Keresés
Keresési eredmények
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A mezőgazdasági őstermelők speciális jövedelemadózási és társadalombiztosítási kötelezettségei
Megtekintések száma:101Absztrakt nélkül.
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A nyilvánosság elvének érvényesülése a büntetőeljárásban
76-92Megtekintések száma:186Publicity, as a key principle of the criminal procedures, has been one of the major topics of the criminal procedure reform-movements since the 18th century. Publicity is a safeguard which guarantees the indepence and impartiality of the court and it is also a significant instrument of social control. In the Hungarian legal system, regulations concerning publicity are located on multiple levels, which means they are not integrated. This kind of disintegrationen dangers the legal certainty. This study introduces the legal practice of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) concerning publicity and also detail show this principle appears in the constitutions of various European countries. Furthermore it examines the relevant legislations in force and the new Criminal Procedure Statute, which will come into force on 1st of July, 2018. Finally, the study mentions some de lege ferenda recommendations, in order to support the future legal-developing actions
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A vétőképtelen személy károkozásáért való felelősség
92-101Megtekintések száma:303The new Hungarian Civil Code also modernizes the non-contractual liability law in several aspects. Even if the so-called general clause of non-contractual liability reamains unchanged, its contstitutive elements are regulated in detail in the new Civil Code. The new Code also introduces some new provisions with regard to liability for dameges caused by a person of lack of discretionary power. The objektive of this survey is to present these changes and to examine its possible impacts on judicial practice.
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Hugo Grotius újraolvasva, avagy a „Nemzetközi jog atyja” gondolatai a XXI. század elejének nemzetközi jogában
Megtekintések száma:166There are several theories when the birth date of international law was. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) was the first who systematized these specific rules and raised it to a scientific level. In this essay I examine how Grotius thought about important institutions of international law and what kind of impact these considerations have to our modern age.
War cannot be seen only as an unlawful act, because most of the original human instincts can be recognized in fighting to each other. This point of view proclaims that international law does not denounce war generally. Existence of international law is important to determine the rules of warfare. To suit to the criterions of lawful war, a war should perform two requirements: opposite parties have to be main authorities in their state and both of them have to keep special formal rules during their fight. Main supremacy means that this power is absolute in its territory, so there are no other relevant human factors to limit it. In our age we have to mention that this criterion is no longer applicable without reservation, because the attack against USA on 11th September 2001 demonstrated that not only states can fight to each other.
Grotius gives importance to the reasons of war too. Three reasons exist: defence, regain possession and punishment. Defence means self-defence, which is a right for everybody to protect himself against unlawful injuries, but this solution has to be the last one. Self-defence can be applicable only if it is necessary, sudden and proportional. After the attack against USA a question was born: is it possible to protect before the real attack, when the enemy is in the period of planning an injury. This preventive self-defence is supported by USA, but UN appreciates the right to self-defence only if there is an armed attack against the state. According to Grotius reasons of war can be pretexts or real reasons. Fear of uncertainty can be a pretext for example, because it is not the most proportional instrument to avoid conflict.
Grotius examines not only ius ad bellum but ius in bellum, rights during a war. These regulations are formal obligations, which give frame to the lawful war and show direction to the opposite parties. Grotius says that there are regulations strictly from the law of nature. A great example is that every instrument can be applicable if it is necessary to reach the major aim of war. It is obvious that today this sentence is intolerable, because technical revolution created such weapons that have power to destroy a whole country suddenly. That is why certain prohibited weapons and methods of warfare exist in international treaties. Grotius deals with the problem of traitors, who support the enemy. There is a slight distinction between the nature of dispatched goods. If these goods can be used for fighting, i.e. weapons, traders are enemies too. If these goods are luxury ones, no traitors can be found. The third situation is more problematic, because if these goods can be used in and outside a war too, the exact situation has to examine to judge the intention of the party.
Groitus has interesting thoughts about prisoners. All prisoners and their descendants become slaves. It means the enemy can do anything against prisoners. By now we have certain rules how to treat with prisoners and it is a general regulation that torture and murder against prisoners is strictly prohibited.
An interesting question is in connection with the law of contracts. Hostages and pledge can be typical securities to strengthen a contract. Grotius says that killing a hostage can be lawful, but inner morals order that killing is lawful only if hostage is culpable too.
Grotius deals with the question of ministers, arranging debates. Looking through this huge work of Grotius we can say statement that he is the father of international law is not without basic and well structured reasons. Before the birth of his book, there were only rules and commentaries for national laws. Grotius extended them to a larger perspective, up to an international level.
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Az elállás dogmatikai kérdései egyes nemzeti jogokban és a közösségi irányelvekben
Megtekintések száma:79Absztrakt nélkül.
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Peter Goodrich és a Satirical Legal Studies
Megtekintések száma:121Satirical Legal Studies is a study by Peter Goodrich, written in 2005. It was published in Michigan Law Review. I wrote my essay with the purpose of analyzing the main points of this study because – as I know – it has not been translated or published in Hungarian yet.
Goodrich gives a comprehensive analysis of the history of the satirical genres, making comparisons, revealing the most important characteristics of these kind of writings. It is the function that distinguishes simple humour from satire and especially legal satire. Satire uses humour as a tool for pointing out to relevant legal matters that need to be changed, so it can easily be admitted that the purpose of satire is reform itself. It means also that the satirical tendencies in jurisprudence have always become stronger in times of need for reforms but we can state that independent of this satire has (more or less) always been present throughout the history of jurisprudence.
Satire has classical, antique traditions that show us the connections between satire and politics or literature. The literary vein of satire or legal satire is less radical than the other one which is in close connection with politics. The latter, more radical form is called Menippean satire and the style of it has always been a certain call for reforms, it always represented a certain social urge to change some relevant legal matters.
The study deals with the problems of metaphysical nonsenses in the territory of law, such as for example law would be God made, or it could be unchangeable. Satirical Legal Studies clearly states that these are all contradictional nonsenses. Besides this Satirical Legal Studies has always represented and fought against the social injustice and the injustice of legal institutions.
These main points guide us to the figure of the Bad Man, whom the author, Goodrich features as the immunological power of the society revealing all the serious social affairs waiting for an answer. Taking all these facts into consideration the Bad Man is not a tool for the idea of Bad, what’s more: he is or can be the cure for a society’s illness if the legal system does not ignore him and his voice at all because his decadence is only the decadence of the certain time and place that he is a part of. The role of satire is to face the legal system with the pure reality and needs in order to become adequately reactive.
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Least Developed Countries and the Generalised System of Preferences scheme from 2006 to 2015
Megtekintések száma:86Absztrakt nélkül.
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A civil szervezetek program- és jogalkotásban való részvételének egyes kérdései Magyarországon
10-26Megtekintések száma:187Among the tools of including the concerned elements of society into the decision making processes the government operating since 2010 rather prefers the non-legal ones (i.e. those which do not constitute direct obligations for the government); rather solutions outside of the legal system are put into focus. Therefore the so-called national consultation, which – among others, such as sectoral, professional and other negotiating forums – introduced in Hungary a previously unknown political technique: within two years – in ordinary mail – each citizen received two surveys with possible answers to choose from, furthermore, – as a method not really used before in Hungary – an information booklet was sent to all citizens with the right to vote which presented the newest pieces of legislation.
Looking beyond political slogans and pathetic forms it may be well observed that the government expects from the method of crowdsourcing – which may be considered traditional in other countries – as well as from different online consultations and the introduction of new means (surfaces) of information the establishment and deepening of discussion (cooperation) with society. Among the new means of information we shall mention that the government of Hungary created its websites civil.kormany.hu and kozhasznusag.kormany.hu related to the civil sector (in broader sense about legislation related to the civil sector). The websites – according to the intentions of the government– are part of the process of changing the attitude aimed at with the new act on the civil sector (Act CLXXV of 2011 on right of association, non-profit status, operation and support of NGOs), through which the government wishes to establish transparent connections with the civil sector.
In Article 7 of the new Act CXXX of 2010 on legislation the two basic form of social compromise are described, general negotiation and direct negotiation. The former one provides opportunity for sharing opinion on the website of the organisation publishing concepts, drafts (in a way which obliges the organisation which asks for the opinion, e.g. through confirmation obligation or through preparing summaries on the merits), while the latter one allows the concerned minister to directly request persons and organisations to give opinion. A specific form of direct negotiation – creating obligations on the side of the minister – is the institution of strategic partnership, the framework of which is settled in a thorough agreement. One material weakness of the regulation, however, is that Article 13 paragraph (2) of the act only lists in an exemplary way those with whom such partnership may be concluded, by mentioning forms of organisations (e.g. church, trade union, civil organisation). -
A COVID-19 betegség tényleg az ügyvéd „adminisztratív problémája“?
5-19Megtekintések száma:236Absztrakt: A COVID-19 világjárvány felforgatta mindennapi életünket 2020 tavaszán. A járvánnyal együtttjáró lezárásoknak, az otthoni munkavégzés gyakorlatának számos hatása máig érvényesül a peres gyakorlatban, akár pozitív, akár negatív értelemben. Pozitív, hogy a bíróságok, hatóságok felismerték az online kommunikáció lehetőségét, így a tárgyalások egy része a járványmentes időszakokban is áttehető az online térbe, időt és energiaráfordítást kímélve. Vegyes a megítélése annak a hozadékának, hogy a polgári peres tárgyalások perfelvétele körében a bíróságok az eddigieknél gyakrabban rendelnek el írásbeli előkészítést. Végül negatív, hogy a hirtelen megbetegedések miatti mulasztások kezelésében szinte mind a mai napig nem sikerült megnyugtató megoldást találni. A tanulmány a betegség miatti mulasztásokkal kapcsolatos gyakorlatot vizsgálja: a Kúria egy 2021. februári, a veszélyhelyzet sajátos körülményei közötti tényállás alapján meghozott végzésénének apropóján igyekszik megvilágítani, mi is a képviselethez való jog (valamint az ügyvéd helyettesítésének) valós tartalma, szerepe a polgári perben.
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Családon belüli erőszak egy irodalmi mű alapján. (Móricz Zsigmond: „A világ végén már szép és jó”)
66-76Megtekintések száma:681In my study I am going to present a rather complicated issue, namely a few problems of domestic violence based on a less-known short story by the Hungarian writer Zsigmond Móricz. I chose this story because it is still relevant today, it could even be set in 2017, as it basically depicts domestic violence in its complexity. This story by Móricz proves that the phenomenon of domestic violence is not at all new, given that in the beginning or the middle of the 20th century we can see the same complex social problem which present-day criminal law has to face. Hungarian society 50 or 100 years ago was not exempt from domestic violence either. We may also claim that the factors enhancing domestic violence were even stronger than today. The story aligns several dimensions of domestic violence, as it shows examples of both child and wife abuse. I am going to analyse the crimes depicted by Móricz according to the criminal laws effective today, and I just tangentially touch upon the judgment of the offences in the age of writing. This way, first I analyse the questions of child abuse, focusing on the right of punishment, which is still relevant in today’s criminal system as a cause for miscarriage. Then I present a detailed analysis of the bearing of case of partner abuse in the framework of violence in relationships, which exists in Hungarian criminal law since 2013.
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A személyes szabadsághoz való jog érvényesülése a Bűnvádi Perrendtartásban
Megtekintések száma:149In this study, first of all I am dealing with the question, how the right to personal liberty prevails in the Bűnvádi Perrendtartás, however at the beginning I would like to introduce how the law for the personal liberty formed and how it appeared in Hungary and in the international documents, so in the British, American and French law as well.
The most serious barrier of the personal liberty is the criminal law, so i find it especially important to examine that for this reason what kind of safeguards were placed into the Bűnvádi Perrendtartás.
In general it can be said that the most important guarantees of the personal liberty are found in the principles of the criminal law, for example presumption of innocence, and through this it prevails in the Bűnvádi Perrendtartás' system.
Firstable the limitation of the personal liberty has to be looked in the coercive measures, so I studied the pre-trial detention institution, that besides the basic principle what kind of safeguards were brought in by the legislature.
In the end, it can be said that the right to personal liberty influences the whole Bűnvádi Perrendtartás, and in the cases where there were limitations, they always solved it with a safeguard.
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Szerzői jogi szankciórendszerünk a szellemi tulajdonjogok érvényesítéséről szóló 2004/48 EK irányelv tükrében
Megtekintések száma:201Copyright law is a relative young area of civil law. Intellectual property and creations ensure the revelation of human personality. The infringement of these rights became general with the development of technology. From the beginning copyright law tried not only circumscribe the possibilities of unrestricted use but ensure effective protection to authors with exact sanctions.
In the essay I examine the international and Hungarian regulation against usurpation demonstrating all sanctions and opportunities. Not only one area of law gives protection to these rights. Civil law, criminal law and administration law has different sanctions for infringements.
On 29th April 2004 2004/48/EC directive has been accepted about validation of intellectual property rights. The explanation of this directive is that different regulations in member states endanger the unified internal market. The directive consists of the rules of proceedings and sanctions.
In this study I present the development about system of sanctions form an international and from a Hungarian perspective. I examine all types of sanctions concerning to the field of civil law and try to analyze functions and aims in connection with them. The effectiveness and history of these legal institutions are also presented in the study.
Comparing the directive and the Hungarian copyright law it can be said that despite of all circumstances the Hungarian law has to be improved especially on the field of proceedings and temporary arrangements. These rules are specified compared to the ones in the Hungarian civil procedure, so judges have to take care of these differences.
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Az üzemi baleset társadalombiztosítási történeti kialakulásának vázlata
Megtekintések száma:121Absztrakt nélkül.
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Kontroll vagy támogatás: az alternatív szankciók dilemmája, Kerezsi Klára könyvének ismertetése
Megtekintések száma:121Absztrakt nélkül.
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Montenegro függetlenné válásának nemzetközi jogi aspektusai
18-33Megtekintések száma:108Absztrakt nélkül.
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Az iszaplerakódás sorsa a római földmérés és jog tükrében
14-19Megtekintések száma:143Besides legal sources, the term alluvio appears in Roman surveyors’ works and to a lesser extent in literary pieces. Chronologically, the word was used later in literary works than by surveyors and legal sources. Legal usage had definitely influenced literary usage. However, the meaning of the term had undergone some change during the word borrowing process. The Digesta and Institutiones first define the term, then deal with this doctrine in connection to usufruct, pledge, will and sale. Legal sources are well complemented and tinged by the Roman surveyors’writings, who examined the problem of alluvio from technical and legal aspects as well. For example their writings provide essential information about which parts of the Roman Empire were affected regularly by the action of rivers. The collation of sources makes it possible to examine the problem of alluvio from historical aspect as well, which is closely connected to the assessment of river bank land. It seems probable that as a result of a long process the distinction made between ager occupatorius and ager limitatus became less important from the point of view of alluvial accession.
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Gerhard G. Hösl: A mediáció mint eredményes konfliktuskezelő megoldás elvei és gyakorlata
74-81Megtekintések száma:226A mediáció mint diverziós eljárási modell létjogosultsága és hatásfoka az egyik legvitatottabb kérdése a hazai és nemzetközi jogtudománynak. Gerhard G. Hösl tanulmánya ugyanakkor olyan pragmatikus módszerrel dolgozza fel e jogintézmény alkalmazásának folyamatát, amely komoly iránymutatást adhat a hazai jogalkalmazás számára is. A könyv gyakorlati példákon keresztül illusztrálja a közvetítői eljárásban résztvevő személyek számára irányadó magatartásformákat, a közvetítőként eljáró személy (ld. mediátor) lehetséges feladatait, valamint a szóban forgó jogintézmény előnyös hatásait.
Elöljáróban megjegyezném: a jogtudomány számos képviselője azon az állásponton van, hogy jelen eljárásjogi konstrukció derogálja a bíróságok presztízsét, míg mások a jogviták megoldásának hatékonyabb, gyorsabb és az érdekeltek számára minden szempontból kedvezőbb lehetőségét látják benne. E teoretikus vitapontok ellenére megállapítható, hogy a legfejlettebb uniós tagállamokban már rutinszerűen alkalmazzák e lehetőséget: Ausztriában több mint 4000 mediációs szervezet létezik, Németországban - Hannoveri székhellyel - 2003 óta évente országos kongresszusokat tartanak e tárgykörben, Svájcban kógens jogszabályi előírásokat hoztak a mediátorok képzési rendszerével kapcsolatosan, stb. Leszögezhető tehát, hogy e konstrukció igénybevétele növekedő tendenciát mutat, mégpedig - nemzetközi szinten - elsősorban a családi, az öröklési, a munka-, a gazdasági és a büntetőjog területén. A könyv tárgyát képező praxis jövőbeni fejlődése azonban természetesen a jogalkotó, illetőleg jogalkalmazó kezében van, teljes mértékben kikristályosodott gyakorlatról pedig még egy európai állam esetében sem beszélhetünk.
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A büntetőeljárás nyilvánosságának jogszabályi hátterében húzódó alapjogi kollíziók feltárása, különös tekintettel az ágazati titokvédelemre
Megtekintések száma:205The right to a fair trial by an independent and impartial tribunal is a fundamental right everybody is entitled to. Through such right, transparency and publicity becomes an important guarantee of the administration of justice, in a broader sense, and as a procedural principle of different court proceedings as well. The collision between the requirements of privacy protection and transparency impose challenges on the legislator, the legal practitioners and on the judicial practice as well, from many aspects. Beyond issues of data protection, these requirements influence the publicity of the courtroom, the publicity of proceedings to the press, and the protection of personality rights.
In the general interpretation publicity is a safeguard which guarantees the indecency and impartiality of the court and it is also a significant instrument of social control. The study distinguishes between the different level of publicity in a criminal procedures such as “socially publicity”, “courtroom publicity” and “client publicity” and examines practicable problems like online-streaming during the criminal court proceeding.
In order to ensure the transparency of courts, the information stored must be provided to the parties, other authorities, and the media, taking into account applicable legal provisions.
When it comes to the operation of courts, one of the biggest problems with regard to the constitutionality of data processing is when the qualification of a particular data is changed several times in different procedural stages, and is – consequently – subject to different legal protection. Needless to say that the same data cannot be considered as both public and protected at the same time in the same procedure. However, this issue arises regularly, which is quite frankly a legal nonsense requiring an immediate and comprehensive solution.
Finally the study mentions some de lege ferenda recommendations as well.