Keresés

Keresési eredmények

• A közigazgatás szervezeti változásai a szabálysértési jog fórumrendszere tükrében

  Árva Zsuzsanna

  Megtekintések száma:

  303

  The paper introduces the most recent processes taking place within the Hungarian public administration from a special aspect and follows the system of the authorities of the misdemeanor law from the 19th century to nowadays. It presents the system of the monarchy, the councils and the period after the change of regime. The Constitutional Court with its Resolution no. 63/1997 (XII. 12.) declared the dual nature of offences – being against public administration and bagatelle cases pertaining to criminal law – and although with a different legal reasoning, it prescribed the right of access to court in both cases. The mentioned separation has resulted in conceptual problems exerting their influence to this day, at the same time the majority of authors dealing with this field instead of the majority opinion accepted the concurrent explanation of László Sólyom, to which Constitutional Court Judges János Németh and Tamás Lábady also joined. In 2012, however, several important changes took place simultaneously. The new Act on Offenses shifted towards criminal law while it terminated the right of local governments to regulate offenses. In parallel with this, the Act on Local Governments at the beginning provided an opportunity for the local governments to sanction anti-social behavior which was revoked by the Constitutional Court in the same year. The paper investigates the effect of the decisions of the Constitutional Court and analyzes the opportunities of public administration within the present legal framework to apply sanctions and defines those criteria on the basis of which the legislator could settle the current situation.

• A jogszerű adatkezelés a GDPR rendelet után

  Stricz Walter Roland

  Megtekintések száma:

  480

  Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation), became effective on 25 May 2018. With the regulatory form the legislator raised the regulation of the right to the protection of personal data within the European Union to a higher level. The legislative act has a fundamental impact on the legal systems of the member states showing various differences from each other. Further, it can be stated as a general experience that the right to the protection of personal data and the nature of such right are less known either to those affected or to the data controllers. The new legislative act and the penalties with increased amounts [Article 84 of the GDPR] demand the elaboration of a study understandable for laics, too. Finally, as a result of the General Data Protection Regulation, the institution system ensuring the protection of personal data has fundamentally changed, so, therefore, it is also necessary to examine the authorities of the member states and the Union, as well.

  The study primarily approaches the occurring problems from the practice side. Accordingly, the examination conducted by the Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (CNIL) against Google is described, as the first significant penalty imposed based on the General Data Protection Regulation.

  The first part of the study is intended to present the right to the general protection of personal data. The historical part addresses in details the major elements of the historical development of data protection and the development of its contents, with particular regard to the appearance of the right to information self-determination based on the so-called “census-judgement” of 1983 of the BVerfG (Federal Constitutional Court of Germany). Finally, this part touches upon the theories defined in connection with the historical generations of the right to the protection of personal data. After the historical part the study addresses the peculiarities of the right to the protection of personal data, paying particular attention to separation from the neighbouring legal areas.

  The second part is intended to present the prevalence of the right to information self-determination according to the GDPR. It is the institution system protecting personal data that has undergone the most significant change. The Work Group under Article 29 has been replaced by the Data Protection Agency set up based on the GDPR. Setting up the Agency, enlarging its scope of authority and its stronger independence from the executive powers of the Union can, by all means, be evaluated positively. As regards the security of personal data, the practice, major directives and opinions of the Work Group under Article 29 have been examined. It is a significant step forward that the GDPR has made the sphere of special personal data more specific, promoting by this the increase of the extent of protection. It is important that, as a general rule, the Regulation forbids controlling special personal data. The definition of the concept of personal data is an essential condition for understanding the regulation. In addition to the principles of controlling personal data, the legal fundaments of data control have particular significance, with special regard to the consent and the data control necessary for performing the contract. In my view, the consent is a legal fundament of auxiliary nature for data control, which is also supported by the opinions of the Work Group, too. Granting the consent and the individual excluding circumstances occurring in connection with this, were examined on a case-by-case basis. In my opinion, the automated decision making process and the regulation of profile creation are one of the most cardinal issues of the GDPR. The way in which profiles are created, their use and the permissibility of such use are discussed in details. In my view, the regulation of the GDPR is deficient as regards the automated decision making process and the profile creation. The decision making necessary for performing the contract is not separated sharply enough, and it is not necessary for this. In my opinion, in respect of this latter sphere of cases the GDPR is not strict enough and may easily serve as a basis for misuse on the part of data controllers. In my view, granting the consent should be made stricter in respect of creating profiles and the introduction of the (contradictable) legal presumption of refusal would also be desirous.

• Egy „jogfosztás” margójára

  22-27

  Fázsi László

  Fedor Anett

  Megtekintések száma:

  182

  Under the topic of long-term criminal processes the study focuses on the role of the defenders, regarding the delays, in connection with Section 275 and 281 of the Criminal Process Code (Act XIX of 1998), amended by the Act CLXXXIII of 2010.

  Due to the authors, the misuse of the principle „right of defense”, is one of the significant reasons of the delays in criminal processes. Therefore they agree with the modifications, came into force as of March 1, 2011, which made more difficult to misuse the above mentioned principle. According to the modifications, now it is prohibited to postpone the hearing at the court because, no matter why, the defender could not take part at it.

  However, beside the positive evaluation of these modifications, the authors draw the attention of the legislator to the problems arising in the practice when the new rules will be applied. They highlight that the Subsection 3, Section 282 of the Criminal Process Code should have been modified, as well, and further amendments would also be necessary.

  It is said that the modifications, either already in force or still to be drafted, are of a high importance, beacause on one hand they warrant that the right of defense would not be misused from this point of view any more, and on the other hand they also support to maintain and ensure the fair criminal process and the attorneys’ respect, further on. 

• A munkaviszony megszűnésének és megszüntetésének új szabályai a korábbi szabályozás tükrében

  24-34

  Fiók Andrea

  Hornyák Zsolt

  Megtekintések száma:

  389

  From the 1st of July 2012, Act XXII of 1992 on the Labour Code, which was effective from the 1st of July 1992, had given place Act I of 2012 on the Labour Code (New Code). The New Code has brought a lot of changes concerning the cessation and termination of the employment. The univoque aim of the legislator, near reducing the number of the labour suits, was resolving the inconsistency of the practice, corresponding to the changing social and economic relations, furthermore harmonising the Hungarian law to the law of the European Union. The rules concerning the termination of the employment have not substantially changed. The New Code broadens the list of cases regulated previously. Concerning the termination of the employment, the New Code determines the ordinary dismissal as dismissal, whereas the extraordinary dismissals as dismissal with prompt effect.
  At the same time, it is a new rule, that the parties could terminate the definite term employment with dismissal, if the conditions determined by the New Code emerge. The New Code has brought substantial changes concerning the rules of the dismissal protection. It constricts the number of cases when the dismissal protection could be applicable and respecting the application of the dismissal protection, it considers authoritative the moment of the notification of the dismissal. For example an expectant mother could refer to the dismissal protection, if she had notified the employer about the pregnancy before the notification of dismissal.
  According to subsection 3 of section 65, there are cases, when the dismissal should not be communicated, whereas according to subsection 2 of section 68, the dismissal could be communicated, but the termination period would start earliest after the last day determined by the New Code.
  The New Code, contrary to the old one, determines 6 months as the longest term of the dismissal period. The rules of the acquittal and the severance pay have not changed substantially. Regarding the dismissal with prompt effect, the legislator makes a distinction between the termination with motivation and the termination without motivation. It is a substantial modification regarding the unlawful termination of the employment, that according to the rules of the New Code, the employee could claim for damages as arrears of salary, which could not exceeds the 12 months amount of the absence fee. The restoration of the employment could be executed only in the few cases determined by section 83 and only if the employee requests for it.

• A digitális szolgáltatásokról szóló rendelet és a tömegtájékoztatás szabadságáról szóló rendelet: szélesedő tárgykör, növekvő mélység – az európai médiakörnyezet újdonsült szabályozása

  1-19

  Belenyesi Pal

  Megtekintések száma:

  225

  A digitális szolgáltatások, az egységes digitális belső piac és az európai médiaszabályozás kereskedelmi szempontból közel sem konfliktusmentes, szabályozástani oldalról könnyen támadható, aktuálpolitikai megközelítésből pedig akár nemzeti választásokat eldöntő területek. A médiaszolgáltatások piaca ugyanakkor sokszereplős és klasszikus piaci hiányosságokat megjelenítő, folyamatosan változó gazdasági szektornak számít, ahol gyakran az alapjogi kérdések torzítják a gazdasági megfontolásokat.

  Az utóbbi évek felgyorsult technológiai fejlődése egy fegyelmezetten követő, de egyben gyorsan reagáló média és digitális szolgáltatási szabályozási keretrendszert jelenített meg az Európai Unióban és tagállamaiban. A digitális szolgáltatásokról szóló rendelet (DSA) és a tömegtájékoztatás szabadságáról szóló rendelet (EMFA) ezt jelenítik meg: együtt, egymásra utaltan. Sokat vitatott tartalmuk ellenére, a jogszabályok médiaközpontú megközelítésű elemzése még nem történt meg. Jelen tanulmány ezt a hiátust igyekszik pótolni: azt elemezzük, hogy a rendeletek hogyan kapcsolódnak egymáshoz.

• A nemzeti vagyon kezelésének alapelvei, különös tekintettel az átláthatóságra

  85-96.

  Lehoczki Zóra Zsófia

  Megtekintések száma:

  594

  Magyarország Alaptörvénye rögzíti, hogy az állam és a helyi önkormányzatok tulajdona nemzeti vagyonnak minősül. A nemzeti vagyon kezelésének és védelmének célja a közérdek szolgálata, a közös szükségletek kielégítése és a természeti erőforrások megóvása, valamint a jövő nemzedékek szükségleteinek figyelembevétele. Az állam és a helyi önkormányzatok tulajdonában álló gazdálkodó szervezetek – így a gazdasági társaságok is - törvényben meghatározott módon, önállóan és felelősen gazdálkodnak a törvényesség, a célszerűség és az eredményesség követelményei szerint. A vagyonkezelésre és a vagyon megőrzésére irányadó speciális követelményeket a nemzeti vagyonról szóló 2011. évi CXCVI. törvény határozza meg, továbbá az állami vagyonról szóló 2007. évi CVI. törvény preambuluma is tartalmaz bizonyos követelményeket.

  A fentiek alapján a nemzeti vagyonba tartozó vagyonelemek kezelése és védelme a magántulajdonban álló vagyonelemekhez képest sajátos elvek szerint zajlik. A köztulajdonban álló gazdasági társaságok nemzetgazdasági szempontból kiemelt jelentőséggel bírnak, tekintettel arra, hogy a GDP meghatározó részét ezek a szervezetek állítják elő, jelentős szerepet töltenek be a foglalkoztatásban, jellemzően közszolgáltatásokat biztosítanak, továbbá közpénzzel gazdálkodnak. Ebből következően ezeknek a társaságoknak a saját vagyonukat is a speciális gazdálkodási követelményekre tekintettel kell kezelniük. A jelen tanulmányban ezeket a követelményeket mutatjuk be és azok tartalmát vizsgáljuk meg, kitérve az egymáshoz való viszonyukra is.

  Az egyik legfontosabb vagyongazdálkodási követelmény az átláthatóság, mivel ezek a társaságok közpénzzel gazdálkodnak és az Alaptörvény szerint a közpénzekkel gazdálkodó minden szervezet köteles a nyilvánosság előtt elszámolni a közpénzekre vonatkozó gazdálkodásával. A közpénzeket és a nemzeti vagyont az átláthatóság és a közélet tisztaságának elve szerint kell kezelni. A közpénzekre és a nemzeti vagyonra vonatkozó adatok közérdekű adatok. Különös figyelmet fordítunk az átláthatóság követelményére azáltal, hogy bemutatjuk a vonatkozó jogi szabályozást és összefoglaljuk az elmúlt évek releváns bírósági döntéseinek a legmeghatározóbb megállapításait. A bíróságok határozataikban értelmezték az átláthatóság követelményét a köztulajdonban álló gazdasági társaságokkal kapcsolatban, továbbá az átláthatóság követelménye és az üzleti titkok védelme közötti kapcsolatot is elemezték.

• A szerződési jog alapelveinek értelmezése és funkciói a német polgári jogban

  Csécsy Andrea

  Megtekintések száma:

  159

  To describe the functions of principles we can say that all of them are fundamental basis of an area of law. They declare or solve concrete debates between the parties. If there is a problem with interpreting of a rule in the civil code, judges has this helping hand. In Germany the development of principles in the field of contract law has a really unique historical root. At the time of BGB’s birth, the German Civil Code did not accept any exculpation under the rule pacta sunt servanda. Moral philosophers acknowledged that a contract as private interest of the parties needs special protection from the state. It is not only a personal relationship, because self welfare leads to welfare of the public. The law has to regulate this field and give instruments of protection for both parties to ensure peace and equality in the field of public relations and moral.

  After the First World War, Rechtsmark (German currency) had its deepest point in its history. The inflation was so high that the performance of a contract made before the war was absolutely unfair for the supplier. For the cost of one galloon gas anyone could buy the entire stock after the war. There was a too late and too small reaction from the state for this situation. An Act had been accepted in 1925 about revalorization. The main fault of this Act was the strict and very small applicability in the field of contracts. The regulations of it were applicable only for contracts with large economic potential.

  German jurisdiction had to solve the problem. The most difficult part of this process was how to dissolve the strict paradigm of pacta sunt servanda. Oertmann, a German legal expert created the collapse of the foundation of the transaction. It meant that changed circumstances deprive the contract from its ground, the need of the party. Anybody who signs a contract has a need and tries to create all conditions of that specific contract to harmonize with his or her needs and interest. In case of an essential change of circumstances this interest modifies and the original transaction became tremendously onerous for him or her. The doctrine of Oertmann was insisted on pacta sunt servanda, so after the change of circumstances the whole contract failed.

  Jurisdiction in Germany accepted Oertmann’s doctrine with a completion. Judges vindicated the right for themselves to modify the contract to be suitable for the new interests of the parties. This modification meant the implementation of clausula rebus sic stantibus into German contract law. It became applicable worldwide in the field of long term relationship of the parties.

  In this essay I examine not only the development of these contractual principles in Germany but the effectiveness and functions of them. I describe and define the legal interest of regulating contracts and what is the connection between private and public interest in the field of the law of contracts. As a defect of the contractual procedure non-performance and other breach of a contract have special importance in civil law. Good faith is a basic principle of civil law in Hungary too and in most European civil codes. The interpretation of German good faith theory (Treu und Glauben) is significant from the viewpoint of the judicial modification of contracts. In case of clausula rebus sic stantibus if the party wants to ground his or her claim, he or she has to prove the good faith as a moral standard to be an exculpation under the heavy burden of pacta sunt servanda. The conclusion is that in Germany the basic element of private contracts is not the consent of parties but good faith of them. The socially excepted moral appears through the requirement of good faith of the parties. The law has to ensure that in any period of a contractual relationship this good faith exists.

• A köztársasági elnöki kegyelem a büntetőjog szempontjából

  102-113

  Hadházi Dávid

  Megtekintések száma:

  486

  The individual pardon, exercised by the President of the Republic, has recently become the centre of attention in the media and among the lawyers in context of life imprisonment without parole eligibility. This prompts me to investigate the presidential pardon in this article.

  I am dealing with the origins and the standardization of pardon, then I move on to the conditions and criteria the Head of State can take into consideration when making the decision. Afterwards, I am presenting some statistics.

  The power of pardon is stipulated by the Fundamental Law of Hungary, and the specific rules can be found in the Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Act and the Punishment Executive Act.

  I am focusing on the last one, in which the Government and the Parliament have redressed the problems of life sentence, regarding human rights, with a compulsory procedure of pardon, thus giving the convict the hope of being released from prison. However, this solution raises a few questions, so arguments can be made both for and against it.

• A büntetéskiszabási szemlélet alakulása – a büntető kódex folyamatos módosításának tükrében

  96-110

  Hati Csilla

  Megtekintések száma:

  197

  The criminal code has had a number of essential revisions during the past years, which has received distinct viewpoints concerning the improvement of punishments from the judiciary in criminal cases. The reasons of modifications can be explained mainly by the different penalty politics coming into prominence, occasionally having respect for different social approaches. It is periodically distinct which activities are indictable offences, which of the punishments serve the prevention of committing an act of crime the best in the fight against criminality. It is interesting to study how these sweeping changes can appear and effect in the daily legal activities. How far can the changes lobby the judges and prosecutors? Which punishment is ideal in the case - suiting to the aim of punishment – in the interest of the protection of society? As a result, analyzing judgments and interviewing some professional jurists (as far as I can) the different requirementson infliction of punishments do not appear immediately in practice and do not appear in the similar way concerning the functions of judges and prosecutors. It is not machines that pass judgement in a case, which could modify the expectation concerning the result.

• „Egészen uj csődosztályzati projectum”: A csődjogi szabályok helyreállítása az Ideiglenes Törvénykezési Szabályokban

  66-77.

  Pétervári Máté

  Megtekintések száma:

  286

  Az 1848-49. évi szabadságharc bukása után a neoabszolutizmus jelentősen átalakította a magyar jogrendszert, mivel az Osztrák Császárság jogi egységesítése céljából az osztrák törvénykönyvek bevezetésére került sor. Ferenc József az Októberi Diploma kiadásával enyhített a korábbi abszolút kormányzati felfogáson, valamint visszaállította az 1847 előtti magyar közigazgatási és törvénykezési szervezetet. Ennek keresztülvitelével az újonnan kinevezett országbírót, gr. Apponyi Györgyöt bízta meg, aki ebből a célból egy tanácskozást hívott össze. Ez a gyűlés a magyar történetírásba Országbírói Értekezlet néven vonult be, amely rendelkezett a magyar bíróságokon alkalmazandó joganyagról.

  Jelen tanulmányban ezen tanácskozás csődjogra gyakorolt hatását vizsgálom, amelynek keretében bemutatom az Országbírói Értekezlet e jogterületre vonatkozó rendelkezéseit és a gyűlésen készült jegyzőkönyv alapján a szabályozás „mozgatórugóit”. Az osztrák ideiglenes csődrendtartás helyett ugyanis ismételten hatályba léptették az első magyar csődtörvényt, az 1840:22. tc.-et. A szakirodalomban ennek kapcsán jellemzően csupán az jelenik meg, hogy az Országbírói Értekezlet a polgári korszak változásaihoz idomította a törvénycikk anyagi és alaki szabályait. A tanácskozás résztvevői által kifejtett álláspontok és levéltári források ismertetésével szemléltetem, hogy a módosítások ennél komolyabb változásokat generáltak. Emellett a csődönkívüli kényszeregyezség első magyarországi megjelenése is a neoabszolutizmus korszakához kapcsolódott, amelyre szintén reagált a magyar jogtudomány színe-javát felvonultató értekezlet.

• A Mesterséges Intelligencia legújabb szabályozási fejleményei Magyarországon és az Unióban: Az MI Rendelet most hatályba lépő rendelkezései, valamint a magyar fejleményei

  65-88

  Mazsu Dániel

  Megtekintések száma:

  273

  A mesterséges intelligencia (MI) technológiája az elmúlt évtizedek, de leginkább évek során gyors ütemű fejlődésen ment keresztül, amelynek szabályozási kihívásaira az Európai Unió az MI Rendeleten, Magyarország pedig az ahhoz kapcsolódó jogszabályokon keresztül igyekszik választ adni. A tanulmány áttekinti az Unió, valamint Magyarország MI értelmezését, a kettő közötti értelmezési különbségeket és a definiálás körülményeit, különösen a generatív modellek, az általános célú, valamint az általános MI között. A cikk bemutatja az MI Rendelet cikk írásakor hatályba lépő legfontosabb rendelkezéseit, a fokozatos hatályba lépésből adódóan különös tekintettel a tiltott MI gyakorlatokra, valamint az általános célú MI modellekre vonatkozó előírásokra. Ezen kívül, ugyancsak annak időszerűsége miatt bemutatja és elemzi az MI Rendelet EU-szintű intézményrendszerét, valamint az ahhoz kapcsolódó, azt kiegészítő tervezett hazai szervezeteket, építve az új magyar MI Stratégia (MIS 2.0) elérhető dokumentumaira. A cikk célja, hogy betekintést nyújtson az olvasó számára az EU és Magyarország MI szabályozási törekvéseibe, különös tekintettel a jogalkotói válaszokra a technológia társadalmi és gazdasági kérdései kapcsán.

• A szellemi alkotások jogának szabályozási kérdései

  27-33.

  Csécsy György

  Megtekintések száma:

  379

  A tanulmány megállapítja, hogy a szellemi alkotásokra vonatkozó szabályozásban a polgári jogi szabályok dominanciája érvényesül. A régi Polgári Törvénykönyv kifejezte a kapcsolódást a szellemi alkotások jogával és szabályozta a know-how jogvédelmét, a joganyag ugyanakkor az ahhoz szervesen kapcsolódó külön jogszabályokban volt fellelhető. Az új Polgári Törvénykönyv, a 2013. évi. V. törvény már nem a szellemi alkotásokhoz fűződő jogok, hanem a „szerzői jog és iparjogvédelem” címet viseli, a know-how pedig az üzleti titok egyik fajtájaként részesült védelemben. A szerzői jog homogén jellegét megtöri a 2016. évi XCIII. törvény, amely a közös jogkezelésről rendelkezik. Az iparjogvédelem területén a legproblematikusabb jogintézmény a know-how volt. Az új Polgári Törvénykönyv szabályai után megszületett 2018. évi LIV. törvény új fejezetet nyit a know-how szabályozása terén. Ezzel kapcsolatban a törvény a 2016/943/EU Irányelvet ülteti át a magyar jogba. A jogalkotó tehát azt a megoldást választotta, hogy az üzleti titok védelmére vonatkozó új fogalmi megközelítést, jogintézményeket és eljárási szabályokat nem a Polgári Törvénykönyvben, hanem egy új jogszabály megalkotása útján tette azokat a nemzeti jog részévé. Ezzel a természetes és jogi személyek magántitkai változatlanul személyiségi jogi védelmet, míg az üzleti titok és a know-how a szellemi tulajdonjogi védelem logikájára és szankciórendszeré épülő védelmet élveznek majd.

• Civiljogi dogmatikai hiányosságok és jogalkotási hiátusok egy magánjogi jogszabályban: Rövid esettanulmány

  49-66

  Kiss Tibor

  Megtekintések száma:

  402

  A cikk az állam közvetlen vagy közvetett többségi tulajdonában lévő gazdasági társaságok bérleti szerződéseinek miniszteri jóváhagyásáról szóló 383/2023. (VIII.14.) Korm. rendelet alapján esettanulmány jelleggel mutatja be, hogy a jogszabály számtalan olyan „jogi hibában” szenved, amely sérti a jogalkotásról szóló törvény rendelkezéseit, és az alapvető polgári jogi dogmatikai elvekkel sem áll összhangban. Az esettanulmány részletesen ismerteti a jogalkotásról szóló 2010. évi CXXX. törvény azon rendelkezéseit, melyeknek nem felel meg a kormányrendelet és bemutatja azt, hogy a pontatlan megfogalmazások milyen értelmezési problémákhoz vezetnek. Rámutat az írás azokra a magánjogi terminus technicus-okra, melyeket nem megfelelően alkalmazott a jogalkotó (a bérleti szerződés alanya, ellenszolgáltatás, érvénytelenség-hatálytalanság) és javaslatot tesz a szerző a hibák javítására, az egyes normatív rendelkezések pontosítására.

• A büntetőjogi mediáció gyakorlati aspektusai

  1-12

  Héthy Eszter

  Megtekintések száma:

  269

  Mediation is a conflict-management method designed to achieve restorative justice (offenders should assume responsibility and pay the penalty for their deeds, with the greatest emphasis on reparation of the victim, and the affronted community should be conciliated). This method may be applied to solving a variety of disputes or conflicts (e.g. disputes involving neighbours, families, couples, and companies).
  The mediation technique has already been used in the fields of civil law, family law and employment law. From 2007 onwards, it can also be applied in criminal procedures. According to Article 221/A of the Code on Criminal Procedure (Act XIX of 1998) the mediation process may be used in criminal procedures dealing with certain offences against the person, property or traffic offences if the crime is punishable with no more than five years imprisonment, and the offender has made a confession during the criminal investigation.

• A versenytilalmi megállapodás

  20-28

  Ember Alex

  Megtekintések száma:

  393

  The “agreement on non-competition” is essentially the extension of the protection of the basic economic interest of the employer. While during the employment relationship several labor law provisions protect the interest of both parties, the “agreement on non-competition” is designed to protect the employer’s interests after the termination of the relationship. This means – in return for financial compensation – the former employee needs to refrain from any kind of business competition against his/her former employer. This necessarily involves financial compensation and may have several restrictions, such business or geographical area or time.

   

  The previous Labor Code did not specify for detailed regulation of the issue and the law remained rather vague. It merely referred to the fact that parties – based on their own free will – may enter into such agreement. However the new Labor Code contains explicit regulations under title XVIII of the Act as “Particular Agreements Related to Employment”.

   

  The “agreement on non-competition” belongs to the field of employment law. Unlike the previous Labor Code that categorized this possible agreement as of purely civil law in nature, the new Labor Code declares it to belong under the scope of the Labor Code. The previous regulation even ordered the provisions of the Civil Code to be applied to such agreements however the new legislation brought a conceptual change.

   

  The currently effective regulation provides for a 2-year limitation on such conduct on the employee’s part that would create competition with the employer. The exact amount of the consideration payable for this obligation remains to be decided by the parties however the Labor Code suggests that it shall be based on how difficult the applied restrictions make it for the employee to find another job with his qualifications and experience. As a basic limit the law provides that the amount shall not be less than one-third of the base wage payable for the same period of time.

   

  The “agreement on non-competition” is not to be confused with similar legal institutions. The paper points out two close similarities in the legal system. One being the employee’s obligation of confidentiality; this prevails after termination of the employment relationship as well without any time or similar restrictions and even without any financial compensation. The other one is the so called “non-compete” agreement from the field of competition law. This is applicable after takeovers where the seller shall refrain from engaging into business in the same area as the buyer.

   

  In the field of labor law the time period for the “agreement on non-competition” is up to the agreement of the parties however the new law invokes an upper limit of two years that is following the termination of the employment relationship. This is a decrease from the previous regulation that provided for a period of three years. The agreement can be modified by the consent of both parties just like the employment contract or civil law agreements.

   

  In case of violation of the agreement three cases are to be analyzed. The first is the case of the employee breaching the provisions of the contract. In this case the employee is liable for damages towards his/her former employer. The provisions of the new Civil Code and those of the Labor Code are to be applied to the damages. In the second case the employer may request an injunction to prohibit the employee from any conduct breaching the agreement while the third case involves the breach of the agreement on the employee’s part for which the rules of the Civil Code and the Labor Code are to be applied as well.

• A terrorizmus elleni védekezés

  Kovács Krisztina

  Megtekintések száma:

  229

  In the last decades of our globalized world terrorism has become a phenomenon that implies a worldwide challenge and can hardly be prevented, and that is difficult to combat against with means of national and international law. The international terrorism in the sense as we use it nowdays has a history of only one and a half centuries, but since the appearance of concrete terrorist attacks is always changing (and of course the ideology and supplier of the different groups) there has not been any consensus yet among states or within particular international organizations how to define it. But it should be taken into consideration that attacks not only affect the state where they are executed but also the whole society and even the international order. That is why it would be essential to define it in international terms, because without an exact definition the proper defence against it can not be determined either.  

  It has to be emphasized that it does not exist a common strategy that could be adapted any time in any case. It can not be forgotten that the terrorism itself is also an answer, so its political, economical and social roots should be taken into consideration whilst choosing the best way to prevent it. The different means (primarily legal and classical ones) should be combined and used by states in strict cooperation, because these don’t substitute but complete each other. It is also important to underline that it is not enough to react upon terrorist actions and restore its harmful effects, but it is also essential to prevent it by eliminating its causes. Unfortunately, proactive strategies are not common enough - mainly because of its costs - in spite of the fact that in the long run it would be worth using them.

  It is important to act in conformity with international law, because this can legitimate the reaction after an attack. The main task for states is to elaborate an exact legal framework for it, because without global accords and without the acceptance of this policy within the nation an effective policy against terrorism cannot be realized. National criminal law should be aggravated, flow of information among intelligence services, cooperation among media and governments should be developed and it is also essential to inform the society properly and make it obvious that assistance at a terrorist attack is also to be punished. International measures should be taken in order to avoid financing of terrorist actions by preventing money-laundering. These means can be used even with certain restrictions on criminal law, but always respecting human rights either that of the victims or that of the delinquents. 

  To institutionalize international actions under the aegis of the United Nations numerous agreements were accepted, eg. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons (1973), Convention against Taking of Hostages (1979), Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999) and  some conventions were signed on the Prevention Crimes committed in aircrafts, etc. The main problem is that these accords are not signed by all member states and hence their efficiency can be questioned. Of course not only the UN try to solve this problem with international conventions, so does the EU. Its activity has considerably increased since the attacks of Madrid, because this case made two things clear: even Europe is vulnerable and well-timed attacks can even lead to political changes.

  To be able to meet the challenges that terrorism mean nowdays there are two things to emphasize: first of all a worldwide cooperation would be essential and secondly the provision of financial sources for each state so that it were able to ensure national and promote global security.

• Az egészségügyi ágazati béremelés jogi aspektusai egy gyakorló munkajogász szemével

  Bácsi Mariann

  Megtekintések száma:

  281

  My essay analyses the rules of the wage-rise in the Hungarian health service system performed in two stages in 2012 and 2013. The difficulties of applying the rules and the continuous changes in the law are presented from a practical viewpoint.

  The personal and material scope of the raise in the health sector was the same circle: higher education institutions and religious institutions performing public mission that provide for in- and out-patient care. The wage-rise affected the employees having service relations with the above mentioned institutes in civil servant and commissionaire positions.

  In 2012 altogether86.000 persons benefitted from the raise (67.978 of them were directly involved in the healthcare), and 95.000 persons in 2013. The Act LXXXIV of 2003 distinguishes three groups of employees regarding the continuous and retroactive (ex post facto) raise of wages: doctors, graduates, pharmacists and health workers. In the case of these groups no uniformed wage scale exists, so different rules must be applied.

  The retroactive wager is in the case of the doctors depended on their salary, and the continuous rise was realized by a new wage scale. Other graduates and pharmacists gained a fixed rise. The retro active rise of the health workers was also fixed, the continuous wage rise was realized through a new wage scale and it depended whether their legal relation with the employer was established before or after the 1st of the July 2012.

  The complicated and frequently inaccurate regulation was corrected by the legislator, when a uniformed wage scale was directed to each group of employees in the September of 2013. A new sectoral wage scale was applied for the doctors and the health workers, and for other graduates and pharmacists the old public wage scale must be applied.

  Contrary to the uniformed regulation, there still remained legal institutions where the day/night duty, readiness, shift bonus, overtime must be specified according to the legislations in force on the 30th of June, 2012.

  Summing up, the legislator finally prevented the emigration of the highly qualified specialists by the execution of the wage rise in the last two years.

• Hol a határ? - Gondolatok az aktív bírói szerepfelfogás egyes kérdéseiről

  61-73.

  Dr. Kiss Attila

  Megtekintések száma:

  435

  A polgári perrendtartásról szóló 2016. évi CXXX. a permenedzser bíró képét vezette be a magyar perjogban. E felfogás szerint a bírónak aktívan részt kell vennie az eljárás során, amely nem csupán a jogalkotó szándéka, hanem nemzetközi elvárás is egyben. A bíróság közrehatási tevékenysége elnevezésű alapelv arra hatalmazza fel és kötelezi a bírót, hogy a felek eljárástámogatási kötelezettségének teljesítéséhez járuljon hozzá a per koncentrálása érdekében. Ez azt is jelenti, hogy anyagi pervezetést kell alkalmaznia, amennyiben a felek perfelvételi nyilatkozatai hiányosak, homályosak, nem kellően részletezettek vagy éppen ellentmondóak. Ugyanakkor ez az aktív közrehatás semmiképp sem jelenthet jogi tanácsadást, ugyanis a bíró nem veheti sem a felek, sem a jogi képviselők feladatait. A bírói aktivitás célja a felek igényérvényesítési lehetőségének és a jogvédelem megfelelő szintű biztosítása. Az aktív bíró képe eredetileg az 1895-ben törvényi szintre ültetett osztrák szociális perjogmodellből származik. Azonban a magyar perjogtól sem idegen e felfogás, hiszen az 1911. évi I. törvénycikk (Plósz-féle Pp.) is szintén a bírói aktivitáson alapult. A tanulmány célja, hogy meghatározza az aktív bírói szerepfelfogás lényegét és rendeltetését. Ezentúl megvizsgálom, hogy milyen helyzetekben és milyen eljárási szakaszokban indokolt a bírói közrehatás. Továbbá elsősorban egyes jogértelmező testületek állásfoglalásainak elemzésével a bíró aktivitás korlátjait is meghatározni szándékozom.

• Az egészségügyi dolgozók munkajogi felelőssége az egészségügyi szolgáltatás nyújtásával összefüggésben a betegnek okozott kárért

  45-53

  Marsi Edit

  Kiss János Márk

  Megtekintések száma:

  333

  The doctor-patient relationship requires set rules for liability considering the nature of professional norms on medicine and the protection of human life and health. According to these rules, the healthcare provideris vicariously liable for damages suffered as a consequence of healthcare servicesprovided to the patient. In such cases– on the grounds of labor law rules – the healthcare providermay transfer liability to its employee. Considering recent amendments of labor law regulations, it is essential to summarize and analyze relevant labor law norms relatedto medical liability.

  The employee’s liability for damages is based on the employment relationship between the healthcare provider and the employee. Despite of the healthcare provider’s liability for damages, the employee’s liability is always personal.

  According to the new labor code the employee’s liability for damages is only ascertainable if the tortfeasor did not act like a reasonable person would have actedunder given circumstances. This means that the tortfeasor’sintention or negligence is irrelevant in the course of ascertaining liability. The purpose of our study is to provide a review of the strict measure of due care in health care services, and to summarize rules about the healthcare professional’s liability for damages.

• A kamat szerepe a polgári peres eljárásokban

  42-46

  Kiss Tibor

  Megtekintések száma:

  668

  A tanulmány a kamattal kapcsolatos különböző igények polgári perben való érvényesítését, azok speciális perjogi szabályait tekinti át, hangsúlyozva, hogy a pénzkövetelések érvényesítéséhez képest eljárásjogi szempontból kevés egyedi normával találkozhatunk az eljárási kódexben. Összeveti ugyanakkor az írás az 1952. évi III. törvény és az új Pp., a 2016. évi CXXX. törvény kamattal kapcsolatos rendelkezéseit és igyekszik adekvát válaszokat adni a szabályozási hiátusból eredő jogalkalmazási kérdésekre. A cikk megállapítása szerint a perjog általában a főköveteléssel együtt érvényesített járulékokra vonatkozóan egységesen fogalmaz meg néhány egyedi eljárásjogi rendelkezést, melyek a főkövetelés járulékaként a kamatra is irányadóak, elenyésző a tisztán kamatspecifikus rendelkezések száma hatályos perjogunkban. Kitér az elemzés a pertárgy érték meghatározása, a kereseti kérelemhez kötöttség, az elsőfokú ítélet kamatra vonatkozó rendelkezései elleni fellebbezés, a kamatot érintő keresetfelemelés másodfokon való megengedhetősége és a jogerős ítéletnek kizárólag a kamatot érintő rendelkezései elleni felülvizsgálati kérelem megengedhetősége kapcsán a kamatot érintő egyedi törvényi rendelkezésekre és eseti bírósági döntések elemzése útján értékeli a judikatúra irányait. Megállapítja a szerző, hogy az egységes és koherens ítélkezési gyakorlat az egyértelmű törvényi rendelkezésekre alapítottan megfelelően szolgálja az igényérvényesítő felek érdekeit.

• A zsarnokölésről, avagy jogszerű-e a zsarnok elpusztítása?

  81-87

  Dobozi Gergely Ferenc

  Megtekintések száma:

  293

  The aim of the essay is to analyse a special moment, namely the moment of the end of a tyranny. An outstanding problem is how to judge the murder of a tyrant, and the occurrences that lead to that, because these acts actually make a chain of crimes, if they’re examined without the context.

  Breach of the peace, mayhem, mutiny, homicide, these are acts, that are against the moral code of humanity. They have been punished by criminal laws throughout history. Therefore it is crucial to examine the circumstances of this very act. These circumstances are actually the key factors to legitimise the aggression of a rebellion. Nevertheless the first thing that someone has to do during the analysis is to find a comprehensive definition that shows who is the person, who possesses the characteristic of an unjust despot.

• A közút tartozéka: egy sajátos jogintézmény ellentmondásai

  Pribula László

  Megtekintések száma:

  233

  In the legal terminology of private law several times the same definition is used for addressing the same legal institution (e.g. default penalty, in-building). In most of the cases there is no problem to separate these institutions and we can also give an explanation why legislator used the same terminology.

  The definition of accessory is used for a special group of article groups in the Hungarian Civil Code and also used in the Act I. of 1988. From the angle of judicature it is problematic as even if the definition of road accessory is build upon the general terminology of accessory in the Civil Code, the two legal institutions are not the same.

  In the essay we would like to emphasize that the safety of traffic does not give a decent reason why we have to restrict the proprietary rights with using the institution of road accessory. This restriction is in a close connection with not only the distance from the public road but the effect of the property to the safety of traffic. The valid regulations may cause illogical contradictions and judicature problem.

• A társadalomra veszélyességben való tévedés gyakorlati jelentősége a gazdasági bűncselekmények kapcsán

  Mónusné Kiss Katalin

  Megtekintések száma:

  203

  In this study I examined the error, one of the grounds for the preclusion and termination of punishability. Grounds for the preclusion of punishability and grounds for the termination of punishability, mean that punishability shall be precluded. Error, as an obstacle of the preclusion of punishability, doesn’t happened as usually as other grounds for the preclusion of punishability, for example: insane mental state, constraint and menace. The error means- 27. §- the perpetrator shall not be punishable for a fact, of which he was not aware on perpetration. The person, who commits an act in the erroneous hypothesis that it is not dangerous for society and who has reasonable ground for this hypothesis, shall not be punishable. Error shall not exclude punishability, if it is caused by negligence, and the law also punishes perpetration deriving from negligence. I examined how often the judge accept an error, if the person commit a crime, for example: tax fraud, practise usury, bribe somebody. Is it exceptional or not? When can the perpetrator of a crime refer to error? What examine judge?

• Az igazságügyi szakértői tevékenység az állami szerepvállalás tükrében

  27-41

  Halmosné Siket Zsuzsanna

  Megtekintések száma:

  283

  This is an essay about the connection between the judicial experts and the public sector. The expert opinion has a special role in the system of the envindeces in the criminal procedure. The expert opinion as a kind of evidence has a short history in the criminal procedure, because this evidence is the product of the new age. The second difference from the other evidences that the judicial expert needs a special quality, and because of this cause the law rules controls who has premitted to become expert and make expert opinion. The Criminal Procedure Act controls when should and when must delegate a judicial expert the criminal procedure. Consequently the state has a main role in connection with the activity of the experts by the law rules.

  In the first part I show the short history of the appearance of the expert opinion in the criminal procedure.

  In the second part I show the main law rules in connection with the judicial experts, and I write about the expert chambers, the list of experts, and the professional institutes and corporations.

  The third part is about the fees and taxes in connection with the judicial experts. In this part I show the problems about who have to pay the fees in the end of the criminal procedure. The acitvity of the judicial expert is always expensive, so the expeneses can grow quickly. If the accused is acquited the expense will stay in encumbrance of the state, and if the accused is convicted, the accused will have to pay the expenses. So this expenses are enourmous encumbrances for everyone. This problem has waited solution yet. Reduction of  costs or hunting out  justice ?  Sometimes very hard to decide, which one is the better. The judicial experts also work in the private sector. The competition of the judicial experts is big in the private sector, and this phenomenon is influences the private prices.

  The end of the essay is a summary which contains my main conclusions.

• Előreláthatósági klauzula a szerződések jogában

  Csécsy Andrea

  Megtekintések száma:

  224

  The essay is about the clause of foreseeability in connection with damages for breach of a contract. This seems to be a constant problem throughout the history of law how and when it is reasonably to limit the amount of damages in case of breach.

  The general principle of full compensation originates in the main purpose of private law, restoring the violated financial situation. At the same time in business relations it often happens that damages occurred as consequences of breach highly exceed the contractual interest of the party and generate indirect damages independent from the violator’s influence. This is considered to be the starting point of the dilemma about restricting the damages availably for compensation.

  Full compensation and its relation to breach of a contract occurred in the Hungarian jurisprudence many times. Miklós Világhy suggested the reconsideration of full compensation in contract law in 1971. Attila Harmathy also suggested the implementation of foreseeability clause in the rules of contract law as the ‘best possible way to treat business relations between the parties’.

  Due to the historic and social differences various forms of foreseeability are known in the legal systems.

  The study examines the development of foreseeability, its first codification in the French Napoleonic Code Civil, its application in the law of the USA and some significant sentences of English courts. The first application of foreseeability was in the infamous Hadley v. Baxendale case, in which an English court worked out the meaning of contemplation rules. In the case of Victoria Laundry Ld. v. Newman Industries Ld. (1949) the court defined the meaning of foreseeability. According to the sentence of the case damages are limited to those that were foreseeable for the party at the time of entering a contract. The study also analyzes the German model of restricting damages of breach. The German theory ensures the possibility of exoneration for the violator if the other party failed to give proper information about the unusual danger of breach in the particular case. If the entitled party acted intentionally, the German law accepts exoneration. The essay demonstrates the adequate causality conception of the German law. This theory states that an act can only be the probable cause if – due to the normal and reasonable procession – it is able to cause such consequence. In our opinion foreseeability gives a stricter and much better solution of restricting damages with a more objective measurement for the obliged party on how to calculate his behavior in a certain contractual relation. The amount of risk can be predicted if the rules of damages for breach are based on foreseeability rather than adequate causality.

  The new Hungarian Civil Code plans to establish objective liability in contract law. The only exoneration can be the successful reference to unavoidable external cause. Beside this stricter liability the new Civil Code also introduce the possibility of limitation in damages, the application of foreseeability clause. This seems to be a significant preference for the obliged party. As in the Hungarian legal history foreseeability clause was never used, it is an essential question how judicature will interpret the rule in practice. In our opinion for an adequate application of the new clause it is necessary to take a closer look at the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and the interpretation in the American and English case law. This study tries to give some help for it.