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Az Alföld diskurzusai a 19. század eleji útleírásokban
1-25Megtekintések száma:5Az Alföld diskurzusai a 19. század eleji útleírásokban
A tanulmány a 19. század első felének magyar útirajz-irodalmát vizsgálva az Alföld reprezentációinak
és diszkurzív átalakulásának elemzésére vállalkozik. Kiindulópontja, hogy az útleírások nem
pusztán leíró jellegű források, hanem a korabeli térérzékelés, esztétikai normák és nemzeti identitásképzés
metszéspontjában létrejövő szövegek, amelyek a tájat kulturálisan közvetített tapasztalattá
alakítják.
A dolgozat központi tézise szerint az Alföld képe a század elejétől a reformkor végéig jelentős
diszkurzív átalakuláson megy keresztül: a kezdetben negatív esztétikai kategóriákkal (üresség, monotonitás,
formátlanság) jellemzett síkság fokozatosan a nemzeti identitás egyik kitüntetett térbeli
hordozójává válik.
A tanulmány végkövetkeztetése szerint a 19. század eleji útleírások az Alföldet nem egyszerűen
földrajzi térként, hanem komplex mentális és kulturális konstrukcióként ábrázolják. E szövegek
hozzájárulnak egy olyan nemzeti térképzet kialakulásához, amelyben az Alföld egyszerre jelenik
meg perifériaként és központként, a szabadság és a kiszolgáltatottság, az otthonosság és az idegenség
paradox területeként. -
„Most pedig Biharról!” Raisz György jószágigazgató levelei a 19. század elejéről
40-53Megtekintések száma:0The Bihar estates of the Csáky family were still received from Sigmund of Luxembourg, and they became the ancient, shared estates. When their headquarters were transferred from the Principality of Transylvania to the Kingdom of Hungary in the 17th century, the estates in the Uplands and Transdanubia gained more importance. In the middle of the 17th century, Count László Csáky returned to Transylvania and established the so-called a Transylvanian branch that possessed the Bihar properties undisturbed until the middle of the 18th century. Then, during the bishopric of Miklós Csáky in Oradea, the members of the upland branch regained the manors, and after a short time, those manors were pledged again to the Transylvanian landowners. However, from 1784 they were finally taken into their hands, and from the first years of the 19th century, the members of the upland branch shared them among themselves, trying out joint possession. The family correspondence contains writings from the trustee contacting his widow after the death of János Csáky, the principal representative of the upland branch, the director of the family. From this, we can get additions about the intention and plans on the division of the estate. And also, on the basis of the three letters published here, about how the best manors got into the hands of Mrs. János Csáky (Jozefa Zichy), and what the role of the property manager was in this. -
Regéci „importáruk” Sárospatakon a 17. század végén
5-21Megtekintések száma:1Sárospatak and Regéc used to be the centres of two neighbouring manors. During the 17th century, both were owned by the Rákóczi family, and as such, they played a role in Rákóczi’s War of Independence, which primarily meant economic burdens. The increased taxes mainly had a negative impact on the population of the Regéc manor. The topic of our investigation could be the analysis of these burdens, but we focused on the cooperation of the two manors. This hitherto neglected research direction can provide new aspects for the maintenance and operation of management and the economic system. What was the level of goods turnover? How much were these goods worth? What percentage of “imported” products accounted for the total income of the given product that year, that is, how big a deficit was there in farming in Sárospatak? What was the reason for this kind of cooperation? To answer our questions, we have used the accounts of the two estates. We are in the fortunate position that the ratios of the years 1711 and 1712 are available for both manors, which gives us the opportunity to compare: was the product sent from Regéc really recorded as the same amount in Patak? We apologize in advance, but there are many similar differences between the two documents, to which we will try to find answers in our study. However, the further accounts (from 1695, 1696, and 1701) are only related to the Regéc estate, so we can only rely on one-sided data about the goods delivered to Patak, and their quantity. Based on the sources used during our investigation, we were able to outline the Regéc “export” of the late 17th and early 18th centuries, its extent and reasons, which results can serve as a basis for further research regarding the economic cooperation of the neighbouring Rákóczi manors. -
Antropogén tájátalakítás az Érmelléken a 19. század második felében
49-72Megtekintések száma:0In recent years, there has been a resurgence of scientific interest, both internationally and domestically, in the effects of human landscape-altering activities, likely in connection with the climate change currently being experienced. In the Érmellék region, the anthropogenic transformation of the landscape began before water regulation, with the deforestation and conversion of woodlands into arable land, although the process affected the settlements of the micro-region differently. In the Great Plain, particularly in the eastern Tisza region, arable lands generally expanded at the expense of meadows and pastures. However, in the landscape examined, changes initially dominated in the direction of forest-arable land conversion. The deforestation altered the hydrological conditions of the landscape, leading to the gathering of water in lowlands due to drainage from elevations. Partly due to the rainier climate and partly because of the improper drainage attempts by the landowners in Nyírség, the construction of drainage channels became necessary in Nagyléta and the micro-region, which, in turn, spurred further expansion of arable land. The expansion of arable lands largely occurred on poor-quality sandy soil, which did not ensure significant income growth for the population of the micro-region. -
Területi különbségek a trianoni Magyarország területén a 20. század első felében. Módszertani modell
54-69Megtekintések száma:1The topic of the present methodological dissertation is the examination of Hungarian territorial differences in the context of modernization and development. In the background of my choice of topic lies the scientific importance of the issue, the growing domestic quantitative research and the illumination of the Trianon trauma from a new perspective (Demeter 2018, Szilágyi 2018). I also consider this to be a novel approach, because it is a fact that June 4, 1920 significantly affected our country in all areas, but approaches have come to light (Tomka 2018) that already paint a more nuanced picture of Trianon and the subsequent economic downturn. So I consider it justified to carry out an empirical research on a quantitative basis with the involvement of the settlement network. Thus, we can approach the relationship between development and Trianon from new perspectives. Writing of which, the 100th anniversary itself is another motivation. -
Katonák Debrecenben: terhek, konfliktusok, bűnesetek a 17-18. század fordulóján
39-51Megtekintések száma:1In the first part of my paper I write briefly about the burdens that afflicted Debrecen during the recapture wars and Rákóczi’s War of Independence. In the further sections of the study, I examine the crimes perpetrators or victims of which were some kind of soldiers (e.g. quartered German soldiers, Kuruces). I used the city magistrates’ and criminal tribunal protocols between 1697 and 1705 as source material, which contain a lot of useful information about how the civil population of the city kept contact with the various soldiers. -
Egy 17. századi házasságtörés háttere és következményei
84-94Megtekintések száma:0The Municipal Archives of Košice keeps the document containing the verdict of Judge István Csáky that reveals the story of the harassment of a noble woman in 1688. Klára Gatályi had been the wife of Vilmos Draheim, the former chamber prefect, and stood by him even during her arrest in 1685. Three years later, Klára Gatályi was arbitrarily imprisoned by the citizens of Košice. The charge: adultery. Although the text of the examined resource seems to be about the release of a woman of average importance who had been violated in her noble rights, and the self-righteousness of jury citizens in Košice, there is in fact a story in the background that cannot be called a general one. It is a story the event line of which had begun before 1685, and its aftermath could serve as the background to what happened in 1688. Focusing on these antecedents, the present study attempts to explore this part of Klára Gatályi's life and the events leading up to it. -
Református lelkészek jövedelmei Zemplén megyében a 18–19. század fordulóján
73-85Megtekintések száma:0The income of priests and teachers in Hungary became important for the state power when it wanted to impose tax even upon privileged groups that had up until then been exempt from state burden. Joseph II’s plan could eventually not be realized because of the resistance of the nobility, there had been attempts to demolish even the sheets of cadastral research. However, it turns out from the fragments preserved in Zemplen county that the Calvinists had 143 cadastral acres and 666 square feet of self-managed land. The census measuring the income of the different layers of society estimated the income of Calvinist priests to be 1515 Rhenish Guldens.The income of priests can be divided into 3 main groups: they had allowances determined in monetary terms (payment, stole, deposit interest), they had crop yield (mostly cereals, wine, cattle, hay, wood), and the villagers also owed agricultural work to their priest. Sometimes even the holder of the settlement contributed to the catering of the churchof the village, the priest, or the preacher (with produce). Although the censuses of priest income primarily showed the crop yield – according to the actual benefits –, with a fewexceptions, it was recalculated to cash. Comparing the data in the two censuses, it can be seen that, in most cases, the ploughland included in the cadastral research meant only part of the parochial land that the ecclesiastical tracking kept account of on the side of priests or teachers. Similarly, only part of the ecclesiastical income was allowed to be included in the tracking made in 1800. This was because it soon turned out that the income of priests could not necessarily be included in either of the income categories contained in the tracking, so they needed to be tracked in different ways (most often exactly stating their type and extent). The incomes stated in the two censuses were in most cases the same, supporting the authenticity of the resources. It can be considered a curiosity that out of the 46 Calvinist priests mentioned in the 1800 tracking, there are 36 names with the note “Does not have anything”, which of course verified the fact that they were not possible to be added to categories, rather than that there was income deficit. Even though the data contained in the two resources are not the same in every respect, they more or less supplement each other, so the research cannot ignore either of them. -
„Méltóságos Fejedelem egész udvarnépével edgyütt Szerencsen continuálván lakását” – A szerencsi uradalom a 17. század végén
5-23Megtekintések száma:1In April 1695, Ferenc Rákóczi II. arrived to the territory of their Szerencs estate with his family: his wife, brother and brother-in-law. They enjoyed the hospitality of the estate for almost half a year. The visit had its antecedents. The prince spent the former year on a cruise in Italy, arriving back from which his brother welcomed him with bad news: their family estates were waiting to be taken over in a dilapidated state. After this impression, the young Rákóczi decided to visit all his family estates. Many of the surviving documents from the visit in 1695 come from the accounts of the neighbouring Regéc estate. This is because food had been sent to Szerencs several times. In our study, we try to reconstruct the said visit on the basis of these resources, asking the question why the economic assistance of the neighbouring Regéc was needed. To answer this, we would try to outline the history of the Szerencs manor, starting from its inception, focusing on the allodial economic system. -
Vallási sérelmek Debrecenben a 18. században
5-17Megtekintések száma:0Debrecen got first into conflict with the leaders of the Catholic Church after gaining the Free Royal City title (1693). During the parliament of 1712–1715, both the legate of the chapter of Várad and Imre Csáky, the Bishop of Várad considered the possibility of the moving in of the Catholics and the building and running a Catholic church and school as the prerequisite of winning the title of Free Royal City. Based on the effective assistance provided by bishop Imre Csáky, the building of the church and the management of the school was taken over by Piarists. The Catholic church was built by 1746, and was sanctified by bishop Miklós Csáky. As the monarch, Maria Theresa caused harm to the Reformed population in several fields. She banned the financial aid of the Reformed Church, the press, and the College, she limited, and during the Seven Years’ War, banned the students from attending foreign universities which she also connected to the possession of a passport. Although only 3,4% of the city’s population comprised Catholics, by 1776 she achieved that half of the 12-member council be appointed without election as Catholic members of the council. Besides appointing the Chief Justice (the only remaining right of whom was jurisdiction), she ordered the election of the mayor responsible for finance and administration, and one of these two leaders had to be Catholic. During the reign of Joseph II, favourable opportunities opened for the representation of Protestant interests based on the tolerance regulation, and this tendency continued with the publication of the 26th law Article of 1791. During the parliamentary sessions, the Calvinists of Debrecen and its neighbourhood played a serious role in the law debate. The above situation demonstrates that by the end of the century, the problems and grievances of the inhabitants of Debrecen became important ingredients of the country-wide conflicts of Calvinists and Lutherans. -
„a hol a borból pénzelnek az emberek” A hegyközszentimrei református eklézsia és a bor kapcsolata a 19. század első felében
5-22Megtekintések száma:1Our study explores the multifaceted relationship between the material life of the local viticulture/wine growing in the historical wine region of Érmellék (and Berettyó) and the Reformed parish of Hegyközszentimre. In particular, an examination of the surviving data sets of guardian accounts shed light on the primary, and even almost exclusive, role of wine in church taxation as well as in the salaries of contemporary pastors, school rectors, and girls’ teachers, not least the ecclesia’s own farming. -
A XX. század első országgyűlési választása Nagyváradon
21-49Megtekintések száma:0The structure of the study is characterized by duality: it presents the whole election of 1901, and it also analyses the social distribution of the population participating in the parliamentary elections in Oradea. The appearance of the working class is one of the peculiarities of the parliamentary elections in Oradea. With the single vote they got, they did not really have a say in the competition, but they forecast their future presence in the political life of Hungary. Another characteristic feature is the outcome of the election of representatives: based onthe cast votes, the independentist Béla Barabás won against Kálmán Tisza. Based on a comparison of the list of electors and the number of votes, it became possible to examine the political behaviour and social distribution of those having the right to vote. According to the data, Tisza was supported by industrialists, a narrow spectrum of leaders in the administrative apparatus, and some part of the middle class, and he was less supported by the lower middle class. Barabás got support from the part of the middle class that was devoted to the conception of independence, and the majority of the lower middle class and peasantry. -
Nyíregyháziak Monospetriben a 18. században
45-60Megtekintések száma:0In the 18th century, migration was continuous in Nyíregyháza. In addition to the organized settlers from the 1750s, spontaneous arrivals also increased the population, which continued to grow. At the same time, the difficulties of personal prosperity, the hindrance of free religious practice and the promises of new settlements contributed to emigration and onward migration, one of the destinations of which was Bihar County. In accordance with migration, the misinterpreted descriptions of the specialized literature occasionally lead to the drawing of inaccurate conclusions, but the lack of resources does not always allow the exploration of the causes of migration, the knowledge of its course, and the analysis of its consequences. In the 18th century history of Nyíregyháza, it is also an open question why so many people moved to Monospetri in 1794, how they fit in there, why they did not become as dominant in public life as the people from Békés who also came here, and also, who and when returned, and why they did so. An overview of the past of the two settlements by comparing the nomenclature allows interesting conclusions to be drawn, the proof of which, however, requires the discovery of new resources.
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