Keresés
Keresési eredmények
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Társadalomra veszélyesség megjelenése, alakulása és fogadtatása a magyar büntetőtörvényekben
105-120Megtekintések száma:300Társadalomra veszélyesség a Büntető Törvénykönyv bűncselekmény-fogalmának talán a legtöbbet vitatott fogalmi eleme. A honi büntetőjogi felelősség megállapíthatósága körében kiemelkedő szerepet tölt be ezen fogalom. A 20. században a büntetőjog területén elismert jogtudósok között vita tárgyát képezte annak szükségszerűsége az éppen hatályos Büntető Törvénykönyvünkben.
A rendszerváltást megelőző korszak szocialista büntetőjogában a társadalomra veszélyesség fogalma a büntetőjog “osztálytartalmának” kifejezésére szolgált. E fogalom a 90-es éveket követően – a büntetőjog tudományában, a jogalkotás és a jogalkalmazás területén egyaránt – megtisztult a szovjet jogból átvett, pártállami politika célokat szolgáló tartalmi elemektől. Manapság már olyannyira nincs ideológiai, párt-politikai jelentéstartalma a társadalomra veszélyesség meghatározásának, hogy a büntető-jogtudományban jártás jogtudósok jelentős része, és az ítélkezési gyakorlat is - a német dogmatikából átvett - materiális jogellenesség fogalmi megfelelőjeként tartja számon. (Újvári, 2003)
Jelen írásomban a társadalomra veszélyesség fogalmának megjelenését és fogadtatását mutatom be a magyar büntető törvényekben és büntető-jogtudományban egyaránt, egészen az azt megelőző - formális jogellenességet alkalmazó - időszaktól a hatályos Büntető Törvénykönyvünkig.
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A „távollétes ügyek” egyes elméleti és gyakorlati kérdései a büntetőeljárásban
Megtekintések száma:118The idea of simplification of the law of criminal procedure has been an interesting topic in the science of law for a long time. Practical necessities, namely the overburdening of the criminal courts and the new challenges of the criminal law called this concept into life. Finishing up a procedure in a reasonable time limit is a very crucial interest – as it was pointed out several times by the Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers and also the Hungarian Constitutional Court. As the international principle declared in the Human Rights says everyone has the right to plead its case within a reasonable period and it can only be achieved that way.
Because of the reasonable time limit required for a procedure, various simplifications of methods have been introduced into the national systems of criminal procedure. As a part of this process several legal institutions were introduced in the Hungarian law system aiming to accelerate the legal procedure. One of them, which is called special procedure against absent accused, is regulated by Chapter XXIV. of the Law of Criminal Procedure.
This essay deals with this special procedure in details. Firstly I show through a short international outlook how the procedure against absent accused appears in the practice of the European Council and the European Union. Hereafter a certain case is examined in details where the European Court for Human Rights considered the necessity of the accused person’s appearance. The Court established a principle if the absence of the accused had hurt the requirements of the fair trial. According to this the appearance of the accused person is necessary if it could play a role in the forming of the Court’s opinion.
Next, I examine the problems connected to the Hungarian regulations because recently serious constitutional worries have appeared related to this legal institution. As a result of this the Constitutional Court made its decision (n. 14/2004) and found many paragraphs of the then existing legal institution unconstitutional. Based on this Decision I go through in details all the problems and requirements related to this procedure. In the light of this, the regulation effective from the 1st of January, 2005 is described, which – according to my opinion – meets the requirements made by the Constitutional Court, so it is exceptional and provisional.
In the next chapter certain practical experiences of the procedure against absent accused are examined. Here it is stated that the application of this legal institution is the rarest among the legal institutions aiming the acceleration of legal procedures. I explain it by the fact that this is a relatively young legal institution and there was not enough time since it was introduced to give certain conclusions, moreover the application is limited concerning the range of individuals. As a conclusion it can be stated that the application is more common in those cases where the accused is abroad but does not stay in an unknown place. I call the attention to some problems emerged in the practice as the protection of the accused, or the delivery of the copy of indictment and summons, etc.
As a final conclusion it can be stated that using this legal institution is not so common but the importance of this will increase in the future by joining to the EU because of the easier way of crossing the boards. Hopefully the regulation, which suits to the requirements of the Constitutional Court, will be proper to gain its original aim, namely to simplify and accelerate the legal procedure.
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Gondolatok a pótmagánvádról
Megtekintések száma:176In Hungary the new code of criminal procedure established a new legal institution to the Hungarian legal system: accessory private prosecution. This kind of private prosecution gives opportunity to the afflicted person to continue penal procedure in case of negative sentences from investigation authorities. If the prosecutor or the investigation authority stops proceeding or the prosecutor sets aside, withdraws formal accusation, afflicted person can substitute them during a penal procedure and has a right to claim the continuation of it. Our valid code does not limit the field of crimes this legal institution of accessory private prosecution can be applied. But there are some strict reasons, which limit this right of the afflicted person. If the investigation authorities neglected formal accusation because of childhood, death, prescription, clemency, prohibition of ne bis in idem, accessory private prosecution cannot be applied.
Pros of accessory private prosecution can be found in the rights of afflicted persons. Criminal power of the state cannot be absolute, so we have to give the right for the injured to judge whether he insists on taking the responsibility of the perpetrator despite the opposite opinion of public bodies. This legal institution can help omissions of prosecutors to be remedied. Practicing this right depends on the stadium of the procedure. During the investigation period or the period of formal accusation reasons for accessory private prosecution are different.
According to the new rules of the code, applying an advocate in the procedure is an obligation for the afflicted person. This regulation ensures that the structure of penal proceedings cannot be changed basically. In a normal procedure there is always a professional expert, the prosecutor on the side of accusation. That is why the code does not permit accusation without applying an advocate.
Costs are interesting question in case of accessory private prosecution. In popular action procedures costs are paid by the state. When the afflicted person practices the right of accessory private prosecution, state pays in advance, but if perpetrator is acquitted or the court stops proceeding, costs should be paid by the private prosecutor himself. There are some rules to ease this burden for the afflicted person: if he has bad financial capacity and he can certify this circumstance, court can authorize him not to pay for the fee of the advocate.
There is a special question in connection with accessory private prosecution: representation of the state. In these procedures the afflicted person is the state or one of the state bodies itself. There are two points of view to answer the question: who is authorized to represent the state as an accessory private prosecutor during a penal procedure. First we have to make difference between the injuries: if the injury is against the state while practising public authority, the injured party is the state itself. But if the injury hit the state as a civil legal entity, a possessor, the right to claim is in the hand of that public body, which was entrusted to handle the injured property. This theory means that in case of injuries against the public author state, only the prosecutor can represent it, so there is no chance for accessory private prosecution.
The other solution for this problem has its starting point that in every crime against public property, accessory private prosecution can be applied. In this case the state can be represented by that part of it, which has interest. Although there are no jurisdiction in this question, because accessory private prosecution was established by the new code from 1st July 2003 after fifty years into the Hungarian legal practice. According to the regulations of the code, we can find the following sentence: afflicted person is whose right or legal interest was hurt or endangered by the crime. Analyzing this definition the argument can be read previously is decent for those situations, when we would like to find the legal representative of the state as an accessory private prosecutor.
Accessory private prosecution is a good solution that fits to the new directions of law development, to increase rights of the afflicted person. Naturally, time needs to become a well-adopted legal institution in Hungarian legal system after half a century silence.
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Az új Btk. időbeli hatálya az egyes általános részi rendelkezések tükrében
63-72Megtekintések száma:160Act of 2012 on the Criminal Code came into force on the 1st of July 2013 after a long codification period. A new Criminal Code always leads to problems in application of law, therefore, it is quite actual to make an examination on new provisions. Some classic provisions of the General Part remained the same, although the penalty system and some other regulations have been renewed. The temporal scope of the new code will possibly be in focus for years.
The aim of this research is to take an examination on the case law and judicial decisions of Hungarian courts related to temporal scope of the new Criminal Code that is a significant part of this paper. The new Hungarian Criminal Code has been required to be prepared more severe than the former code. The other aim of this research is to revise the new provisions of the General Part resulting in statements about whether these new rules are more severe or more lenient than the Act IV of 1978.For this purpose a close legal interpretation shall be taken into account.
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A legalitás és az opportunitás kérdésének dilemmája a pótmagánvád tükrében
1-8Megtekintések száma:165The study is focusing on the principles of legality and opportunity regarding the so called substitute private prosecution and sets them against each other. In the study it is revealed that in case analyzing the growing importance of opportunity, under the Hungarian criminal process system – that is based on the principle of legality – there is a logical way to state that the two principles prevail rather together than against each other. The authors take a closer look on the rules of the current criminal process code, arising from the principle of opportunity and suggest a possible solution on the dogmatic problem how these two principles can exist at the same time in the substitute private prosecution.Based on rationalism, on the recommendation No. Rec(2000)19 of the Council of Europe and so that no conflicts arise from the provisions foreseen in the Framework Decision No. 2001/220/IB of the European Council, the study makes a suggestion to allow the victim to act as a substitute private prosecutor in case of authorities partially deny the investigation. However the authors’ suggestion is just the opposite (i.e. restriction) in case of authorities partially deny indictment. According to their suggestion the above mentioned allowance shall based always on reasonable and respectable circumtances and it shall be declared by the victim why the process at the court has to take place even if authorities were not of this opinion.
When the authors are analyzing the problems caused by the principle of opportunity and legality, and when they make suggestions that the rules regarding the substitute private prosecution shall be modified, they try to draw attention on the importance of this process as a significant right of victims regarding access to justice. The authors are on the opinion that the legislator shall pay not just a marginal attention on the problem when the victims are entitled to act as an substitute private prosecutor.
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Családon belüli erőszak egy irodalmi mű alapján. (Móricz Zsigmond: „A világ végén már szép és jó”)
66-76Megtekintések száma:730In my study I am going to present a rather complicated issue, namely a few problems of domestic violence based on a less-known short story by the Hungarian writer Zsigmond Móricz. I chose this story because it is still relevant today, it could even be set in 2017, as it basically depicts domestic violence in its complexity. This story by Móricz proves that the phenomenon of domestic violence is not at all new, given that in the beginning or the middle of the 20th century we can see the same complex social problem which present-day criminal law has to face. Hungarian society 50 or 100 years ago was not exempt from domestic violence either. We may also claim that the factors enhancing domestic violence were even stronger than today. The story aligns several dimensions of domestic violence, as it shows examples of both child and wife abuse. I am going to analyse the crimes depicted by Móricz according to the criminal laws effective today, and I just tangentially touch upon the judgment of the offences in the age of writing. This way, first I analyse the questions of child abuse, focusing on the right of punishment, which is still relevant in today’s criminal system as a cause for miscarriage. Then I present a detailed analysis of the bearing of case of partner abuse in the framework of violence in relationships, which exists in Hungarian criminal law since 2013.
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A büntetéskiszabási szemlélet alakulása – a büntető kódex folyamatos módosításának tükrében
96-110Megtekintések száma:168The criminal code has had a number of essential revisions during the past years, which has received distinct viewpoints concerning the improvement of punishments from the judiciary in criminal cases. The reasons of modifications can be explained mainly by the different penalty politics coming into prominence, occasionally having respect for different social approaches. It is periodically distinct which activities are indictable offences, which of the punishments serve the prevention of committing an act of crime the best in the fight against criminality. It is interesting to study how these sweeping changes can appear and effect in the daily legal activities. How far can the changes lobby the judges and prosecutors? Which punishment is ideal in the case - suiting to the aim of punishment – in the interest of the protection of society? As a result, analyzing judgments and interviewing some professional jurists (as far as I can) the different requirementson infliction of punishments do not appear immediately in practice and do not appear in the similar way concerning the functions of judges and prosecutors. It is not machines that pass judgement in a case, which could modify the expectation concerning the result.
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Az önvezető járművek és a büntetőjogi felelősség
34-46.Megtekintések száma:380A tanulmány célja, hogy az automatizált és az autonóm jármű fogalmainak elhatárolását követően megvizsgálja, hogy mennyiben indokolt az autonóm járművek üzemeltetéséből származó balesetek büntetőjogi szankcionálása, valamint alkalmazható-e a magyar bűncselekmény-fogalom az automatizált és az autonóm járműveken keresztül megvalósuló közlekedési bűncselekményekre. Kutatásom során különös figyelmet szántam a bűncselekmény fogalmának két esszenciális elemére, az emberi cselekményre és a bűnösségre, egyúttal annak a kérdésnek a megválaszolására törekedtem, hogy ha a közlekedési bűncselekményt egy autonóm járművet felhasználva követik el, akkor a büntetőjogi felelősség alanya miként határozható meg.
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Az egyensúlyi helyzet megbomlása a szerződések jogában: az állam mint szerződő fél
Megtekintések száma:420Contractual relations mean balanced cooperation between the parties. Right and obligations on both sides are equal. This seems to be a classic essential of contracts. As of many among the terms and condition in contract law, special situations clam for a different perspective. This essay is about a unique problem in contract law that origins from the ancient dilemma about the role of the state in private law relations.
State as a sovereign has original power and hierarchic connection to citizens. In the field of constitutional law, public administration law, criminal law it is necessary to transfer certain right to the state and allow it determining one-sided obligations that cannot be changed in a particular relation. The theory of state immunity failed in the 20th century in private law. Since jurisprudence makes a difference between the role of the state as a merchant and a sovereign, we cannot maintain the old immunity rights of the state anymore.
In the essay we examine three specific questions in connection with state participation in contracts. The first part of our study analyzes the strange legal arguments in a famous Hungarian case, called the Subway case. In this case the reasoning of the Supreme Court denied the balanced elements in a private contract and accepted a redefined theory of state immunity in private relations. Although there is a strong political content in the story and right after the criticized decision the Hungarian Civil Code was modified to clear the facts, we want to prove that even today state participation can cause interferences in the coherent theory of contracts.
A specific contract type is examined in the second chapter of the essay, the concession agreement. This contract is far from the balanced theory of party positions due to its unique nature and content. We emphasize many different aspects in mixing private and public law nature of provisions and rules. Concession agreement is an excellent example to demonstrate extra-rights on the side of the state.
Finally we spare some words on authority contracts in which state authorities can manage debates in public administration procedures with using the private law nature of contracts.
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Gondolatok az ingatlan kiürítés végrehajtásához - polgári peres vagy nemperes eljárás -
Megtekintések száma:236In many cases, owners have problems recovering their rented or arbitrarily occupied real estate. News often report difficult situations in connection with the evacuation of real estate. More instructive cases have also drawn attention to the severity of the problem. The study describes the rules for (litigation and non-litigation) court proceedings for the evacuation of real estate and does not deal with the enforcement procedures ordered by a notary.
The possibility to initiate emptying real estate non-litigation procedure - according to Vht. 183rd-184th § - is not well known widely. According to most people, almost the only possible way to reclaim the real estate is to litigate, although the possibility of initiating the non-litigation procedure has been provided for years, provided the conditions of the law are met. Emptying of real estate in non-litigious procedure is possible in the case of real estates by arbitrarily occupied real estates, fixed-term tenancy agreemens of residential premises and other non-residential premises, as well as other types of properties specifically designated by law.
The study presents the possible ways of carrying out the real estate evacuation, the enforcement procedure following the litigation procedure and the enforcement procedure initiated on the basis of a court non-litigation procedure, focusing primarily on proceedings commenced after 1. January 2018. The study deals with the legal background to the non-litigation and litigation procedure, the order for enforcement, the issuing, the service of an enforceable instrument, the possibilities provided by law in the event of non-execution, the short presentation of remedies. It also deals with some of the innovations introduced by law CXXX of 2016 on Civil Procedure Rules, suspension of enforcement, as well as the applicability of the eviction moratorium in each case. In the emptying of real estate, debtors often face criminal law. The most frequent criminal cases during the emptying of the real estate are presented in the study too (breach of seal, assault on a public official).
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A terrorizmus elleni védekezés
Megtekintések száma:216In the last decades of our globalized world terrorism has become a phenomenon that implies a worldwide challenge and can hardly be prevented, and that is difficult to combat against with means of national and international law. The international terrorism in the sense as we use it nowdays has a history of only one and a half centuries, but since the appearance of concrete terrorist attacks is always changing (and of course the ideology and supplier of the different groups) there has not been any consensus yet among states or within particular international organizations how to define it. But it should be taken into consideration that attacks not only affect the state where they are executed but also the whole society and even the international order. That is why it would be essential to define it in international terms, because without an exact definition the proper defence against it can not be determined either.
It has to be emphasized that it does not exist a common strategy that could be adapted any time in any case. It can not be forgotten that the terrorism itself is also an answer, so its political, economical and social roots should be taken into consideration whilst choosing the best way to prevent it. The different means (primarily legal and classical ones) should be combined and used by states in strict cooperation, because these don’t substitute but complete each other. It is also important to underline that it is not enough to react upon terrorist actions and restore its harmful effects, but it is also essential to prevent it by eliminating its causes. Unfortunately, proactive strategies are not common enough - mainly because of its costs - in spite of the fact that in the long run it would be worth using them.
It is important to act in conformity with international law, because this can legitimate the reaction after an attack. The main task for states is to elaborate an exact legal framework for it, because without global accords and without the acceptance of this policy within the nation an effective policy against terrorism cannot be realized. National criminal law should be aggravated, flow of information among intelligence services, cooperation among media and governments should be developed and it is also essential to inform the society properly and make it obvious that assistance at a terrorist attack is also to be punished. International measures should be taken in order to avoid financing of terrorist actions by preventing money-laundering. These means can be used even with certain restrictions on criminal law, but always respecting human rights either that of the victims or that of the delinquents.
To institutionalize international actions under the aegis of the United Nations numerous agreements were accepted, eg. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons (1973), Convention against Taking of Hostages (1979), Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999) and some conventions were signed on the Prevention Crimes committed in aircrafts, etc. The main problem is that these accords are not signed by all member states and hence their efficiency can be questioned. Of course not only the UN try to solve this problem with international conventions, so does the EU. Its activity has considerably increased since the attacks of Madrid, because this case made two things clear: even Europe is vulnerable and well-timed attacks can even lead to political changes.
To be able to meet the challenges that terrorism mean nowdays there are two things to emphasize: first of all a worldwide cooperation would be essential and secondly the provision of financial sources for each state so that it were able to ensure national and promote global security.
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A szülői felügyeleti jog megszüntetésének hatályos jogi szabályozása a Polgári Törvénykönyvben
12-18Megtekintések száma:371Being a judge practicing on the area of the law of crimes I rarely come across with the need to apply civil law. Nevertheless, a handful legal concepts may be applied also by criminal courts. One of these concepts is the termination of parental control. Before turning to relevant case analysis in my study, I focus on the principle of the "child's best interest" which is referred to under article 3 of the New York Convention on the rights of children and which has a general fundamental applicability in respect of all provisions of the Convention. This principle must apply not only in civil, but also in criminal proceedings and generally in all types of proceedings irrespective of the area of law such proceedings fall under. Special emphasis is attributed to the legal consequences of terminating parental control and to the distinction of cases where the termination of parental control by the court is mandatory and where such a decision is made in the discretion of the court. I pay separate attention to cases where the court has convicted the parent of a crime committed wilfully against the convicted person's own child and in which cases the convicted person is sentenced to prisonment and as a result of these the criminal court has competence to order the termination of parental control. I address also some issues relating to matters of proof and evidence in connection with crimes of domestic violence. Finally, I explain the nature of a child-focused jurisdiction through the presentation of the Hungarian system which ensures to respect and to give effect to the rights of children to the maximum extent possible. The ability of providing special treatment for children in court proceedings is of the utmost importance.
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A szabadságvesztés büntetés alternatívái a büntetéskiszabás tükrében
54-65.Megtekintések száma:332A tanulmány egy későbbi, sokkal mélyrehatóbb kutatás része, amelyben a büntetéskiszabási gyakorlatot vizsgálom. Korunk büntetéskiszabó gyakorlatának egyik központi kérdése a szabadságvesztést tartalmazó joghátrányok elhelyezése. A börtönök túltelítettsége nem csak Magyarországon, hanem az egész világon hatalmas problémát jelent. Az állam számára meglehetősen drága, a fogvatartottak számára pedig sokszor csak még erősebb eltávolodást eredményez a szabadságvesztés. Kiszakadnak a megszokott környezetükből, elszigetelődnek és más olykor sokkal súlyosabb bűnelkövetőkkel kerülnek kapcsolatba.
A reintegráció, és az alternatív szankciók előtérbe kerülése megoldást jelenthet a büntetésvégrehajtási intézeteknek, azonban nem szabad feledni, hogy a szabadságvesztés bizonyos esetekben szükséges szankció. Az egyensúlyi helyzet kialakítása lenne az ideális, ahol a speciál és generálpreventív szándék is érvényesül. Ebben kívánok egy rövid, ámde összegző jellegű gondolatmenetet felvázolni. A célom eléréshez felhasználtam a múlt tanulságait, gondolva itt a különböző büntetőjogi iskolák és elméletek tapasztalataira, az eddigi sikerekre, kudarcokra, mellékvágányokra.
A későbbiekben erre az írásra alapozva, mindenképpen egy átfogó jellegű, a büntetéskiszabási gyakorlatot részletesebben vizsgáló tanulmányt kívánok létrehozni. Addig is néhány bírósági ítéletben próbáltam megtalálni azokat a tényezőket, amelyek a bírót meggyőzték, hogy egy alternatív szankciót alkalmazzon. Ezek olyan emberi tényezők, amelyeket nehéz jogszabályba foglalni, hiszen minden esetben más és más tényezők, de inkább azok összhangja jelentős.
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A téves ténymegállapítás egyes pszichológiai aspektusai
Megtekintések száma:365Psychology plays a main role in the criminal procedure. The psychological methods started being used only in the 19th century. During the legal proceedings the autorities must deal with people. The behavior of the people is very different. The authorities must know the basic rules of the psichology to understand the accused people and witneses. The human memory has a lot of regularity. The knowledge of these regularities make easier the efforts of the authorities to get the truts. The importance of the pschichological knowledge in the legal occupation is unquestional. Overbearing police methods creat too high risk of false confession and are not likely to yield factually reliable information from the accused. A significant number of confessions that result in wrongful convictions are obtained through coercive questioning. This paper examines false confessions and discusses the psychological and social factors that influence the verdict in criminal procedure and how often do false confessions lead to miscarriages of justice. In determining the admissibility of confession evidence, the courts have to considere factors such as mental abuse in addition to physical force and threats.
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A véleménynyilvánítás szabadságának alkotmányos tartalma a büntető ítélkezésben
71-100Megtekintések száma:0A véleménynyilvánítás szabadsága a demokratikus országok jogrendszerében az egyes jogágakban is alkalmazott alkotmányos alapkő. A véleménynyilvánítás szabadságának alkotmányos tartalmát és a büntető jogvita esetén vizsgálandó szempontokat a rendszerváltást követően hamar kifejtette határozataiban az Alkotmánybíróság, melyet nehezen lehetett beilleszteni a büntető anyagi jog dogmatikájába.
A perbíróságok alkalmazni kezdték a követendő iránymutatásokat, az érdemi döntéseikkel az Alkotmánybíróság hol egyetértett, hol megsemmisítette azokat anélkül, hogy szakjogi kérdésekbe bocsátkozott volna.
A joggyakorlatban folyamatosan merülnek fel olyan esetek, jogviták, melyek szükségessé teszik az Alkotmánybíróság megszólalását, ugyanis a véleménynyilvánítás szabadságának alkotmányos joga ütközhet más alapjogokkal is.
A tanulmány a kollízió mikéntjét kívánja bemutatni.
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Az igazságügyi könyvszakértői szakkérdésekről a költségvetési csalás bűncselekménye kapcsán a büntetőeljárásban
37-59Megtekintések száma:282A gazdasági bűnözés olyan bűncselekményekre utal, amelyek sértik vagy veszélyeztetik a bizalmat, a pénzügyi kötelezettségeket, a tisztességes üzleti gyakorlatot és a gazdasági tevékenységek jogi kereteit. A téma fontosságát adja, hogy bár a megelőzés fontos, ezeket a bűncselekményeket nem mindig lehet teljesen kiküszöbölni, ezért a gazdasági bűncselekmények bizonyítására megfelelő nyomozati módszereket kell kialakítani és alkalmazni. Az elkövetők gyakran a szerződések, kifizetések és személyes kapcsolatok bonyolultsága mögé rejtik tetteiket, hogy elkerüljék a felderítést.
A szakértői véleményhez dokumentumok vizsgálata és a releváns információk összegyűjtése is szükséges. Költségvetési csalás esetén a nyomozás kiterjed például a szerződések, bizonylatok, számviteli könyvek és tanúvallomások vizsgálatára, az adóhatósági eljárásokból származó határozatokat és pénzforgalmi kimutatásokat is figyelembe kell venni. A szakértőnek értékelnie kell a dokumentumok valódiságát, és össze kell hasonlítania az adóhatóság és a nyomozó véleményét, azonban nem mindegy, hogy milyen kérdésekre ad választ a büntetőeljárás során. Ebben a tanulmányban a költségvetési csalás bűncselekménye miatt indított büntetőeljárásokban készített igazságügyi könyvszakértői szakvélemények ismeretanyagára alapozva tárgyalom, ismertetem a szakértők kompetenciáit, a szakértőknek feltehető, a szakértői vizsgálatok és a büntetőeljárás eredményességére vonatkozó kérdéseket. A tanulmány a szakértők kompetenciájának jobb megkülönböztetése érdekében a jogi kérdéseket tartalmazó szakvéleményekre épít.
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Kísérlet a poena extraordinaria egy jelentésének feltárására a 18. század második felének debreceni ítélkezési gyakorlatában
121-135Megtekintések száma:243In my essay I analyze a possible semantic content of poena extraordinaria. Int the first part of the study can be found on interpretation concerning the different meanings of poena ordinaria and poena extraordinaria. In my hypothesis I suppose if the crime hasn't been entirely proved by accuser then the judge has to apply the category of poena extraordinaria. I examine three criminal brief of cases from Debrecen at 18th century in the second part; trying to verify my hypothesis.
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Elúszó pénzek az egészségügyben - Esettanulmány egy évekig tartó büntetőeljárásról
15-25Megtekintések száma:227In the financing of the Public Health System, it has a particular significance on the one hand that those obligated do pay the required taxes and levies (Health contribution) in order, and on the other, to use the already available resources only to the purpose that laws allow.
The institutes that provide public health care services maintain themselves in part or on the whole on the support of the central budget or the Health Insurance Fund. The criteria listed by Law indicate and limit on what the institutes may spend the amount of funds received, which areas should they strive to develop.
The question arises that how other charges, such as expenses related to the quality management system, can fit into this well-defined scope. In my opinion, it would be possible to avoid the giving away of unrealistically large amounts of money to semi-, or fully illegal businesses with greater circumspection, because otherwise too many sources are distracted from Health Care.