Tanulmányok

• Impresszum

  1-4

  Brigovácz László

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• Fejedelmek hajdúkiváltságolásai, adományai, telepítései. Körösszeg sajátos esete

  5-27

  Papp Klára

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  The princes of Transylvania would have gladly followed the example of Bocskai, who settled the hajdú soldiers, but they did not have significant land available for donation. Therefore, the hajdús who undertook princely service received various and different privileges. In 1653, the Transylvanian collection of laws included 20 hajdú settlements from Bihar. However, 40% of these do not have known privilege letters. Körösszeg was among these, despite being owned by the Csáky family throughout the century. György Rákóczi I considered the Catholic István Csáky an enemy of Transylvania. He took away his castle and estate, which he got back under the terms of the Agreement of Eperjes (1633), but both the castle and the hajdús living in the market town had to serve Varad, and only served as soldiers for the landowner during peacetime. The hajdús were under the jurisdiction of their lieutenant, who was accountable to the captain of Varad but was also supposed to work in agreement with the estate's court judge. The Transylvanian code of law intended to modify this peculiar dual service to a hajdú privilege, but the Csáky family contradicted this decision in 1654. In 1659, their court judge allowed only those who agreed to serve the lord to return to the market town and also put down the hajdú name. After the siege of Varad in 1660, the destroyed castle was not rebuilt, and the settlement remained deserted.

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• Hajdú vármegye kialakítása, közigazgatási változásai 1876–1950

  28-48

  Szikla Gergő

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  At the beginning of the last quarter of the 19th century, the administrative system in Hungary underwent significant changes, as the laws of 1876 (XXXIII) and 1877 (I) dissolved the historically outdated privileged territories that had existed for centuries – including the Hajdú district – and incorporated them into the county system, resulting in the establishment of Hajdú County based in Debrecen. The idea of this had already emerged after the suppression of the 1848–49 revolution and war of independence – during which North and South Bihar counties were created – but after multiple reorganizations, by the end of 1860 and early 1861, the previous county system was restored, including the privileged territories. Following the Compromise of 1867, the demand for administrative reform intensified: in 1871, settlements were categorized into orderly council cities, large villages, and small villages. From 1872, the separation of administration and justice was introduced within counties and districts, district courts were established, large districts were dissolved and replaced with subdivisions/districts. The final step was the dissolution of various sized privileged territories in 1876–1877. The definitive formation of Hajdú County was preceded by more than three years of "struggle", beginning in 1873, during which Debrecen emerged victoriously with the support of Hajdúszoboszló, as the city became the seat of the county, to which six hajdú towns from Szabolcs and several villages from Bihar and Szabolcs were attached. Its territory remained unchanged until 1945, when two large villages (Nyírábrány and Nyírmártonfalva) were annexed from Szabolcs County, and then, in parallel with the establishment of the council system, Hajdú-Bihar County was created on March 16, 1950.

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• Antropogén tájátalakítás az Érmelléken a 19. század második felében

  49-72

  Buzgó Gábor

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  In recent years, there has been a resurgence of scientific interest, both internationally and domestically, in the effects of human landscape-altering activities, likely in connection with the climate change currently being experienced. In the Érmellék region, the anthropogenic transformation of the landscape began before water regulation, with the deforestation and conversion of woodlands into arable land, although the process affected the settlements of the micro-region differently. In the Great Plain, particularly in the eastern Tisza region, arable lands generally expanded at the expense of meadows and pastures. However, in the landscape examined, changes initially dominated in the direction of forest-arable land conversion. The deforestation altered the hydrological conditions of the landscape, leading to the gathering of water in lowlands due to drainage from elevations. Partly due to the rainier climate and partly because of the improper drainage attempts by the landowners in Nyírség, the construction of drainage channels became necessary in Nagyléta and the micro-region, which, in turn, spurred further expansion of arable land. The expansion of arable lands largely occurred on poor-quality sandy soil, which did not ensure significant income growth for the population of the micro-region.

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