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Hivatalnokból író – Mailáth János eltérő életútja
23-33Megtekintések száma:2In this study, I attempt to present the life of János Mailáth, whose extraordinary lifestyle and literary career made him an outstanding figure. As a descendant of the Mailáth family, he did not pursue the family’s normal career, although he also entered public service for a short time. He gave up his office career because of his eye disease, but turned to literature because of his writing ambitions. In the 1840s, he tried to get famous as a writer and dedicated his works to his so beloved daughter. He maintained a good relationship with prominent representatives of both the German and the Hungarian literature, and in Ferenc Kazinczy he saw the greatest poet of the Hungarian nation. He had significant wealth, but over time became completely indebted. His family tried to access funds for many years in vain. János Mailáth then lived in Vienna and also in Munich, and was supported financially by his brothers and aristocratic acquaintances, but his lack of regular income plunged his family into an increasing misery. He committed suicide due to the overwhelming grip of financial hopelessness and died together with his daughter. -
Kálvin János és a kamatszedés szabadsága
5-16Megtekintések száma:1On 7th November 1545, Calvin wrote a letter to a(n unnamed) friend, which has been included in the publication of all his works by the title “De usuris” (About the interestrate). The current study analyses this letter as the most comprehensive summary of Calvin’s judgement on interest rate. It is a well-known fact that based on statements in the Old Testament and the New Testament (Deut. 23/19, Luke 6/35), he not only banned thecollection of interest, but he did also not differentiate between interest and extortionate. The prohibitions of the Early Middle Ages were confirmed by the scholastic Fathers of Church as well as the legislation of the Synod, referring to Aristotle. (Corpus iuriscanonici, II. Lateran synod, 1139. The principle of “pecunia pecuniam parare non potest” was, however, infringed between the 13th and 16th Centuries in a number of ways. Basically, the collection of interest was disguised as ship loans (nauticum foenus), bills (cambium), and reverse bills (ricorsa), orbusiness deposit (depositum). All these, however, did not change the standpoint of the Church, even though they were widely used. Pope Gregory IX declared shipping loan extortionate already in the 13th Century; and deposit was condemned by V. Pius even in 1571. Most of the 16th Century Reformers shared similar views and did not approve collecting interest. Luther stuck to the principles of the Canon Law and condemned those that had not paid their debt referring to the prohibition of usury, while his opponent, Johannes Eck, argued for the collection of interest. The above-mentioned letter of Calvin meant a decisive turning point, and it made unnecessary for his followers to disguise the collection of interest in the usual formats. Following the ’sola scriptura’ principle, he denied the validity of the statements of the Fathers of Church claiming that money did not bear money. The sea or the earth did, it was only money that did not? And analysing the words of the Holy Bible (examining not only Moses and Luke, but the psalms and prophets, too), he concluded that “there was no evidence in the scripture regarding the fact that all interests would be censurable”. In this respect, it is not advisable to tie our conscience more than God wants us to. He still doesnot support if someone pursues lucre with interest as a job. He mentions seven exceptions that have to be kept when collecting interest, including the justness of the lender or that one should not ask for more interest than allowed by “the laws of the country or the location”. All this refers to the fact that he separates lawful interest from extortionate for the first time, and he also differentiates loan for the purpose of consumption from loan supporting the purpose of enterprise – he only does not approve the first case. -
„Most pedig Biharról!” Raisz György jószágigazgató levelei a 19. század elejéről
40-53Megtekintések száma:1The Bihar estates of the Csáky family were still received from Sigmund of Luxembourg, and they became the ancient, shared estates. When their headquarters were transferred from the Principality of Transylvania to the Kingdom of Hungary in the 17th century, the estates in the Uplands and Transdanubia gained more importance. In the middle of the 17th century, Count László Csáky returned to Transylvania and established the so-called a Transylvanian branch that possessed the Bihar properties undisturbed until the middle of the 18th century. Then, during the bishopric of Miklós Csáky in Oradea, the members of the upland branch regained the manors, and after a short time, those manors were pledged again to the Transylvanian landowners. However, from 1784 they were finally taken into their hands, and from the first years of the 19th century, the members of the upland branch shared them among themselves, trying out joint possession. The family correspondence contains writings from the trustee contacting his widow after the death of János Csáky, the principal representative of the upland branch, the director of the family. From this, we can get additions about the intention and plans on the division of the estate. And also, on the basis of the three letters published here, about how the best manors got into the hands of Mrs. János Csáky (Jozefa Zichy), and what the role of the property manager was in this. -
Láhner György szerepe a nagyváradi fegyvergyár elindításában és működésében
5-21Megtekintések száma:2György Láhner is one of the martyrs of Arad whose life and activities are less known. No serious biography has been written about him, and his activities have also not been adequately documented with sufficient detail so far. One reason for this is that military supply and the replenishment of war materials, where Láhner primarily worked, is one of the less spectacular areas of military affairs, with relatively limited resources, and there is less interest in its various sub-areas. This is somewhat surprising because on several occasions, he played a decisive role in the course of military events, often strongly influencing them. The study deals with the initial period of the military industry of the Revolution of 1848 in Oradea (Nagyvárad), when the Hungarian state's national weapon factory arrived there and began its operations. Among others, György Láhner acquired invaluable merits in this regard -
Az 1918–1919. évi influenza–(spanyolnátha-)járvány Debrecenben
23-40Megtekintések száma:1In 1918, the last year of the First World War, the Spanish flu epidemic, which spread worldwide and claimed the life of millions, reached the city of Debrecen. Based on the contemporary local newspapers, Debreczeni Ujság (News of Debreczen) and Debreczeni Független Újság (Intependent News of Debreczen), as well as Mayor and Chief Medical Officer reports, it is possible to outline how the city tackled the disease, what defense strategies were applied and how effective they were. In addition, the death registers reveal which social strata were most afflicted by the disease. In the study, I present the (primarily) press-based story of the Spanish flu pandemic in Debrecen on the one hand, and on the other hand, I use the quantitative methods to link up the statistics on victims. Based on all these, the question can be answered: How serious was the 1918 flu epidemic in Debrecen? -
Református lelkészek jövedelmei Zemplén megyében a 18–19. század fordulóján
73-85Megtekintések száma:1The income of priests and teachers in Hungary became important for the state power when it wanted to impose tax even upon privileged groups that had up until then been exempt from state burden. Joseph II’s plan could eventually not be realized because of the resistance of the nobility, there had been attempts to demolish even the sheets of cadastral research. However, it turns out from the fragments preserved in Zemplen county that the Calvinists had 143 cadastral acres and 666 square feet of self-managed land. The census measuring the income of the different layers of society estimated the income of Calvinist priests to be 1515 Rhenish Guldens.The income of priests can be divided into 3 main groups: they had allowances determined in monetary terms (payment, stole, deposit interest), they had crop yield (mostly cereals, wine, cattle, hay, wood), and the villagers also owed agricultural work to their priest. Sometimes even the holder of the settlement contributed to the catering of the churchof the village, the priest, or the preacher (with produce). Although the censuses of priest income primarily showed the crop yield – according to the actual benefits –, with a fewexceptions, it was recalculated to cash. Comparing the data in the two censuses, it can be seen that, in most cases, the ploughland included in the cadastral research meant only part of the parochial land that the ecclesiastical tracking kept account of on the side of priests or teachers. Similarly, only part of the ecclesiastical income was allowed to be included in the tracking made in 1800. This was because it soon turned out that the income of priests could not necessarily be included in either of the income categories contained in the tracking, so they needed to be tracked in different ways (most often exactly stating their type and extent). The incomes stated in the two censuses were in most cases the same, supporting the authenticity of the resources. It can be considered a curiosity that out of the 46 Calvinist priests mentioned in the 1800 tracking, there are 36 names with the note “Does not have anything”, which of course verified the fact that they were not possible to be added to categories, rather than that there was income deficit. Even though the data contained in the two resources are not the same in every respect, they more or less supplement each other, so the research cannot ignore either of them. -
Néhány gondolat az udvari papokról és szerepükről a Rákócziak korában (1630–1655)
17-32Megtekintések száma:1In this study, I first analyse the population of the court and in that, the notion of thecourt preacher; and then I present, through the life of some former court preachers, what sociological background and qualifications the preachers here should have had, and what expectations had been there towards them. (The monarchs of Transylvania belonged to the Protestant confessions from 1604 till 1690, although this did not apply to all but most of their family members.) How did this change by the Rákóczi era? In what do and do not István Geleji Katona, Pál Medgyesi, György Csulai, János Dali, and Pál Keresztúri Bíró resemble their predecessors? Did their role change between 1630 and 1660 as opposed to the era of Gábor Báthory – Gábor Bethlen – Catherine of Brandenburg? This study aims to find the answers to these questions. -
A Hajdúsági Múzeum és gyűjteményei
43-62Megtekintések száma:1The City Museum of Hajdúböszörmény was opened in 1924, which was a long-awaited event in the city’s cultural life. In 1949, the Museum was declared a public collection and became a scientific institute with full-fledged rights. In 1951, it picked up the Hajdúsági Museum name, and at that time, its first permanent exhibition was opened, which was followed by new ones on the expansion of the museum’s materials. The Museum took its place in the former Hajdú District Hall (which is a historical memorial since 1st January, 2012). As the largest regional museum of Hajdú-Bihar county, its primary task is to collect, preserve and process the material and spiritual values of the six „old” Haiduk towns (Hajdúböszörmény, Hajdúszoboszló, Hajdúnánás, Hajdúdorog, Hajdúhadház and Vámospércs) and to present those to the wider public. In addition, it performs a wide range museum education work, and takes part in the most important events of the museum profession, supported by civil associations and volunteers.
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2026