trampling could have been observed. Concerning the selective grazing preference of horses, the species composition of this area is not suitable for horse grazing. Instead of horses the area could be more suitable for sheep grazing. Pasture near Köveskál had extremely high proportion of species requiring nutrient rich conditions that can be probably due to frequent depositions of excreta and urine by grazing horses. Both control and pasture areas has the highest (approx. 35% absolute) cover of natural species with disturbance tolerance. The biggest difference in nature conservation value categories was the decrease of association composing species on the pasture. This was mainly caused by the grazing out of Poa angustifolia that was the most valuable species in the association. Overgrazing and grazing method applied caused very low plant cover on the grazed pasture.
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Sandy grasslands regeneration results of the conservation management on the Homoktövis Conservation Area in Budapest (2009 2021)
33-35Views:177In Budapest, despite the density of the population, precious plant communities still remain in a lot of, mostly isolated fragments of habitats which,are outstanding in the diversity of species and are rare inhabitants of endemic species. On the examined territory, since 2006 long term reconstructions of the habitats have been ongoing which strive for the decrease of the invasive woody species on the territory and the insurance of the habitat of the sandy lawn, as well as the long term conservation of the fragments of the lawn and the creation of the natural sandy lawn. This activity is conducted by the volunteers of the MME and with the help of the students of educational institutions in parallel requesting for the permits of the Municipality of the Capital. During these interventions, the shoots were mechanically beat down and they were wiped dried as well. Besides these interventions, it was fundamental to preserve the sensitive, rare or legally protected species and to increase their volume as much as possible.
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Possibilities of speciation following anthropogenous environmental changes in the central sandy area of the Carpathian Basin through the example of Festuca taxa
47-48Views:153Our goal is to check and revise the dominant Festuca species of vegetation types formed under extraordinary conditions through morphotaxonomic and ploidy analyses. To accomplish this, we had to add examinations of dominant species in grasslands further from the Danube in the Carpathian Basin and East Central Europe. Individuals of examined taxa were analysed using 26 parameters of the inflorescences. Ploidy was analysed using low cytometry. After deforestation and shrubcutting, bare soil patches of areas exposed to anthropogenous effects had provided an opportunity new vegetation to form. As a result of this work, new species Festuca pseudovaginata had been discovered here, which is endemic in the Carpathian Basin. Survey continues in order to clear other hardly identificable taxa. The results have confirmed the presence of the species, but we also have new occurences discovered.
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Comparison of grasslands grazed by cattle, sheep and horses in Tapolca and Káli Basins
59-63Views:130Monitoring plots were in Káli and Tapolcai Basin, Balaton Upland National Park, Hungary. We investigated changes in species composition of 2-2 sheep, Hungarian Gray Cattle and horse pastures. The highest number of species was on the pastures of the Hungarian Gray Cattle. 41 species were common in each monitored plots, which are also important dominant species of natural associations and Poaceae species: Agrostis stolonifera, Festuca arundinacea, Deschampsia caespitosa, Lolium perenne, Bromus hordaceus subsp. hordaceus, Poa humilis, Alopecurus pratensis, Elymus repens, Dactylis glomerata, Poa angustifolia.
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Botanical and natural conservation comparison of seminatural and man-made grasslands in Paskom near Csakvar
3-14Views:333During the survey, the vegetation, botanical composition and grassland management values of a grassland were studied. The study site was originally a pasture, then was transformed into an arable land and finally back to pasture. The 160-ha-sized area is called „Szűzföld” and is located in the Zámoly Basin, West Hungary. In 1998, grazing of Hungarian grey cattle has begun on the grassland. The changes in the vegetation were followed from 1998, making records in every 6th year (1998, 2015, 2021). 6 coenological records were made in each type of grasslands, by recording the list of the occurring taxa and their cover values. During the survey the main questions were the following: considering nature conservation, coenology and grassland management, in which direction does the vegetation evolve with the grazing? Was the grazing with Hungarian grey cattle successful?
Based on the results, the grasslands became much more mosaic-like; drier and wetter vegetation patches could be separated (2015, 2021). As the grazing continued, species richness and diversity increased, especially in the wet areas.
The number and the cover of economically important grass taxa and legumes have increased. The following taxa became dominant: Festuca pseudovina in the drier parts, Agrostis tenuis and A. stolonifera in the wet ones. Based on the life form system of Pignatti, the area is not overgrazed, as rosette and reptant taxa did not became dominant. Based on nature conservation values, cover of the taxa of natural grasslands increased.
During the grazing, the meadow was universally covered mainly by weeds in 1998, and became much more valuable by 23 years later by means of nature conversation and grassland management. Moreover, this state has been stabilized according to the diversity values.
Based on the results, the grazing with Hungarian grey cattle was successful by both nature conservational and economical means. -
Study on the changes of vegetation composition of the wood pasture near Cserépfalu, Hungary
43-45Views:152The wood-pastures were important elements of the landscape, moreover had apprecieable act in the agriculture. This type of management belongs to the ’agroforestry’ systems which are really ancient agricultural land uses, but nowadays endangered woody habitats in Hungary. The aim of our study was to collect, data about the appearance and traceability of different factors on the vegetation at different parts of a wood pasture.
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Data on botanical and animal feeding investigations of a sheep pasture in Káli Basin with special reference to nature reservation
51-58Views:118Sample grassland sites were investigated in Kővágóőrs (Káli Basin, Balaton Upland National Park, Hungary). The sample quadrates were designated in the following places: close to (0-100 metres) and away (250-500 metres) from the stable. Comparative coenological studies, forage values were investigated. Changes of species composition and ground cover, measure of possible regeneration or degradation were evaluated. It was examined how important grasses and pulses appeared or disappeared, how did the number of over-grazing tolerant species changed and how did the species composition influenced the nutritive value of the grassland. Results proved that among the plants there are either weeds poisonous and/or protected species, as well. Based on the results the characteristics of the examined grassland show the effects of grazing. According to results, observed grasslands have unfavourable species composition due to improper management practices and insufficient technological conditions.
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Comparison of the production of fenugreek (Trichonella foenum-graecum) experiments in 2018-2020
11-14Views:135The aim of our study is to compare the results (content values, yield) of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) experiments in 2018-2020. Fenugreek is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the legumes (Fabaceae) family. It is a multifunctional crop for use in domestic and farm animal feeds, wild fodder, herbs and spices. During the study period, nutrient supply treatments were applied to increase the production values of the plant. The weed suppressing ability of fenugreek in the post-emergence period (1-3 weeks) is very poor, so we had to use chemical weed control. During the experiment, the T. foenum-graecum stock was irrigated. The plant was harvested 80-90 days after sowing. The study was carried out in Kecskemét in 2018-2019, at the Demonstration Garden of John von Neumann University, Faculty of Horticulture and Rural Development. The 2020 experiment was set up at the University of Szeged, Faculty of Agriculture.
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Changes in forage values of differently managed grasslands in the Trans-Danubian Mountain Range, Hungary
26-33Views:129In this study a comparative relevé was conducted in the Transdanubian Central Mountains (Tihany Peninsula, Bakony, Keszthely hills). We evaluated the changes of species composition and ground cover, the measure of possible regeneration or degradation, and we evaluated the changes of these factors in the point of view of feeding value. We surveyed that how extent the main grasses and the papilionaceae appeared or disappeared, how changed the proportion of those species which can tolerate overgrazing, and what is the composition of the weeds on grazed and ungrazed areas. Accordig to results, the grasslands under survey have unfavourable species composition due to the bad management practices and insufficient technological conditions. The distribution of the nature protection value categories of the plant association’s species varies with the associations. The period under survey the closed grassland association near Lake Belső turned more valuable, where the meadow was converted into pasturing lands for Hungarian Grey Cows by changing cultivation methods. The quality of former (over)grazed grasslands near Sóly and pasturing lands near Vad parlag, where grazing was finished also turned more valuable. However the ground cover of species with best feeding value reduced, but feedig value of grasses increased due to the increasing of the cover ground of grasslands. In those grasslands, where the cultivation was finished, after initial increasing of number of species many shrubs appeared on the area, and this process will accelerate in the future. Because of this grazing is necessary with appropriate animal density.
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Change of perspective in grassland analysis, three-dimensional crop estimation and qualification method
47-58Views:122From the point of view of the lawns' current existence, use and their existence for the future, but the tasks, goals and challenges of grassland management have changed, and in line with this, we have carried out surveys and developed and modified a method for fast and efficient application.
In practice, it is very important to know the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the forage found in the pasture, as well as the exact economic value of the pasture. The purpose of this study is to present a cheap, fast, reliable and easy-to-apply estimation method.
We took the previous methods into account and corrected and further developed them with the help of recent lawn management research results. Based on our tests, the corrected Balázs method can be used well to estimate the yield of grasslands and to determine the fodder value of the grassland. This method is cheap and requires no technical background. It also has the advantage, based on experience, that it takes into account the preference of species by animals.
The data from the cenological survey and the height measurement of the plant stock can be used to estimate the yield, fodder value and economic value. Being a non-destructive method involving minimal trampling, it is also particularly suitable for monitoring the grassland habitat of protected plants and animals. The method is also presented on a sample example, which proves its applicability.
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Magyar szürke szarvasmarhával végzett legeltetés hatása a vegetáció fajösszetételére Balaton-felvidéki mintaterületeken
73-79Views:155A jelen dolgozatban a magyar szürke szarasmarha legeltetésének vegetációra gyakorolt hatását vizsgáltuk Balatonfelvidéki száraz és mezofil gyepekben. A száraz termőhelyek Gyulakeszi, az üde mintaterületek Badacsonytördemic település mellett találhatók. Célunk az volt, hogy a magyar szürke szarvasmarha-legelőkön megvizsgáljuk a növényzet fajössztételét, megállapítsuk, melyek a leggyakoribb fajok, elsősorban termőhelytől függetlenül. Elemezzük, hogy az eltérő termőhelyi viszonyok hogyan befolyásolják a fajösszetételt a két vizsgált élőhely-típusban, mennyire adódik eltérés, illetve a legeltetés homogenizálja-e a területek növényeggyüttesét? Badacsonytördemicen két mezofil mintaterületet vizsgáltunk. Legelőt, ahol az állatok, a kihajtástól a behajtásig egy hónap kivételével tartózkodnak. Kiegészítő legelőt, ahová a szarvasmarhákat egy hónapra, augusztusban hajtják át. Gyulakeszi határában a Csobánc lábánál lévő mintaterület lejtős térszínen fekszik. Itt a lejtő felső (LFH) és alsó harmadában (LAH) végeztünk felméréseket. Mind a négy mintaterületen havonta készültek cönológia vizsgálatok 10-10 felvételben, és ezeket az összesített adatokat értékeltük. A felvételi területek közül a száraz termőhelyeken volt jelentősen nagyobb a fajszám. A lejtő felső harmadában ez átlagosan 40-56 fajt, míg az alsó harmadban 39-51 növényfajt jelentett. Az üdébb fekvésben a kiegészítő legelőn csak 25-28 faj volt átlagosan a felvételekben, a legelőn magasabb volt a fajszám: 28-33. Minden mintaterületet elemezve a leggyakoribb 10 növényfaj zömében pázsitfű volt. A mintaterületek – különösen a gyakoribb fajok tekintetében a felvételek fajösszetétele és a fajok dominancia viszonyai – nagy hasonlóságot mutattak, amik az uralkodó pázsitfüvek és pillangós fajok jelenlétéből és borítási értékeiből adódtak. A domináns pázsifű és pillangós fajokon túl az egyéb fajok alapján az üde és a száraz mintaterületek jobban eltértek. A magyar szürke szarvasmarha legelésével a domináns pázsitfüvek és pillangós fajok alapján homogenizálja a felvételeket. A többi növényfaj esetében pedig megőrzi a fajok változatosságát. Összességében elmondható, hogy a magyar szürke szarvasmarha alkalmas mind a száraz, és mind az üde termőhelyek fajgazdagságának fenntartására.
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Rangeland utilization by beef cattle in the dry Savanna areas of Southern Africa
49-54Views:153A literature review was done on the selection and utilization of grass species by beef cattle in the Limpopo province. The literature study was complimented by research done on the Towoomba Research station and the University of Limpopo, both in Limpopo Province, in South Africa. The Province is well known for its low rainfall and good quality rangeland. The main aim was to categorize the most important grass species in different utilization (palatable) classes. The thirteen grass species which were under investigation could be classified as follows: Highly palatable species: Panicum maximum and Urochloa mosambicensis; Palatable species: Digitaria eriantha, Heteropogon contortus, Schmidtia pappophoroides and Themeda triandra. Less palatable: Trachypogon spicatus and Themeda triandra and Least palatable: Eragrostis rigidior, Hyparrhenia hirta, Pogonarthria squarrosa, Melinus repens and the Aristida species.
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Gyepregeneráció és vadhatás vizsgálata cserjeirtás után parádóhutai (Mátra) mintaterületen
31-41Views:111Az értékes gyepterületek természetes becserjésedése jelentős természetvédelmi probléma, ami általában mesterséges beavatkozást igényel. A Bükki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság 2012-ben Parádóhuta mellett is, több foltban cserjeirtást végzett. A kutatás során azokon a területeken végeztünk vizsgálatokat, ahol a cserjeirtást követve nem történt természetvédelmi kezelés. A cserjeirtás után így magára hagyott mintaterületen a vadrágásra vonatkozó és cönológiai felvételeket végeztünk összehangolva 2016 júniusában. A vadrágás gyakoriságának méréséhez 1,13 m sugarú körben (4 m2) számoltuk meg minden előforduló fásszárú cserje- és fafaj csemetéinek egyedszámát, és határoztuk meg azt, hogy ezek közül melyeket érte vadrágás. Ezzel párhuzamosan a cönológiai adatok is 1,13 m sugarú kört alkalmazva lettek felvéve, a fajok százalékos borítási értékét megadva. A vadrágás intenzitását a megrágott fásszárú csemeték arányával jellemeztük. A vegetációs adatok értékelésekor klaszteranalízist és detrendált korreszpondencia elemzést (DCA) alkalmaztunk. Az eredményeink alapján igen intenzív vadrágás tapasztalható a gyepterületen. Minden mintaponton találtunk rágott fásszárú egyedet. A rágott csemeték átlagos aránya 65±20% volt, ami mintapontonként változóan 14%-100% között mozgott. A cönológiai adatok alapján, a mintaterületen a cserjeirtás után természetes fajösszetételű vegetáció alakult ki 5 év alatt, annak ellenére, hogy a kaszálás elmaradt. A gyepben nem kerültek többségbe a joggal várt cserjefajok, hanem szinte kontroll alatt voltak, helyenként pedig teljesen vissza voltak szorítva. A jelen vizsgálat arra példa, hogy az emberi beavatkozások (cserjeirtás, kaszálás) mellett a nagytestű növényevő vadfajaink természetes szabályozó szerepe is igen fontos lehet a becserjésedés által veszélyeztetett gyepterületek fenntartásában.
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Természetes és telepített homoki gyepek vegetációja és biomassza-vizsgálatai kisalföldi mintaterületeken
35-41.Views:146Vizsgálatunkban két eltérő típusú nyílt természetes homokpusztagyep és élőhely-rekonstrukció során telepített gyepek vegetációját és biomassza-produkcióját hasonlítottuk össze kisalföldi katonai mintaterületeken (Gönyű és Győrszentiván). A vizsgált természetes nyílt gyepekben az uralkodó faj a Festuca vaginata volt, a záródó gyepekben pedig a Festuca rupicola dominált, de mellette a F. javorkae is előfordult. Minden mintaterületen és vegetáció típusban 6-6 db cönológia felvételt és 50×50 cm-es kvadrátban biomassza-mintákat vettünk. A mintaterületek közötti eltéréseket a variációs koefficiens (CV%) és egyutas ANOVA segítségével elemeztük, diverzitási értéket számoltunk. A cönológiai felvételekben lévő adatstruktúrát a nem metrikus többdimenziós skálázás (nmds) ordináció segítségével a Bray-Curtis távolságindexek felhasználásával elemeztük. A nyílt homoki gyepek Festucetum vaginatae típusaiban a legfajgazdagabb az eredeti állomány volt, amihez már hasonlóvá vált a vizsgálat 5 éve alatt a vetett és a spontán gyepesedő vegetáció. Az égetett állományok fajkészlete szegényebb volt, és a diverzitási értékek is alacsonyabbak voltak. A Festuca rupicola dominálta gyep fajszáma és a diverzitási értékei is magasabbak voltak az eltelt időszak alatt. A biomassza értékek tekintetében is a záródó Festuca rupicola gyepek mutattak nagyobb értékeket, és a fajösszetétel tekintetében is gyepgazdálkodási szempontból fontos fajok nagyobb arányban fordultak elő. A vizsgált területeken a restaurációs munkák természetvédelmi és gyepgazdálkodási szempontból is sikeresnek mondhatók.
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Cönológia és természetvédelmi vizsgálatok a Kiskunsági Nemzeti Park Kelemen-széki magyar szürke marha és házi bivaly legelőin
65-83Views:164A Kiskunsági Nemzeti Park területén található Kelemenszéken végeztünk cönológiai vizsgálatot 2014 és 2015 júniusában. Az elvégzett vizsgálatok során összesen 90 kvadrátot elemeztünk magyar házi bivallyal és magyar szürke szarvasmarhával vegyesen, valamint csak magyar házi bivallyal legeltetett, és nem legeltetett (elkerített, kontroll) mintaterületeken. A vizsgált, sziken és löszön kialakult társulások a következők voltak: Achilleo setaceae-Festucetum pseudovinae, Salvio nemorosae-Festucetum rupicolae és Puccinellietum limosae. A vizsgált vegetáció típusokat a Borhidi-féle relatív növényökológiai mutatók (Borhidi, 1995) közül az NB (nitrogén igény relatív értékszámai) és a WB (relatív talajvíz- illetve talajnedvesség indikátor számai) alapján értékeltük. A természetvédelmi értékkategóriák (TVK) megoszlását Simon (2000) szerint, a szociális magatartástípusok (SZMT) alapján elvégzett értékelést pedig Borhidi (1995) alapján végeztük. Az adatok értékelésekor klaszteranalízist és detrendált korreszpondencia elemzést (DCA) alkalmaztunk. A kitűzött cél egyrészt a vizsgált területek vegetációjának összehasonlítása volt, másrészt vizsgáltuk, hogy a legeltetés, illetve a gyepek magára hagyása, felhagyása hogyan hat a gyeptípusok fajösszetételére. A legeltetés megváltoztatja-e és milyen módon a vizsgált vegetáció típusok természetességét. A vizsgálatok során megállapítható, hogy a bivalyokkal és szürke szarvasmarhákkal együttesen legeltetett gyepek fajösszetétele jelentősen eltért a kontroll, nem legeltetett mintaterületek kvadrátjaihoz képest. A gyepek fajösszetétele így a különböző legelő állatok hatására változatosabb lett. A sziki legelő kvadrátjai – a marhákkal és bivalyokkal együttesen legeltetett és a csak bivalyokkal legeltetett – nem váltak el jelentősen, hasonló fajösszetételt mutattak. A löszgyepi felvételek esetében viszont a csak bivalyokkal legeltetett gyep jelentősen eltért a bivalyokkal és magyar szürke marhákkal közösen legeltetett mintanégyzetek kvadrátjaitól. A mézpázsitos vegetáció típus a legeltetés hatására pedig fajgazdagabbá vált, aminek jelentős részét gyom fajok tették ki, de emellett specialista fajok is megjelentek. A legelt gyepek természetességi állapotáról általánosan el lehet mondani, hogy a zavarástűrő fajok aránya megnőtt ugyan, de a természetes vegetáció fajai is megmaradtak.