Keresés

Keresési eredmények

• A munkaidő egyoldalú meghatározása a hatályos munkajogi szabályozásban

  63-80

  Szabó Mercédesz Ibolya

  Megtekintések száma:

  272

  A jog a legtöbb esetben nem különbözteti meg egy szerződés mellérendelt pozícióiban lévő különböző személyeket – az Állam is azonos jogokkal és kötelezettségekkel rendelkezik egy adásvétel során, mint magánszemély szerződő partnere. A munkajog kifejezetten az a jogterület, ahol az elméletileg teljesen mellérendelt felek közül az egyik – a munkavállaló - a valóságban mindig alárendeltebb és nem kétségesen kiszolgáltatottabb helyzetben van. A fentiek tükrében kifejezetten figyelemre méltó, hogy a munkajogi szabályozásnak mégis vannak olyan területei, ahol éppenséggel a harmadik út érvényesül – nem azonos erőpozícióban vannak a felek, de nem a munkavállaló kap jogszabályi segítséget esélyegyenlőségéhez, hanem handicap helyzetét maga a jog erősíti. Ezt a helyzetet nevezzük az egyoldalú hatalmasság jogi helyzetének és célunk annak megvizsgálása, milyen mértékben van ez jelen a magyar munkajogban és mennyire előnyös vagy hátrányos ez bármelyik oldal számára. Az a jogterület, ahol leginkább felfedezhetjük az egyoldalú hatalmasság nyomait, az a munkaidővel kapcsolatos jogi szabályozás, amely így a jelen tanulmány tárgyát képezi s a továbbiakban a munkaidő fogalmát a munkáltató egyoldalú jogviszony alakítási jogkörének aspektusából vizsgáljuk. A munkajogra alapvetően nem jellemző az egyoldalú hatalmasság érvényesülése, így a munkaidővel kapcsolatos szabályok - amelyek túlnyomórészt a munkáltató diszkrecionális jogkörébe tartoznak – ilyen tekintetben kivételnek számítanak. A kötetlen munkarend lehetősége ugyanakkor a munkaidővel kapcsolatos egyoldalú hatalmasság – fölény alól jelent kivételt, így tulajdonképpen a kivétel kivétele. Ez a bonyolultnak tűnő rendszer mindazonáltal lehetőséget ad arra, hogy meggyőződjünk arról, hogy építő jellegű-e az egyoldalú hatalmasság érvényesülése a munkajogi szabályozásban vagy célszerűbb lenne egy kiegyenlítettebb rendszer alkalmazása, akár a Guy Davidov által javasolt munkáltatói ultima ratio megoldásával. Megjegyezve, hogy a fent is említettek szerint a kötetlen munkarend is rejt magában veszélyeket, álláspontunk szerint hatékonyabb és szociálisabb lenne egy konszenzusos rendszer kialakítása, amellyel nem mellesleg Európai Uniós jogharmonizációs kötelezettségeinknek is eleget tennénk. Jogalkotásunk s így munkajogi jogalkotásunk előtt számos feladat áll társadalmi – gazdasági problémák megoldásának elősegítése illetve a jogharmonizációs kötelezettségek teljesítése érdekében – a fenti megállapítások álláspontunk szerint alátámasztják, hogy a munkaidő szabályozásának liberálisabbá tétele a jogalkotásunk előtt álló fontos feladatok közé tartozik.

• A menekültügyi őrizet elrendelésének anyagi jogi feltételei az uniós jog tükrében

  21-31

  Kiss Árpád

  Megtekintések száma:

  112

  Hungary lies in the route of the stream of refugees coming from the Balkan. It is a transit country, so the refugees do not typically intend to stay here, they rather wish to travel torwards to West- and North Europe. Particular sections of Hungary's border also mean the external borders of the European Union, the area of freedom, security and justice, which has a common asylum system. Significant part of illegal immigrants presents asylum claim only to avoid the aliens procedures.

  From the 1st of January 2013, the legislature terminated the aliens detention against asylum applicants. From 1st of July 2013 the Hungarian legislature reintroduced the possibility of detention of applicants. The new regulation has been placed in Act LXXX of 2007 on the Right of Asylum, Sections 31/A-31/H by Act XCIII of 2013 on the Amendment of Particular Laws Concerning Law Enforcement. The introduction of asylum-seeker detention and the practice of its application have raised dust. In my essay I am introducing the connections between the reasons of ordering asylum-seeker detention in the Act on Asylum and its backgroud in the EU Directive. I am not dealing with the question of compatibility of asylum detention and human rights and with problematic procedural issues, because I consider it more important to review the substantive conditions of asylum-seeker detention and the certain practical questions of its application therefore I am focusing on this segment of jurisdiction.

• A vagyoni értékű jogok apportálhatósága és az egységes szabályozás hiányának problematikája

  114-120

  Lehoczki Zóra Zsófia

  Megtekintések száma:

  364

  According to the new Hungarian Civil Code, the funders of the legal entities have to make contributions to the authorised capital and the two forms of these contributions are the contribution is cash and the contribution in kind. The regulation states that proprietary rights can also be transferred to the capital of businness accociations, by those funders, who are entitled to demise them.

  The judicial practice unanimously defined the rules in those cases, when the object of contribution in kind is a certain proprietary right, especially when the right is connected to the real estate. On the other hand, the Civil Code does not contain a list of those proprietary rights, which can be transferred to the authorised capital and unfortunately, different acts contain different lists of these rights.

  The three mentioned acts are the following: the personal income tax act, the act about the fees and the accounting act. All of them contain a list of proprietary rights and some of the items are regulated by all the three of them but most of the items are different, which means it is impossible to create an accurate list of these rights. For example, the list in the personal income tax act contains only five items, on the other hand, the accounting act contains two lists and both of them are unfinised.

  Because of the lack of unified rules, it is impossible to define which proprietary rights can become the objects of contribution in kind and this misfortunate situation causes a lot of unwanted indefinability and states a lot of questions.

  In my essay I introduce this problem and I use a chart to illustrate the differences between the mentioned lists. In my opinion, this problem could be solved with an unified list, which is normative for every regulation in connection with the proprietary rights or the Civil Code should contain a list of those proprietary rights, which can be the objects of contribution in kind.

• A közérdekű munka speciális jellegének főbb vonásai

  Mónusné Kiss Katalin

  Megtekintések száma:

  72

  In Hungary there are two types of punishments: principal punishments and supplementary punishments. I examined the labour in the public interest, which is one of the principal punishments. Judges use this punishment barely than imprisonment, fine. Difficult to use this punishment, because it needs many preliminary works. I examined the labour in the public interest’s ruling from the 1950.:II. Criminal Code of General Part to nowadays.
  

  In Hungary a person sentenced to labor in the public interest is obligated to perform the work defined for him in the court sentence. Only such work may be ordered as work in the public interest which the convict, in light of his health condition and education, is presumed to be capable of performing. There are many problems in rule of the labour in the public interest, for example one day of work in the public. As rule of the Criminal Code punishment shall be six hours of work, but other rule is, punishment shall be 4-8 hours of work for one day.
  

  Other interesting rule is, the imprisonment substituting labour in the public interest or the remaining part thereof shall be established in such a way that one day of labour in the public interest shall correspond to one day of imprisonment. In my opinion it would be better, if the imprisonment substituting labour in the public interest or the remaining part thereof shall be established in fine.
  

  On the other hand I suggested to use this punishment if a person younger than 18 years old. I think if a person is 16 years old, this punishment can be more effective than other punishments.
  

  I found many differences, and many similarities between Hungarian and international Criminal Codes, Propositions, and finally I wrote some important, new point to change the rules.

• A jogcímes elbirtoklás kérdései

  81-89

  Máté Tucsek

  Megtekintések száma:

  415

  Jelen dolgozatban a Polgári Törvénykönyben felvázolt új dologi jogintézmény, a jogcímes elbirtoklás egyes aspektusainak bemutatására szándékozom. Ezen fiatal tulajdonszerzési mód a jogalkalmazás és a jogtudomány számára merőben szokatlannak hatott, és a jogalanyok vonatkozásában is novumnak számít. A dologi jog a magánjog legfontosabb, leglényegeseb szabályait tartalmazza, ezért mindig égetően fontos, hogy a jogalkotó, továbbá a jogszabály egzakt célját sikerüljön feltárni a lehető legpontosabb módon, hiszen ez szolgálja a vagyoni forgalom biztonságát, és ez garantálja az egyik legősibb társadalmi intézmény, a tulajdon szabadságát és védelmét. Az elbirtoklás sajátos természeténél fogva mindig jogviták kereszttüzében állt, így a fenti szempontok esetében halmozottan érvényesülnek.

  Jelen dolgozat célja, hogy bemutassa a jogcímes elbirtoklás szabályozását, dogmatikai sajátosságait, magyar jogtörténeti előzményével, valamint egy szokatlan külföldi példával párhuzamot vonjon, a bírói gyakorlat egyes releváns mozzanatait megvizsgálja, és kísérletet tegyen egy alternatív szabályozási technika felvázolására.

• A dohányreklámok szabályozásának változásai a magyar jogban

  Pribula László

  Megtekintések száma:

  70

  Since the change of the regime the economic role of advertisements has changed significantly. Advertising forms a considerable part of economic activities, the cost of which constitute a growing portion of the expenses of a given enterprise. The mass-appearance of advertisements has altered the relationship between consumers and advertisers, it has restructured consumption habits and the importance of advertising in media.

  The most significant modification of the Hungarian Advertising Act occurred by (Act I of 2001), which was in large passed with the consent of the advertising profession. The modification introduced the concept of deceptive advertisements, apparent comparative advertisements and special offers. Comparative advertisements were also regulated in a satisfactory way. However, several legal institutions were introduced as well, which should have been included in competition law. In the last two decades actions against unlawful advertisements were largely based on competition law, which restricts advertising activities violating fair competition in general. Advertising Decree and later the Advertising Act regulated the restriction of advertisements of certain goods and services, or defined the restrictions on certain advertising activities. Due to the modification, the role of Competition Act became less significant, since Advertising Act also contains most prohibitions on advertising activities that were defined in the Competition Act. In addition, in the case of violation of regulations on deceptive and comparative advertisements, Advertising Act denoted the Bureau of Competition and the court as chief acting powers, whereas the violation of rules on apparent comparative advertisements falls in the scope of the Consumer Protection Authority.

  What is more, the (Act I of 2001) “smuggled” the entire prohibition of tobacco advertisements into the Advertising Act, which totally contradicted with the opinion of advertising profession. Thus Hungary, similarly to France, joined the strictest practice in this question. It is also disputable whether such restrictions promote the fight against smoking, and it was certainly disadvantageous that legislation decided in the question without involving the profession, for which there had been no precedents so far.

• A munkaviszony megszűnésének és megszüntetésének új szabályai a korábbi szabályozás tükrében

  24-34

  Fiók Andrea

  Hornyák Zsolt

  Megtekintések száma:

  153

  From the 1st of July 2012, Act XXII of 1992 on the Labour Code, which was effective from the 1st of July 1992, had given place Act I of 2012 on the Labour Code (New Code). The New Code has brought a lot of changes concerning the cessation and termination of the employment. The univoque aim of the legislator, near reducing the number of the labour suits, was resolving the inconsistency of the practice, corresponding to the changing social and economic relations, furthermore harmonising the Hungarian law to the law of the European Union. The rules concerning the termination of the employment have not substantially changed. The New Code broadens the list of cases regulated previously. Concerning the termination of the employment, the New Code determines the ordinary dismissal as dismissal, whereas the extraordinary dismissals as dismissal with prompt effect.
  At the same time, it is a new rule, that the parties could terminate the definite term employment with dismissal, if the conditions determined by the New Code emerge. The New Code has brought substantial changes concerning the rules of the dismissal protection. It constricts the number of cases when the dismissal protection could be applicable and respecting the application of the dismissal protection, it considers authoritative the moment of the notification of the dismissal. For example an expectant mother could refer to the dismissal protection, if she had notified the employer about the pregnancy before the notification of dismissal.
  According to subsection 3 of section 65, there are cases, when the dismissal should not be communicated, whereas according to subsection 2 of section 68, the dismissal could be communicated, but the termination period would start earliest after the last day determined by the New Code.
  The New Code, contrary to the old one, determines 6 months as the longest term of the dismissal period. The rules of the acquittal and the severance pay have not changed substantially. Regarding the dismissal with prompt effect, the legislator makes a distinction between the termination with motivation and the termination without motivation. It is a substantial modification regarding the unlawful termination of the employment, that according to the rules of the New Code, the employee could claim for damages as arrears of salary, which could not exceeds the 12 months amount of the absence fee. The restoration of the employment could be executed only in the few cases determined by section 83 and only if the employee requests for it.

• A vétőképtelen személy károkozásáért való felelősség

  92-101

  Varga Nelli

  Megtekintések száma:

  193

  The new Hungarian Civil Code also modernizes the non-contractual liability law in several aspects. Even if the so-called general clause of non-contractual liability reamains unchanged, its contstitutive elements are regulated in detail in the new Civil Code. The new Code also introduces some new provisions with regard to liability for dameges caused by a person of lack of discretionary power. The objektive of this survey is to present these changes and to examine its possible impacts on judicial practice.

• A szülői felügyeleti jog megszüntetésének hatályos jogi szabályozása a Polgári Törvénykönyvben

  12-18

  Csizmadiáné Pethő Tímea

  Megtekintések száma:

  198

  Being a judge practicing on the area of the law of crimes I rarely come across with the need to apply civil law. Nevertheless, a handful legal concepts may be applied also by criminal courts. One of these concepts is the termination of parental control. Before turning to relevant case analysis in my study, I focus on the principle of the "child's best interest" which is referred to under article 3 of the New York Convention on the rights of children and which has a general fundamental applicability in respect of all provisions of the Convention. This principle must apply not only in civil, but also in criminal proceedings and generally in all types of proceedings irrespective of the area of law such proceedings fall under. Special emphasis is attributed to the legal consequences of terminating parental control and to the distinction of cases where the termination of parental control by the court is mandatory and where such a decision is made in the discretion of the court. I pay separate attention to cases where the court has convicted the parent of a crime committed wilfully against the convicted person's own child and in which cases the convicted person is sentenced to prisonment and as a result of these the criminal court has competence to order the termination of parental control. I address also some issues relating to matters of proof and evidence in connection with crimes of domestic violence. Finally, I explain the nature of a child-focused jurisdiction through the presentation of the Hungarian system which ensures to respect and to give effect to the rights of children to the maximum extent possible. The ability of providing special treatment for children in court proceedings is of the utmost importance.

• Az üzemi tanács mint önálló adatkezelő

  Bagdi Katalin

  Megtekintések száma:

  280

  n most cases, the employer is the only one identified as a data controller in connection with employment relationships, even though other actors of employment such as the trade unions and the works councils also process data in relation to their activities carried out based on and in compliance with the Labour Code. Even so, while the data processing of the trade union does not raise any particular questions compared to other data controllers, issues do arise in connection with the works council. Works councils undeniably process the employees’ personal data in order to carry out their activities and fulfil their tasks, though without own assets and organisation separate from the employer’s, data processing of the works council could be attributed to the employer and considered as if it was the employer’s data processing, which would settle most of the possibly arising questions such as liability for infringing data protection rules. However, after the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the EU came into force in 2018, the definition of the data controller changed and includes now so-called “other bodies” as well, even if these bodies lack legal personality. Thus, the works council itself shall be considered as data controller which means that it must execute the obligations set in data protection rules. Despite the fact that based on the GDPR rules the works council shall be considered as data controller independent from other data controllers including the employer, this fact seems to be unknown for all relevant bodies, even for the data protection authority. Possibly because the works council is still thought to be a part of the employer’s organization and thus it is not obvious that the transfer of data between the employer and the works council is limited and conditional as they are two independent data controller, obliged to guard the employee’s relevant data even from one another. Hence, it is important to emphasize that the works council itself is an independent data controller in order to ensure a high level of protection for the employees. The aim of this paper therefore is to prove that the works council is clearly an independent data controller by analysing the relevant Hungarian and EU rules

• Termékszavatosság – egy új jogintézmény a fogyasztói érdekek védelmében

  2-7

  Ambrus Zoltán

  Megtekintések száma:

  54

  This study presents the product warranty, a new element of the Hungarian system of law. The author describes the main features of product warranty in comparison with warranty and product liability. The author states some comments on the regulation. In the end the importance of product warranty is presented by stating a case.

   

  Egy új jogi szabályozás megjelenésekor adott a lehetőség az elméleti és gyakorlati szakemberek számára, hogy a korábbi normaszöveghez történő hasonlítással tárják fel és elemezzék a változásokat. A Polgári Törvénykönyvről szóló 2013. évi V. törvény (Ptk.) nem vitásan érinti a civiljog teljes spektrumát, új elemekkel frissítve a már kialakult magánjogi intézményrendszert. Jelen írás a termékszavatosság szabályainak elemző bemutatására tesz kísérletet.

  A magyar jogi szabályozásban előzmények nélküli jogintézményről van szó, ezért a meghatározó jellemzők bemutatása más, a hibás teljesítéshez kapcsolódó jogintézményekhez történő hasonlítással történik meg. Ennek során a kiindulási alapot a hibás teljesítésből eredő igények „anyajogának” tekinthető kellékszavatosság jelenti, ezen túlmenően a hibás teljesítéssel okozott károk megtérítésére (a továbbiakban: kártérítés), valamint termékfelelősségre vonatkozó szabályok kapnak szerepet.

  A termékszavatosságra vonatkozó rendelkezések a Ptk.-nak a kötelmi jogi szabályokat tartalmazó hatodik könyvében, annak XXIV. fejezetében, a hibás teljesítésre vonatkozó rendelkezéseknél szerepelnek a kellékszavatosságra és kártérítésére vonatkozó szabályokkal együtt. A hibás teljesítésből eredő fogyasztói igények körében további igényérvényesítési lehetőséget teremtő termékfelelősségi szabályok ettől eltérően a szerződésen kívül okozott kárért való felelősséggel szabályai között, a LXXII. fejezetben kaptak helyet.

• A közút tartozéka: egy sajátos jogintézmény ellentmondásai

  Pribula László

  Megtekintések száma:

  74

  In the legal terminology of private law several times the same definition is used for addressing the same legal institution (e.g. default penalty, in-building). In most of the cases there is no problem to separate these institutions and we can also give an explanation why legislator used the same terminology.

  The definition of accessory is used for a special group of article groups in the Hungarian Civil Code and also used in the Act I. of 1988. From the angle of judicature it is problematic as even if the definition of road accessory is build upon the general terminology of accessory in the Civil Code, the two legal institutions are not the same.

  In the essay we would like to emphasize that the safety of traffic does not give a decent reason why we have to restrict the proprietary rights with using the institution of road accessory. This restriction is in a close connection with not only the distance from the public road but the effect of the property to the safety of traffic. The valid regulations may cause illogical contradictions and judicature problem.

• A munkaügyi alternatív vitafeloldó módszerek a bírósághoz fordulás alapjogának fényében

  Nádházy Zsolt

  Megtekintések száma:

  91

   

  Thanking to the fact that numerous European countries have become more democratized, and to the practical experience based on common law legal system, from the middle of the XXth century some of the continental legal systems have begun to apply alternative procedures for solving disputes between parties, such as facilitation, arbitration or mediation. We can stress two important common features of these solutions. Firstly, if parties apply these ways, they can avoid the traditional judicial way (or, if the result of the chosen method is not satisfactory, these ways can be considered as the preliminary step before the judicial way). Secondly, these procedures have appeared firstly in labour law.

  As we emphasized, applying these solutions parties try to avoid the judicial way, for this reason in this study we try to introduce the relationship between these methods and the basic right to turn a (traditional) court. Expert’s opinions in connection with these processes are very different, we introduce only the two farthest standpoint: on the one hand these ways can speed up the procedure between parties, and can increase the efficiency of it, and parties can agree with each other by amicable way. On the other hand, applying these ways some of the basic rights (for example the principle of independence of courts and the right of fair trial or the principle of contradictory) will be decreased.

  In this study we try to examine the problem determined in the title, on the basis of the rules of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and the Constitution of Hungary. But, we have to examine not only the right of fair trial and turning to a (traditional) court, but the monopoly of courts in connection with solving legal disputes (as constitutional principle) in details. We utilize the orders of the Hungarian Constitutional Court as well as the theological and practical experience of these procedures. We have to emphasize that from the different alternative dispute-solving mechanisms we examine not all of the models, but only the model of New York, because only the procedures follow these model are relevant for us in this study.

• Az alkotmánybíráskodás elméleti alapjairól

  86-91

  Szmodis Jenő

  Megtekintések száma:

  103

  The paper researches preliminarily the problem of norm-control versus social-control. It criticizes the logical and normative approach of Consctitutional Court’s activity, pointing out this function necessarily deals with values. The paper introduces the ideological and historical antecedents of modern institutional norm-control, touching Grecian and early American ideas. The article finally refers spread of Constitutional Courts and some problematical phenomena of Hungarian Constitutional Court's activity.

• A biztosítási szerződések hatályba lépésének egyes kérdései

  Pribula László

  Megtekintések száma:

  57

  The dispensation of justice most often makes decisions in legal disputes about contract law on the basis of the general rules of contract law. The freedom of making contracts and the dynamism of contract law have resulted in an agreement that the conditions of the contract and the general rules should generally be considered to an increasing extent rather than the special regulations referring to the given contract. However, there are some contracts which theme, subjects and content require the application of special rules that result in solutions hard to interpret for parties inexperienced in law and that are radically different from those recommended by the general rules of contract law. Insurance contracts are those type of contracts, where the rules determine when the contract comes into existence and effect and when the services are due. These regulations are based on a logic that is radically different from the general rules, so they can often lead to serious misunderstandings. It is discernable in the judiciary practice that the dispensation of justice respects the specific features of insurance contracts, but tries to interpret the rules in a way that draws near to the general rules of contract law. The decisions of the Hungarian Supreme Court give priority to the interests of the insured parties and allow in fewer cases when the insurance company is exempted of its obligation of payment. However, judiciary practice has little effect on the content of insurance law. It seems justified to make insurance companies work out as detailed and clear conditions as possible and make them disclose the orders basically concerning their obligation of running risks.

• A polgári perrendtartás újragondolt alapelvei – elvárások és tapasztalatok:

  118-127.

  dr. Molnár Tamás

  Megtekintések száma:

  219

  Jelen tanulmány központi témája a magyar polgári perrendtartás kodifikációjának során újraszabályozott alapelvek egyes jellemzői. Elmondható, hogy az alapelvek száma és tartalma is koncentráltabb lett a kodifikáció eredményeképpen.

  A polgári perrendtartásról szóló 2016. évi CXXX. törvény (továbbiakban: Pp.) számos koncepcionális változást hozott, ami az alapelvek tekintetében is megfigyelhető. Megújult a Pp. alapelvi fejezete, amelyben olyan elvek is rögzítésre kerültek, amelyeket a magyar polgári eljárásjog eddig még nem ismert. Jelen tanulmány áttekinti ezeket a változásokat és igyekszik állást foglalni az alapelvek tartalmát illetően is, külön vizsgálat tárgyává téve a jogalkotó által is kiemelt célkitűzésként megfogalmazott perkoncentráció elvét.

  A dolgozat elemezni az alapelvekkel kapcsolatos szakmai vitákat, és megkísérel választ adni arra, hogy a hatályba lépés óta eltelt időszak tapasztalatai beváltották-e az alapelvi reformhoz fűzött egyes elvárásokat. A tanulmány vizsgálja a megváltozott szabályozást, amelyek a szakirodalomban is ellenkező álláspontok kialakulásához vezettek. Fontos témája a dolgozatnak, hogy az osztott perszerkezethez igazodóan a bíróság közrehatási tevékenysége is változáson ment keresztül. E változás az alapelvekben is megfigyelhető, mivel új alapelvként jelent meg a bíróság közrehatási kötelezettsége. Elemzésre kerül továbbá az igazmondás és a jóhiszeműség alapelvek egyes jellemzői.

  A tanulmány igyekszik külföldi példákon keresztül megvilágítani a polgári perrendtartás alapelvi kérdéseit, amelynek során főként a német szabályozás egyes elemei kerülnek említésre.

• A közigazgatás szervezeti változásai a szabálysértési jog fórumrendszere tükrében

  Árva Zsuzsanna

  Megtekintések száma:

  141

  The paper introduces the most recent processes taking place within the Hungarian public administration from a special aspect and follows the system of the authorities of the misdemeanor law from the 19th century to nowadays. It presents the system of the monarchy, the councils and the period after the change of regime. The Constitutional Court with its Resolution no. 63/1997 (XII. 12.) declared the dual nature of offences – being against public administration and bagatelle cases pertaining to criminal law – and although with a different legal reasoning, it prescribed the right of access to court in both cases. The mentioned separation has resulted in conceptual problems exerting their influence to this day, at the same time the majority of authors dealing with this field instead of the majority opinion accepted the concurrent explanation of László Sólyom, to which Constitutional Court Judges János Németh and Tamás Lábady also joined. In 2012, however, several important changes took place simultaneously. The new Act on Offenses shifted towards criminal law while it terminated the right of local governments to regulate offenses. In parallel with this, the Act on Local Governments at the beginning provided an opportunity for the local governments to sanction anti-social behavior which was revoked by the Constitutional Court in the same year. The paper investigates the effect of the decisions of the Constitutional Court and analyzes the opportunities of public administration within the present legal framework to apply sanctions and defines those criteria on the basis of which the legislator could settle the current situation.

• A szindikátusi szerződés

  45-57

  Nagy Barna Krisztina

  Megtekintések száma:

  243

  Before the new codex of civil law the law of business associations was cogent, that is why the syndicate agreement became a popular contract again. Yes, I would like to emphasize again, because in the past decade, after the commercial law became valid, this type of agreement and cooperation, what was regulated by the syndicate agreement was well known in the Hungarian civil law. Namely this commercial law had a provision, which said, that every occasional associations i.e. civil association or consortiums, are actually civil associations not business associations. The bottom line is, they are contractual collaborations, with one purpose, to make profit. If someone comes to make this kind of cooperation/collaboration, it has to be regulated by a syndicate agreement.

  After the WWII, the syndicate agreement was not popular. By the time when the first law of business association entered into force, this type of cooperation reached high popularity, because of the cogent rules, in respect of the private limited company. This is the reason why the syndicateswith vote became so popular,and they will be after a dispositive civil codex.

  First I would like to present syndicate agreement of company law, second I would like to give a brief overview about the syndicate agreement of public law.

• The New Hungarian Constitution (Basic Law) of 2011 and Environmental Protection

  36-38

  Julesz Máté

  Megtekintések száma:

  70

  Without abstract

• Nótári Tamás: Studia Iuridico-philologica I. Nótári Tamás: Studia Iuridico-philologica I. Studies in Classical and Medieval Philology and Legal History. Hungarian Polis Studies 14. Debrecen 2007. 313 oldal

  Vincze Attila

  Megtekintések száma:

  43

  Absztrakt nélkül.

• A kutató jogai és kötelezettségei a felsőoktatási találmányok viszonyában a magyar és német (berlini és bajor) jog tükrében

  105-134

  Stipkovits Tamás István

  Megtekintések száma:

  73

  Az akadémiai kapitalizmus megjelenésével a felsőoktatási intézmények társadalmi rendeltetése, feladatai és belső felépítése is változásokon ment keresztül. Az USÁ-ban bekövetkezett reformok hatására több európai országban is megjelent az az elvárás, hogy a felsőoktatási intézmények az oktatási és kutatási funkcióik betöltése mellett gazdasági értelemben is vállaljanak szerepet, ami elsősorban a felsőoktatási intézmény keretei között létrejött innováció hasznosításában ölt testet. A felsőoktatási találmányok viszonyában kiemelt jelentősége van annak, hogy milyen jogosultságok és kötelezettségek illessék meg a kutatót a minél hatékonyabb hasznosítás érdekében. Jelen tanulmány a felsőoktatási intézmény kutatójának jogait és kötelezettségeit hivatott bemutatni. A felsőoktatási intézmények speciális helyzetének és feladatainak számba vételét követően, a tanulmány rátér az akadémiai szabadság egyéni aspektusainak feltárására és kifejti, hogy a munkaviszonyban előállított szabadalmaztatható találmányok terén milyen speciális – az általános szabályoktól eltérő – jellegű jogok és kötelezettségek illetik meg a kutatót. A tanulmány a magyar és német jog összehasonlítására, így a releváns joganyag számba vételére vállalkozik. Tekintettel a német szövetségi rendszerre, a tagállami szabályozás terén a berlini és bajor tagállami jogot veszi irányadónak. A tanulmány következtetéseket von le azzal kapcsolatban, hogy a hazai jog milyen adalékok segítségével motiválhatná a kutató szempontjából a tudástranszfer hatékonyságát, ezáltal növelve az akadémiai keretek között született eredmények kipörgetésének intenzitását.

• A társasági jogviszonyok szabályozása a német polgári jogi társaságban

  Szikora Veronika

  Megtekintések száma:

  62

  Partnership under the civil code is a harsh institution in Hungarian legal system. Despite of this fact, most of the European countries apply this legal entity a lot as a background for other, more complicated corporate forms. In my essay I demonstrate those rules in German Civil Code (BGB), which show the importance and opportunities of these partnerships.

  If we would like to describe the essentials of partnerships under the Civil Code, the most important question is the legal relations from both inner and external point of view. Internal relations mean an obligation between the parties, who form this partnership. It is natural that we can find both rights and commitments between founders. This is a contract but BGB says that all parties have equal rights and commitments in the same partnership. As a general rule of the Code, it is permissive, not cogent. BGB has basic regulation for operating such a partnership, but can be useful if founders live with this permissive opportunity and shape special rules for their partnership, which fit to their aims, functions, different financial potential of the parties.

  There is a chance for founders to neglect building a whole structure and organization for their partnership, if they want to operate it as an inner partnership, without external relations, focusing only for the rights and omissions between the parties.

  From all contract that establishes a partnership under the Civil Code membership rights follow. These rights cannot be transferred. A distinction can be made between administrational, common business management and financial rights. Rights to common business management can consist of right to information, right to supervision or the most important right to vote. Financial rights gather typical rights such as right to dividend or liquidity proportion. These rights are social omissions from the viewpoint of the partnership itself, as these are for the interest of the parties.

  The most important omissions of the founders are financial contribution to establish the partnership. This regulation results from that partnership is to promote common aim of the founders, and to achieve this, all of them have to make available pecuniary or non-pecuniary assets. According to a special rule of BGB, over against the other corporate forms, members of the partnership have no omission to increase or complete their assets.

  Management of the partnership is not only a right but an obligation too. A special omission is that all members and founders have to be loyal to the partnership. Because of the strong partnership character of this corporate form, this means that members have to keep the interest and aim of the partnership in view. They all are responsible for achieving the aim of the partnership and nobody can sit as a beneficiary. Loyal members have to keep secrets in connection with operating the partnership and of course the sudden obligation to inform the others of all events and experiences, which are in tight connection with the partnership and the interests of the parties. If any of the members breach these obligations, rules of damages can be applied in BGB.

  Assets of the partnership are special, because no separated corporate assets form. Financial and non-pecuniary contribution becomes the assets of the community of members. It is undividable and common. But these common assets are strictly separated from the private assets of the parties. Rights for profit and deficit are equal, but this permissive rule allows different regulation in the contract. The only cogent sentence is the prohibition of societas leoniana, i.e. nobody can be precluded of profit and deficit.

  External relations mean the representation of the partnership. In this case the most important law is the contract itself. In case of disagreement between the parties, there is a helping rule of BGB: members can act as a body. If we take into consideration the rules of liability, we can say that because of the lack of legal capacity of the partnership, individual liability has its important role. Generally this liability is unlimited, but there is a chance to agree with the creditor to limit liability. But this limitation is only valid for that legal transaction.

  Rules for partnerships under the Civil Code in Germany are more detailed and nuanced than in Hungary. Partnership is the basic type of civil law partnerships, such as limited partnership or general partnership. We have to consider that building up a more coherent regulation for these partnerships can be useful to categorize atypical corporations.

• Peter Goodrich és a Satirical Legal Studies

  Bereznay Gábor

  Megtekintések száma:

  52

  Satirical Legal Studies is a study by Peter Goodrich, written in 2005. It was published in Michigan Law Review. I wrote my essay with the purpose of analyzing the main points of this study because – as I know – it has not been translated or published in Hungarian yet.

  Goodrich gives a comprehensive analysis of the history of the satirical genres, making comparisons, revealing the most important characteristics of these kind of writings. It is the function that distinguishes simple humour from satire and especially legal satire. Satire uses humour as a tool for pointing out to relevant legal matters that need to be changed, so it can easily be admitted that the purpose of satire is reform itself. It means also that the satirical tendencies in jurisprudence have always become stronger in times of need for reforms but we can state that independent of this satire has (more or less) always been present throughout the history of jurisprudence.  

  Satire has classical, antique traditions that show us the connections between satire and politics or literature. The literary vein of satire or legal satire is less radical than the other one which is in close connection with politics. The latter, more radical form is called Menippean satire and the style of it has always been a certain call for reforms, it always represented a certain social urge to change some relevant legal matters.

  The study deals with the problems of metaphysical nonsenses in the territory of law, such as for example law would be God made, or it could be unchangeable. Satirical Legal Studies clearly states that these are all contradictional nonsenses. Besides this Satirical Legal Studies has always represented and fought against the social injustice and the injustice of legal institutions.

  These main points guide us to the figure of the Bad Man, whom the author, Goodrich features as the immunological power of the society revealing all the serious social affairs waiting for an answer. Taking all these facts into consideration the Bad Man is not a tool for the idea of Bad, what’s more: he is or can be the cure for a society’s illness if the legal system does not ignore him and his voice at all because his decadence is only the decadence of the certain time and place that he is a part of. The role of satire is to face the legal system with the pure reality and needs in order to become adequately reactive.  

• Genetikai lottó-csalás – a humán csíravonalas génszerkesztés szabályozása a hazai büntetőjogban

  71-104

  Pete Miklós

  Megtekintések száma:

  82

  A csíravonalas génszerkesztés az utóbbi évtizedekben robbanásszerű fejlődésen ment át: a genetikai beavatkozás képes lehet arra, hogy emberi életeket, sőt, az egész emberiséget drasztikusan érintő változásokat idézzen elő. E fejlődést azonban a jogi, és különösen a büntetőjogi szabályozás nem követte, a génszerkesztés fejlődésére adott büntetőjogi válasz idejétmúlt, nem eléggé kifinomult és a büntetési tétel elrettentő ereje sincsen arányban a cselekmény tárgyi súlyával. Dolgozatomban nagy vonalakban bemutatom a géntechnológia fejlődését, annak etikai-társadalmi kockázatait, az ezekre reflektáló nemzetközi, illetve egyes államok belső regulációját, a hazai szabályozást és hiányosságait, valamint utóbbiak orvoslására – mintegy tapasztalataim szintéziseként – de lege ferenda javaslatot fogalmazok meg, törekedve a lehető legmegfelelőbb büntetőjogi szabályozás megalkotására. Javaslatom célja elsősorban a csíravonalas génszerkesztés specifikusabb, korszerűbb és bizonyos szempontból szigorúbb büntetőjogi tényállások révén történő regulációja, mely egyszerre óvja az egyént, a társadalmat, az emberiséget és a veszélyeztetett társadalmi érdekeket a humán csíravonalas génszerkesztés küszöbön álló elterjedése miatt várható veszélyektől.

• A nyilvánosság elvének érvényesülése a büntetőeljárásban

  76-92

  Varga Petra

  Megtekintések száma:

  106

  Publicity, as a key principle of the criminal procedures, has been one of the major topics of the criminal procedure reform-movements since the 18th century. Publicity is a safeguard which guarantees the indepence and impartiality of the court and it is also a significant instrument of social control. In the Hungarian legal system, regulations concerning publicity are located on multiple levels, which means they are not integrated. This kind of disintegrationen dangers the legal certainty. This study introduces the legal practice of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) concerning publicity and also detail show this principle appears in the constitutions of various European countries. Furthermore it examines the relevant legislations in force and the new Criminal Procedure Statute, which will come into force on 1st of July, 2018. Finally, the study mentions some de lege ferenda recommendations, in order to support the future legal-developing actions