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Varga Zsigmond teológia professzor, a Debreceni m. kir. Tisza István-Tudományegyetem 1932/33. évi Rector Magnificusa
3 - 22Views:242Zsigmond Varga, Professor of the History of Religion, the Rector Magnificus of the Hungarian Royal István Tisza University of Debrecen during the academic year 1933/1934. Several memorable events took place at the university during his time in office. The historical background of this was the fact that the political and social tensions caused by restrictive measures taken by the Hungarian government to fight the consequences of the Great Depression reached their peak in that academic year. There were several events that made the extraordinary actions of rector Zsigmond Varga necessary: the public debate on the policy of education aiming at the restructuring of the higher education threatened the university with loosing one of its four faculties and the ongoing student revolts hindered the teaching and research activities for months. In addition to Varga’s activity in the University administration, this study describes his work as an academic and as a scholar, and addresses his public activities outside of the university, too. It also offers a glimpse into his family life at a certain point of time. Referring to a memorial booklet written by Varga, his son, Zsigmond Varga jr., the young Reformed minister and promising biblical scholar is also remembered in this study. Varga jr. was a student of the University of Vienna, he was nprisoned by the Gestapo and he died a martyr’s death in the concentration camp of Mauthausen-Gusen.
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Egy évszázados adósság – A Magyar Értelmiségi Adattár (Repertorium Academicum Hungariae) elkészítése
149-172Views:243A centuries-old debt. The creation of the Hungarian Intellectuals’ Database (Repertorium Academicum Hungariae). Not school registers nor collections of archival sources were published about the Hungarian universities in the second half of the nineteenth and in the twentieth century. Similar books were publicised abroad much earlier about foreign institutions. Since Hungary has lost two third parts of its territory after the First World War the archival sources of these regions fell into foreign hands. Unfortunately,
during the time of the Hungarian revolution in 1956 a few archival sources of the University Archives has also perished. Until nowadays we knew very little about students who were educated at universities or any other ecclesiastical or secular higher educational institutes. In 2013 the MTA-ELTE History of Universities Research Group was formed with the purpose of collecting and transforming into a database every available personal and educational information about every higher educational students from the beginning to 1850. The name of this future database will be Repertorium Academicum Hungariae. According to our current knowledge before 1850 there were 108 institutes in Hungary, Croatia and Transylvania which provided higher-level education than the intermediate level. We have already processed the two-thirds of the collected data and we are going to continue this task. The final database will be useable together with the completed database of the foreign-educated Hungarian students. The electronic database will be contain information about nearly 400,000 matriculated students and it will be unquestionably a useful scientific source for the nations of the Carpathian Basin. -
The Settlement of the Hungarian Royal Minin and Forestry College (Academy) from Selmecbánya to Sopron, 1918/19
62-80Views:167The Resettlement of the Hungarian Royal Mining and Forestry College (Academy) from Selmecbánya (Banská Štiavnica) to Sopron, 1918/19. The history of the Hungarian Royal Mining and Forestry
College’s goes back to 1735, the establishing of the School for Training Mining Officers. During the centuries, this school developed in his type to the only higher educational institution of the Hungarian part of Austro-
Hungarian Empire. At the beginning of World War I, it was a Europe-known technical college. With the outbreak of World War I, there was a big rupture in the life of the college. The last lectures started on 6th
October, 1918, but the academic year could not be finished. The troops of the new Czechoslovakia occupied the region. The professors and the students decided to keep the Hungarian citizenship and they wanted to
teach and learn in a Hungarian institution hence they packed up the college and moved from the ancestral residence to Hungary. They had many difficulties during the flight but finally the so-called „refugee
university” found place in Sopron. -
The Last School Year of the Hungarian University of Transylvania (1918/19)
32-61Views:224The last School Year of the Hungarian University of Transylvania (1918/19). At the beginning of the 1918–1919 academic year, the use of university buildings for military hospitals, the military service of many young instructors, and the large number of students returning from war caused serious difficulties. On October 1, 2226 enrolled students entered the school year. At the end of October, as a result of the revolutionary news in Budapest, new youth associations were organized by the students, and they became involved in the task of the town guard. As a result of the truce negotiations, the revolutionary government of Budapest resigned completely from the Transylvanian territories and left the University of Cluj (Kolozsvár). On December 24, the Romanian army invaded Cluj. After that, the occupying Romanian army introduced strict press and post censorship, regularly harassed house searches, punishment, internships, and imposed a severe military attack on the Hungarians. It was difficult for students to travel and stay in touch with their parents. Mail and bank transfers have been canceled. The professors and the students were trying to get rid of
it. Only the large-scale donations of the population of Cluj-Napoca saved students from starvation and frost. From January 1919, the Romanian authorities demanded loyalty from the officials. All university professors refused to accept loyalty, since Transylvania was still an occupied area, and the peace-closing war only fixed the attachment of Transylvania to Romania on 4 June 1920. The Romanian army occupied the university buildings, and the professors were deported to Hungary. Professors and students who had been forcibly removed were continuing their work in Budapest first and then in Szeged in 1921. Therefore, the University of Szeged and the Babes-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca are the heirs of the same University of Cluj. -
Az 1912. évi XXXVI. törvénycikk „A Debreczeni és a Pozsonyi Magyar Királyi Tudomány Egyetem felállításáról” szövege és miniszteri indokolása
135-162Views:87The Text and Ministerial Preamble of Article XXXIV of 1912 ”About the Foundation of Hungarian Royal Universities in Debreczen and Pozsony”. The objective of this source publication is nothing else but the bill and its preamble, through which in 1912 the universities of Debrecen and of Pozsony, respectively, came to be established. The preamble signed by Minister of Religion and Public Education János Zichy well reflects all the aspirations and controversies which characterized Hungarian educational and higher educational policy at the end of the 19th century, and the path, punctuated by manifestations of zeal and regression, finally led to the foundation of the third and fourth university in Hungary. The thorough preliminary professionalism pervading the preamble which, despite the disunity of the political spectrum, made a success of the bill can be regarded as exemplary.
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The Initiation Ceremonies of the Hungarian Royal University of debrecen -23 october 1918.
111-124Views:144Initiation Ceremonies of the Hungarian Royal University of Debrecen – 23 October 1918. The last Hungarian king, Charles IV on the 23rd October 1918 – some days before the disintegration of the Austrian-
Hungarian Monarchy – visited Debrecen and solemnly, with ceremony, as was customary, officially inaugurated the Hungarian Royal University of Debrecen that was already functioning for four years. The
study – mainly with the reflections of the press and photos of the time – follows the events of the significant day of Debrecen. -
Bernolák Nándor (1880–1951), a Debreceni M. Kir. Tudományegyetem második rektora
13-31Views:83Nándor Bernolák (1880–1951), the Second Rector of the Hungarian Royal University of Arts and Sciences in Debrecen. As second rector of the Hungarian Royal University of Arts and Sciences, Debrecen, which was launched in 1914, Nándor Bernolák played an important role in shaping the events of the first years. He was a nationally recognized theoretical criminal jurist when he was invited to chair the department of penal law in Debrecen. In addition to an outline of his brief, seven-year, university career, a discussion of his previous professional activities is offered, and the events of his life pertaining both to the early history of the university and to his subsequent political and legal career are highlighted. Professor Bernolák’s reformist initiatives pertaining to criminal law as well as his attempts aimed at the renewal of law training are likewise reviewed. In summary it is stated that Nándor Bernolák excelled both as a criminal jurist and as a university manager. As regards his political career, it turned out to be rather brief and controversial. In view of the fact that he turned his back to his university commitments, we are obliged to consider him as one of those university professors who was lost for Hungarian higher education when they assumed political commitments.
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Zoltán Kodály, Teacher of Composition.
49-65Views:134Zoltán Kodály, Teacher of Composition. Kodály has not reached the age of 25 when in September 1907 director Ödön Mihalovich invited him to teach music theory at the Royal Academy of Music in Budapest. He was promoted to professor of composition in the higher classes in 1918. This assignment was interrupted by political events. In the autumn of 1918 Kodály was nominated deputy-director of the Academy by the revolutionary administration, and next autumn he was given leave for two years by the counterrevolution as a retortion. Only thereafter could Kodály begin the education of Hungarian composers in his school of composers which soon became legendary. In answer to an attack in a Budapest daily Kodály laid down his ars paedagogica as a teacher of composition in his article Thirteen Young Composers. In the following fifteen years as an active professor Kodály gave no statements about his teaching methods. These could later be reconstructed to some extent by the recollections of his pupils. Lately, Kodály’s exercises in counterpoint and his autograph notes in theoretical books he had studied have been published. This paper gives an overwiew of Kodály’s analyses of form and publishes several of the notes on the principles of teaching composition which he has jotted down int he early 1920s and after World War II, respectively, that is, at the beginning and at the end of his career as a teacher of composition.
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A debreceni tudományegyetem hallgatóinak emlékirata az egyetem megcsonkítása ellen (1933)
109-121Views:75The Memorandum of Studentsts againstst the “Mutilation” of the University of Debrecen (1933).Between the two world wars, the Great Depression made a significant impact on higher education in Hungary. At the beginning of 1930s, many articles were published in the national and local press about the plans of the government in connection with the handling of the crisis. These rumours were about the “mutilation” of the universities (closing or merging of the faculties, reduction of the estimation). As in the other university towns, substantial social and political protest began in Debrecen against these plans. Besides the parties, the associations and the Calvinist Church, the university students sent a memorandum to the leaders of the University, the town and the government. This paper includes this document of protest and presents the main (historical, judicial and economic) reasons against the “mutilation.”
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A magyar protestáns peregrináció a 16–18. században
71-78Views:176Hungarian protestant peregrination in the 16th–18th century. Thanks to the researches of the last two decades nowadays we are able to nearly precisely determine the foreign educated Hungarian university students’ numbers and denominational affiliations. In the article I primary examined the order of magnitude of the catholic and protestant peregrination in the marked 3 centuries. In that era, the denominational characters of the different universities determined which students could attend their educations. Naturally, a few „tolerant” universities like Padova accepted students from every religion. In the research, we used the word „protestant” as generic term, because in the beginning of the 17th century it is nearly impossible to separate the Lutheran, Reformed and Unitarian students in the historical documents. The data of matriculations indicate that the protestant students represented a higher number in the Hungarian peregrination in every century however this fact was especially true for the 17th century. Namely, because the protestants usually matriculated at many different universities during their educations. Although, if we examine the summarized number of students who attended foreign education we gain nearly equal numbers about the Protestants and Catholics.
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A debreceni tudományegyetem szózata a Trianoni Békeszerződés ellen
95-98Views:83Appeal of the University of Debrecen against the Treaty of Trianon. The source material calls attention to an almost forgotten and unique document: in 1919 the University of Debrecen was the sole institution of higher education in Hungary to bodily appeal to the world’s academic community in a pamphlet (”Appeal to the Universities of the Educated World”) for the purposes of drawing attention to the peace treaties—framed but not yet signed by Hungary—at the end of World War One. The peace treaties spelt out unbearable consequences for Hungary and the Appeal dramatically called attention to the inherent injustices and hazards. Some of the dramatic parts of the desperate manifesto, which is also likely to have been printed in English and French, are quoted verbatim.
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CHANGE OF REGIME AND REGIME CHANGERS IN THE UNIVERSITY AND NATIONAL LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN: FROM THE CARD CATALOGUE TO THE ONLINE QUERY SYSTEMS
123-142Views:146The work and professional activity of the two recently departed and fondly remembered librarians - Olga Gomba and Klára Koltay, - deservedly mark the 30 year period, which we can definitely label as genuine transition. Not only the emergence of computers had a huge impact, but it has also brought paradigm shifting into the flow of work as well as into the librarians' professional approach. It was in the early 1990s that the higher education libraries reached a position from where it was possible to seriously consider purchasing integrated library systems and replace their card catalogs with online catalogs.
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Szoboravatás - Nyirkos István mellszobrának avatása
166-167Views:122The Inauguration of the Bust of István Nyirkos. A memorable educator of recent decades has been the well-liked and popular Professor of Linguistics István Nyirkos (1933–2013), whose memory is enhanced by a statue erected on the sports ground of the Athletic Club of the University of Debrecen on October 5, 2016. In his inauguration speech, fellow professor István Bitskey conjured up Professor Nyirkos’s career, in which the harmony between sports and scholarship, intellectual accomplishment and physical culture not only complemented each other but may also have served as an example for members of the academic community. The outstanding athlete and the excellent linguist did not refrain from taking an active role in the management of higher education sports, which fact has been recognized by conferring the title of perennial president of the University Athletic Club upon him. His statue could not stand at a more appropriate location than the grounds of his third home.
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HISTORY OF RELATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS: DEBRECN AND NETHERLANDS
Views:17Book review of Béla P. Szabó
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Inscrutable Students.Searching for Enemy in Hungarian Universities at the Beginning of Fifties
Views:175„Unknowable Students”. „Searching for the Enemy” at the Hungarian Universities in the Beginning of the Fifties. The Communist Party organization of Hungarian universities, in order to fulfil one of their main tasks, i.e. to “unmask the enemy”, attempted to gather a lot of information about the students. They collected data through admission procedures about their class-origin, which was reckoned as basic indicator of their political reliability, while functionaries tried to force them to verbalize their opinion and to comment daily political events in obligatory courses of Marxism-Leninism and in other formal and informal discussions. Besides the identification of the “enemy”, the forcing of political statements had the purpose to get the chance to correct them. However, the overstraining of political issues, the circulating process of re-learning the same parts of Communist ideology over and over again, along with the overreaction of functionaries to politically “incorrect” opinions led to an unwanted effect. Reports on the effectiveness of contemporary practices of indoctrination stated several times that the ideological dissemination of knowledge does not provide some students with a world view, but rather a practical knowledge: the students, instead of revealing their real thoughts “learned to speak Marxism”.
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ELTE 375 - Beszámoló az ELTE centenáriumáról
8-12Views:67Budapest’s Eötvös University is 375 years old—Report on ELTE ’s Anniversary Celebration. In 2010 Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary’s oldest continuously operating institute of higher education, celebrated the 375th anniversary of its foundation. The university’s legal predecessor was established in Nagyszombat in 1635 by Péter Pázmány, Archbishop of Esztergom. The text describes the major stages of the preparation for the year of jubilee and the most significant events of the festive year. The chief purpose of the series of events, it is stated, was to strengthen the sense of belonging in the former and current civil community of the university. In addition, the series of festivities offering a multitude of year-long professional and cultural programmes reminded all of the fact that the university, owing to the programmatically high standards it is committed to represent, is an outstanding shaper of scientific and scholarly activity and of training new generations of intellectuals.
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A kolozsvári példa dokumentumok a kolozsvári egyetemi menza működéséről és debreceni kapcsolatáról
77-92Views:208In the Footsteps of Kolozsvár. Documents on Students Work at the University of Debrecen and its Connection with the University of Kolozsvár. It’s a well-known historical fact that the foundation of the students’ canteen in the University of Debrecen was one of the first steps to establish a welfare organization in a hope to support hundreds of students in their studies between the two World Wars in Debrecen. Also widely known that under the guidance of Nándor Láng this students’ canteen gained prosperity. At the
same time, far less attention has been given to networks and relations in higher education underpinning this initiative. Láng asked assistance and information from the University of Kolozsvár which was the only provincial university in Hungary. The letter of Béla Posta which was written to Nándor Láng in December 20, 1916 and all of the attached documents are very rare and valuable sources of the history in both universities. The paper therefore can be considered as a novelty by giving an insight into the partnership of the University of Debrecen and Kolozsvár. -
JÁNOS VÁRADI-STENBERG WAS BORN 100 YEARS AGO
Views:14In February, we commemorated the 100th anniversary of the birth of János Váradi-Sternberg (Nagyvárad, January 10, 1924 – Budapest, February 12, 1992), a Transcarpathian historian, professor and specialist writer. The renowned researcher was the excellence of Hungarian historiography beyond the border, who, as a university teacher, trained generations in conscientious, objective research work. Unfortunately, he did not receive the recognition he deserved during his lifetime, so it is the task of posterity to cherish his memory in a dignified manner.
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A hadiárva és a hadirokkant apával rendelkező hallgatók számának emelkedése az egyetemeken az 1930-as években
133-145Views:92AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF WAR-ORPHAN STUDENTS AND STUDENTS WITH WAR-DISABLED FATHERS AT HUNGARIAN UNIVERSITIES IN THE 1930S. he thematic focus of the present study is a somewhat neglected phenomenon: the sudden rise in the number of war-orphan university students and students with war-disabled fathers in the irst half of the 1930s. During and immediately after World War One institutions of higher education were called upon to accept the enrollment of a large number of veterans who returned from the war with physical injuries and psychic scars: often these ”veterans” were returning war-disabled students. By the beginning of the 1930s the focus of relief of disabled servicemen shifted to those whose father had either died or became war-disabled in the Firsts World War. As early as the academic year of 1929/30 this shift was well discernible, by the 1934/35 academic year, however, there came a steep rise in their relative number. he present study ofers a glimpse at those natural causes and administrative measures that will make it more understandable to sort out the factors at work. It will also ofer an insight into the life and social circumstances of war-orphan students and the ones who had a war-disabled father.
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Emlékbeszéd március 15-én
261-267Views:82Official Speech, March 15, 2010. The festive speech, of which a footnoted-extended version can be read here, attempted to highlight how the previous five generations of the students of higher education in Debrecen had participated in the celebration of the bourgeois revolution of 1848. It was also important to underscore in this speech that for about a hundred years the student body of the College, then of the University, of Debrecen celebrated together with, indeed at the forefront of, the population of the city while for the past few decades the rituals of the local celebrations have diverged.
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Jenő Bacsó, Professor of Civil Procedures the Rector Magnificus of the Hungarian Royal István Tisza University of Debrecen during the Academic Year 1938/39
3-32Views:194Jenő Bacsó, Professor of Civil Procedure the Rector Magnificus of the Hungarian Royal István Tisza University of Debrecen during the Academic Year 1938/39. Jenő Bacsó was the emblematic figure of the jurist training and university life in Debrecen. The editor of the „Debreceni Képes Kalendárium” told that Jenő Bácsó should have been elected rector for the academic year 1938/39 even if someone else could be the next, since he was the person who joined the city, the College and the university. Besides Béla Szentpéteri Kun he was the other professor at the faculty who taught and took part actively in the university life from the establishment of the faculty (1914) to the suspension of the jurist training (1949). He held several positions and educated during his active 33 years as well as during two years after his retirement: he was one of the major figures of the committee which was responsible for handing-receiving of the office of the dean, he took part in Mensa Academica, the committee of the university territorial planning, furthermore, as Rector he was a member of the commission of inquiry sent at the time of the student rioting. He was one of the members of the National Council of the Higher Education from Debrecen. He was the dean of the Faculty of Law during three academic years: 1922/23, 1934/35, 1946/47.
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Jubileumi programok a 475 éves Debreceni Református Kollégium intézményeiben
198-205Views:98ANNIVERSARY PROGRAMS IN THE INSTITUTES OF THE 475-YEAR-OLD REFORMED COLLEGE OF DEBRECEN. he Reformed College of Debrecen celebrated its 475th anniversary in 2013. he College is a unique and interesting institute of Hungarian school system. It is a national historical site, where the reformed heritage of the 16th century, the values of Puritanism of the 17th century, and the intellectual efervescence of the 18th century are commemorated. Anational historical site where the victims of the freedom ight for our independence in 1848–49 are kept alive and where the College’s mission to foster talent even during the turbulent times of the 20th century is remembered. Today teaching activities are present on all levels of public and higher education from the kindergarten to the university.
