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• A hegyvidéki akció első évei Egán Ede irányítása alatt

  105-132

  László Braun

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  The Mountainous Action was the aim of the farming modernization of the Carpathian areas around the turn of the 19th-20th century. The base model was the Swiss type offarming. The idea – and thereby partly the implementation as well – was initiated by Ede Egán, who lead the Mountainous Ministerial Branch Office (established in Bereg county) between 1897 and 1901 that controlled the operation of the settlements of the four northeastern counties: Bereg, Máramaros, Ugocsa, and Ung. The lagging upland farming methods did not accommodate to the facilities, instead, they primarily meant a copying of the lowland farming methods. Besides this, another aim ofthe action controlled by the Ministry of Agriculture was to end landlessness and poverty, and to make a clear sweep of the low level educational standards and literacy. The leasing of land was managed by the entailed lordship of the Schönborn family, with governmental intervention.The Exchequer leased more than 12 000 cad. acre of land in 1897 from the lordship, which was underleased in turn to the local smallholders. This significantly alleviated the land needs of the farmers, and the majority of the leased land was gradually purchased by smallholders. Another part of the land was looked after by the Mountainous Ministerial Branch Office, which was leased primarily for grazing purposes. This version of the lease was calledlabelling. During the late 19th, early 20th century, the upland action in the North-eastern Carpathians meant, on the one hand, a national aid program affecting several areas of life in the struggle against poverty; and on the other hand, recognizing the values of uplandfarming, it provided an improvement opportunity for the inhabitants.

• Ung vármegye egyesületi élete 1938–1944 között a vármegye alispáni iratainak tükrében

  5-13

  Nikoletta Nagy

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  In 1938–1939, in accordance with the First Vienna Award, the area inhabited by Southern part of Transcarpathia returned to the rule of Hungary. This event brought about significant changes in the organization of association life. The actions of the Hungarian government greatly influenced the development of unique social relations all over this area. Between 1939 and 1944, with the support of the Hungarian government, several associations, societies and clubs were established that operated in the region. The purpose of my research is to prove that the operation and work of the associations greatly influenced the cultural situation of Transcarpathian society.